Nationalism in the Middle East

Nationalism in Africa and Asia

Revolutionary Chaos in China

Nationalism in Latin America

Nationalism Around the World, 1919-1939

Nationalism in the Middle East

Objectives:

1. Explain how nationalism led to the

creation of the modern states of Turkey, Iran, and

Saudi Arabia

2. Specify how the Balfour Declaration

made Palestine a national jewish

homeland

Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire

The empire of the Ottoman Turks had been growing

steadily weaker

“the sick man of Europe”

France seized Algeria and Tunisia and Great Britain took control of Egypt; Greece also declared its independence in

the 19th century

reformers seized control of the empire’s

government and adopted a constitution

*Abdulhamid II, suspended the new

constitution and ruled by authoritarian means

He feared of assassination and had pets taste all his food

Impact of World War I

World War I was the final blow

The British sought to undermine Ottoman rule in

the Arabian Peninsula by supporting Arab nationalist

T. E. Lawrence—”Lawrence of Arabia”, governor of Makkah declared Arabia independent

from Ottoman rule

British troops seized Palestine

Massacre of the Armenians

During the war, the Ottoman Turks had

alienated the Allies with their policies toward

minority subjects

The Christian Armenian minority had been pressing the Ottoman government

for its independence

Violent reaction killing Armenian men and

expelling women and children

1.5 million Armenians had been killed and

500,000 deported

*genocide or *ethnic cleansing—the deliberate mass

murder of a particular racial,

political, or cultural group

Emergence of the Turkish Republic

Ottoman Empire collapsed

Great Britain and France divided up the Ottoman

territories in the Middle East

Turkey remained under Ottoman control; Greece

invaded Turkey

*Colonel Mustafa Kemal—led the creation of a new

Republic of Turkey created in 1923

The Modernization of Turkey

President Kemal, known as *Atatürk (“Father Turk”) created the

modern state of Turkey

Turkish language with Roman Alphabet,

European style names, Factories, Secular state

“Religion is like a heavy blanket that keeps the

people of Turkey asleep”

Men were forbidden to wear the fez, the

brimless cap worn by Turkish Muslims

Women were forbidden to wear the veil (also

given the right to vote in 1934)

The Turkish Republic was the product of

Atatürk’s efforts

The Beginnings of Modern Iran

A similar process of modernization was underway in Persia

The discovery of oil in the southern part of the

country in 1908

In 1921, Reza Khan led a military mutiny that seized

control of *Tehran, the capital city

*Reza Shah Pahlavi tried to follow the example of

Kemal Atatürk in Turkey; Persia became

the modern state of *Iran in 1935

He created a Western-style education system

Reza Shah Pahlavi drew closer to Nazi Germany

Arab Nationalism

Iraq, Palestine, and Jordan were assigned to Great

Britain; Syria and Lebanon to France

For the most part, Europeans created these Middle Eastern states; Europeans determined

the nations’ borders and divided the peoples.

*Ibn Saud united Arabs in the northern part of the Arabian

Peninsula—*Saudi Arabia

The Problem of Palestine

In Palestine, the nationalism of Jews and Arabs came into conflict because both groups

viewed the area as a potential national state

Zionist movement and the Jewish state

*Balfour Declaration—Britain expressed support for a

national home for the Jews in Palestine

Objectives:

1. Explain how nationalism led to the

creation of the modern states of Turkey, Iran, and

Saudi Arabia

2. Specify how the Balfour Declaration

made Palestine a national jewish

homeland

Nationalism in Africa and Asia

Objectives:

1. Describe how peoples in Africa and Asia began to agitate for independence

2. Relate how Japan became an aggressive

military state

3. Characterize how Soviet agents worked to spread communism around the

world

Movements toward Independence in Africa

Black Africans had fought in World War I in British and

French armies. Many Africans hoped they would be rewarded with independence after the war

Germany was stripped of its African colonies and transferred

to Great Britain and France

Britain and France now governed a vast portion of

Africa

African ProtestsAfricans became more active

politically, learning new ideas about freedom and nationalism in the West

(liberty and equality)

Reform movements in *Kenya in 1921 organized by Harry Thuku

A struggle against Italian rule in Libya also occurred in the 1920s—

guerrilla warfare against the Italians

Some reforms were made by was too late—they wanted

independence, not reform

New Leaders

New Leaders emerged influenced by *W.E.B.

