Chapter 26: Clouds of WarMrs. Hauber

US History

The Rise of Nationalism

Rise of Dictators

Hitler Mussolini Stalin

Austrian Fascist Hated Authority

artist Control Media Communist

WWI March on Rome “Man of Steel”

Jailed Il Duce Helped Lenin in revolution

Mein Kampf Old Roman Empire

Came to Power when Lenin died

NAZI Party Intelligent Great Purge

Video Clip on the Causes of WWII

Causes of WWII

• MAIN• Anti-Communism• Policy of Appeasement• Germany’s occupation of Poland• Japan’s invasion of Manchuria and China• Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia• Stalin’s Non-Aggression Pact

Resentment over the Treaty of Versailles

• Huge reparations bill to Germany

• Loss of territories (Alsace-Lorraine)

• Demilitarization

• Italy was promised land, but was ignored

Development of the Axis Powers

• Rome-Berlin Axis—Italy and Germany agree to help fascist forces in the Spanish Civil War.

• Anti-COM intern Pact– Japan and Germany agree to help fight Communism

(continued)

• NAZI-Soviet Pact—(Non Aggression Pact)—Russia and Germany agree to Neutrality– Germany can take Western Poland

unopposed– Russia can take Eastern Poland,

Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania

Prior to WWII

Hitler's March– Remilitarizes the Rhineland– Annexes Austria unopposed– Germany takes Sudetenland– Munich Pact—(Policy of Appeasement)

—Britain and France give into Hitler’s demands of the Sudetenland to ensure peace.

Hitler's March (Continued)

– 6 months later Germany takes the rest of Czechoslovakia

– Germany invades Poland on September 1, 1939 (the start of WWII)

Map of Czechoslovakia and Poland

Mussolini’s March

• Italy invades Ethiopia in Africa• Wants to rebuild Italy into the Old Roman Empire• Forms pact with Germany

Japan’s March

• Invades Manchuria in 1931– Japan lacks good resources– Violates Kellogg-Briand

pact– US does not risk war

• Invades China in 1937– Declares New World order in Asia– Declares “Open-Door” Policy Closed

Japanese Invasion of Manchuria

Stalin’s March

• Russia fought Finland in a war for one year after pact with Germany

• Finns fought bravely and the US admired their bravery.

• Finland lost a portion of their land to Russia

• Russia took over Baltic Region and Eastern Poland

Japanese-American Relations

• US did not risk war when Japan invaded Manchuria and China

• Panay—US gunboat sunk on the Yangtze River in China by the Japanese.

• Japan apologized and paid for damages (didn’t see our flag on ship)

The Good Neighbor Policy

• FDR’s policy that stresses the respect for other countries in the world by being a “good neighbor”

• Originally meant for the whole world• Became our policy toward Latin America• In 1943, US gave up its right to intervene

(stated in the Platt Amendment)• First test was in Mexico—US

formed a compromise.

Quarantine Speech

• FDR called for isolation of the aggressor nations

• Foreshadows his getting ready for US involvement in the war

American Isolationism

Neutrality Acts

• 1935 & 1936—prohibited the sale of any weapons to warring nations

• 1939—Cash & Carry—exception to the neutrality acts whereby warring nations could buy weapons if they paid cash and shipped them from our shores.

Section 2: The Battlefield is Everywhere

• After Germany’s invasion of Poland, there was no fighting for 6 months despite the fact that Britain and France declared war on Germany

• Phony War—nickname given by the press for this time period

• Only exception was Soviet Union’s attack on Finland

WWII Begins

A New Warfare

• Blitzkrieg—Hitler’s strategy that overwhelms the enemy with planes, trucks, and tanks. “lightning war”

Hitler’s March after Sept 1st

• Order in which other countries were invaded:– Poland– Denmark and Norway– Netherlands– Belgium– Luxemburg– France (penetrated the Maginot Line)

• Operation Dynamo—300,000 British and French forces evacuated across the English Channel

Operation Dynamo

Air Power

• Billy Mitchell—WWI ace that believed air power was the key to victory in the next war.– In 1921, he demonstrated how using an

airplane to drop bombs could sink a battleship

Air Power (continued)

• Charles Lindbergh—In 1927 he made a famous non-stop flight from NY to Paris

• B-17—long-range bomber nicknamed the flying fortress

• Admiral William Moffett-- designed the first aircraft carrier and was in charge of the air force

US Prepares for War

• Plan to turn out 50,000 planes

• Create a two-ocean navy

• FDR tried to slowly change the nation’s opinion

Battle of Britain

• Winston Churchill—New Prime Minister that warned that after the surrender of France, Britain would be next.

• Mostly fought in the air

• Germany launched daylight raids against ports and airfields

The London Blitz

Battle of Britain (continued)

• ULTRA—Germany’s secret codes that Britain intercepted

• Sea Lion—Hitler’s planned invasion across the English channel

• Hitler postponed this invasion conceding defeat.

Election of 1940

• Wendell Wilkie—Republican candidate who was against the New Deal but agreed with FDR in preparing for war.

• First peacetime draft ever. (For Defense)—FDR promised “not to send your boys to any foreign wars”

• FDR was the 1st President to be elected 3 times.

Helping Great Britain

• Neutrality Act of 1939 (Cash and Carry)—allowed aid to Britain, France, and China

• Destroyers for Bases Deal—US gave Britain 50 old destroyers in exchange for 8 naval bases

• Lend-Lease Act—leased war supplies to Britain because they could not afford them.

Undeclared Naval War

• FDR extends defensive perimeter halfway across the Atlantic Ocean

• FDR orders US ships to shoot any German ship within this perimeter on sight.

Atlantic Charter

• FDR and Churchill meet secretly on a ship outside of Newfoundland

• Atlantic Charter—update of Wilson’s 14 points where they came up with a set of “common principles”

• FDR spoke of Four Freedoms: speech, religion, want and fear.

Warm Up

• Explain the undeclared naval war going on in the Atlantic Ocean between the US and Germany.

Section 3: War Comes to the US

• Invasion of Russia

• Submarine Warfare

• Trouble in the Pacific

• Attack on Pearl Harbor

• Declaration of War

Hitler Invades Russia

• Violates NAZI-Soviet Pact (Operation Barbarossa)

• Greatest Blunder because of the climate and vastness of territory

• Nazis suffered from frostbite and frozen oil in the motors of their tanks.

Germany Increases Submarine Warfare

• US was convoying British merchant ships

• Three destroyers were hit by German submarines– USS Greer—actually stalking a German

submarine; was 1st US ship to be hit.– USS Kearney—

12 Americans were killed– Rueben James—Over 100 killed

• Undeclared Naval War

Trouble in the Pacific

• Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere—Japanese domination of the Far East

• Burma Road—allied supply route to China

• Japan wanted US to cut off aid to China

Japanese Advancement

Trouble in the Pacific (continued)

• General Hidecki Tojo—a more war-like General in Japan that came to power

• Magic—intelligence the US received from breaking Japan’s codes.

Planning the Attack

Attack on Pearl Harbor

• US government was involved with peace talks with Japan

• Decoders knew Japan was going to strike but didn’t know where

• Dec. 7, 1941—greatest military disaster in America

• 2400 killed

Pearl Harbor

Declaration of War

• Dec 8, 1941—FDR gives his famous “Day of Infamy Speech” to the public.

• US declares war on Japan

• 3 days later, Germany and Italy declare war on the US