Du Bois

African American; Harvard University,

leader if a movement of uniting africans and make them aware of

their cultural heritage

*Marcus Garvey—Jamaican who lived in Harlem, New

York City

Stressed the unity of all Africans and *Pan-Africanism

Declaration of the Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World

Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya—British rule was destroying the traditional culture of the

peoples of Africa

The Movement for Indian Independence

*Mohandas Gandhi—India’s “Great

Soul” or *Mahatma

Protest and Reform

Gandhi protested British laws by using the methods of *civil disobedience—refusal to obey laws considered to be unjust

British troops killed hundreds of unarmed protesters in the

city of Amritsar

In 1935, Government of India Act expanded the role of Indians in the governing

process

A Push for Independence

The Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885

Under its new leader, Motilal Nehru, the INC wanted to push for full independence

Gandhi taught that hate could only be overcome by love, not

through force

Home spun and Salt March

New Leaders and New Problems

*Jawaharlal Nehru studied law in Great Britain; Part of the intellectual and upper class—as was his rebellion

Gandhi was religious, Indian, and traditional

By 1930, the Muslim League led by Ali Jinnah created the

separate Muslim state of Pakistan (”land of the Pure”)

The Rise of A Militarist Japan

A Zaibatsu Economy

The Japanese economy concentrated the

zaibatsu, a large financial and industrial

corporation

Inflation in food prices led to food shortages

and riots

The Great Depression struck, workers and farmers suffered the

most hardships called for a return to traditional

Japanese values

Many demanded that Japan use its own

strength to dominate Asia and meet its

needs

Japan and the WestJapanese leaders began to

have difficulty finding sources of raw materials

The US was especially worried about Japanese

expansion

Japanese industrialists began to expand into new

areas and came under increasing pressure to find

new sources for raw materials abroad

The Rise of Militarism

Japan moved toward a more democratic government

New problems led to the emergence of militant forces

that encouraged Japan to become a militaristic state

Some of the militants were civilians convinced that the parliamentary system had been corrupted by Western

ideas

1930s civilians formed extremist patriotic

organizations—Black Dragon Society

One group of middle-level army officers invaded *Manchuria without

government approval in 1931

All political parties were merged into the Imperial

Rule Assistance Association

Nationalism and Revolution in Asia

The Marxist doctrine of social revolution had no

appeal for Asian intellectuals

After the revolution in Russia in 1917, the

communist ideal had become more attractive and a Worldwide Organization

of Communist Parties advanced the communist

revolution

Communist Parties in Asia

The local Communists were briefly able to establish a

cooperative relationship with existing nationalist parties in a common struggle against

Western imperialism

An Example in French Indochina, the Vietnamese

Communists were organized by the Moscow-trained

revolutionary *Ho Chi Minh in the 1920s

Revolutionary Chaos in China

Objectives:

1. Report how internal tensions led Chiang Kai-shek to violently end the Communist-Nationalist

alliance

2. Discuss Mao Zendong’s belief that revolution in China would be led by peasants, not the urban

working class

Nationalists and Communists

By 1920, central authority had almost ceased to exist in China. Two

political forces began to emerge as competitors

for the right to rule China: *Sun Yat-sen’s

Nationalist Party and the *Chinese Communist

Party

In 1921, Staff from the Beijing University founded

the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in *Shanghai

*Sun Yat-sen, leader of the Nationalists welcomed their

cooperation

In 1923, these parties formed an alliance to drive the

imperialist powers out of China

They mobilized and trained a revolutionary

army to march north and seize control of China

By 1926, they took control of all of China south of

the *Chang Jiang (Yangtze) river

Sun Yat-sen died in 1925 and was succeeded as head of the Nationalist

Party by the general *Chiang Kai-shek

In 1927, he struck against the

Communists and their supporters in

Shanghai, killing thousands—*Shanghai

Massacre

In 1928, Chiang Kai-shek founded a new Chinese republic at

*Nanjing

The Communists in Hiding

After the Shanghai Massacre, most of the

Communist leaders went into hiding in the city

They were led by the young Communist

organizer *Mao Zedong. He was convinced that a

Chinese revolution would be driven by the poverty-

stricken peasants

Though outnumbered by Chiang’s forces,

Mao made effective use of *guerrilla tactics—using

unexpected maneuvers like sabotage and

subterfuge to fight the enemy

The Long MarchThe People’s Liberation Army (*PLA) broke

through the Nationalist lines and began its

famous Long March

Moving on foot through mountains,

marshes, and deserts, the PLA traveled 6,000 miles—many froze or

starved

90,000 to 9,000

The New China of Chiang Kai-shek

In the meantime, the Nationalists would use

their dictatorial power to carry out a land-reform

program and to modernize industry

He tried to bring together modern Western innovations with

traditional Confucian values of hard work,

obedience, and integrity

”New Life Movement”—the goal was to promote

traditional Confucian social ethics (integrity,

propriety, and righteousness)

*redistribution of wealth—the shifting of wealth from a rich minority to a

poor majority

Objectives:

1. Report how internal tensions led Chiang Kai-shek to violently end the Communist-Nationalist

alliance

2. Discuss Mao Zendong’s belief that revolution in China would be led by peasants, not the urban

working class