chapter 25
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Chapter 25. Section 4: The War in the Pacific. Dec. 7 th - hours after Pearl, attacked Clark Island, the main American base in the Phillippines Dec. 8th Japanese forces attacked American bases on Wake Island Dec. 10 th - Attacked Guam. MacArthur was the commanding General (at Clark Island) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 25
Section 4: The War in the Pacific
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• Dec. 7th- hours after Pearl, attacked Clark Island, the main American base in the Phillippines
• Dec. 8th Japanese forces attacked American bases on Wake Island
• Dec. 10th- Attacked Guam
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• MacArthur was the commanding General (at Clark Island)
–Failed to prepare & the Japanese destroyed about ½ of the planes lined up in rows on the ground
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• Days later landed on Luzon
–MacArthur withdrew most of his troops southward & set up defenses
–No hope for a rescue, FDR ordered MacArthur to go to Australia
–Made a promise to his army “I shall return”
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The Japanese Advance 1941-1942
• Hoped the US would withdraw, leaving east access to natural resources of southeast Asia
• Oil & rubber would give Japan economic freedom
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• Japan attacked a number of other Allied colonies in Dec 1941
• By March they seized Hong Kong, Singapore, the Dutch East Indies, Malaya, & invaded Burma
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The Phillippines Fall
• Most of Bataan’s defenders surrendered in April 1942
–11,000 Americans & Filipinos surrenders on May 6
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• Captured 76,000 as P.O.W’s
• Faced grueling tropical heat, forced to march 60 miles to a railroad junction to board a train that took them to within 8 miles of an army camp
–They walked the rest of the way
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• Many were denied water & rest, many were beaten & tortured
• At least 10,000 died
• Many were executed by the guards when they grew too weak
–Bataan Death March
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Defending China & Burma
• China joined the Allies on Dec. 1941
• US already set military advisors & Lend-Lease arms & equipment
• China’s Nationalist leader Chiang Hai-Shek asked American Gen. Joseph Stilwell to serve as his chief of staff
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• Led the Chinese armies defending Burma
• The “Flying Tigers” fared poorly against the Japanese
• Lost control of the Burma Road
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The War at Sea
• Goal at Pearl Harbor was to destroy the 3 aircraft carriers that formed the heart of the Pacific Fleet- failed
–The Lexington & the Enterprise had been at sea
–The Saratoga was undergoing repairs in CA
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• April 1942- American B-52 medium bombers took off from the Hornet on their own secret mission
–Led by Lt. Col. James Doolittle
–Planes flew to Japan to carry out a counterattack
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• Dropped bombs on Tokyo & other cities before crash landing in China
• Most pilots survived
• Caused little physical damage, but shocked Japan’s leadership & boosted American morale
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• Japanese force continued to advance across the Pacific
• The fall of the Dutch East Indies opened the way to Australia
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• May 1942- Battle of the Coral Sea–Aircraft launched from carriers
bombed & strafed enemy ships more than 70 miles
–5 day battle cost both sides more than ½ of their planes
–Prevented the Japanese from invading Australia
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• First naval combat carried out entirely by aircraft
–Enemy ships never came within sight of one another
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Allied Victories Turn the Tide
• Summer of 1941 Soviet Union resisted German attacks
• Allies prepared to invade north Africa
• 2 critical battles took place in the Pacific
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The Battle of Midway
• Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku hoped to destroy what remained of the US Pacific Fleet by luring it into battle near Midway Island (1,100 miles northwest of Hawaii)
• Opened June 4, 1942 with a wave of Japanese bomber attacks on the island & an unsuccessful American strike on the Japanese fleet
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• Fought entirely from the air
• First American planes tried to fend off Japanese carriers
• Then Americans carriers intervened, surprised the Japanese as they were refueling, fuel hoses caught fire
–Sank 3 of the 4 carriers & finished the 4th later that day
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• Japanese planes were able to sink the Yorktown
• After Midway, Japan was unable to launch any more offensive operations in the Pacific
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The Battle of Guadalcanal
• Allies goal was now to capture Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands, where the Japanese were building an airfield to threaten nearby Allied bases
• 11,000 marines landed in August 1942
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• 2,200 Japanese fled into the jungle
• American Navy took control of the waters in November, limiting Japanese troop landings
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Struggle for the Islands
• Island hopping- by capturing only a few crucial islands, the US effectively cut off the bypassed islands from supplies & reinforcements
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Island hopping in the Pacific
• 1943-44 Allies pushed north from Australia & west across the central Pacific
• Forces under Gen. MacArthur & Adm. William Halsey leap-frogged through the Solomon Islands
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• Adm. Nimitz hopped around the Gilbert Islands, seizing Tanawa, then used it to launch bombing raids on Japanese bases in the Marshall Islands
• Feb. 1944, these attacks crippled Japanese air power, allowing Nimitz to seize Kwajalein & Eniwetok
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• Captured parts of Mariana Islands in June
–For the first time, Japan was within reach of long range US bombers
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The Philippines Campaign
• Mid Oct- 160,000 US troops invaded the Philippines island of Leyte
• Greatest naval battle in world history developed off the coast
–Battle of Leyte Gulf (3 day battle)
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• 280 warships
• First time kamikazes were used
• American force virtually destroyed the Japanese navy & emerged victorious
• Not until June 1945 did the Allies control the Philippines
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Iwo Jima & Okinawa
• One of the bloodiest battles took place at Iwo Jima, less than 600 miles from Japan
• The natural terrain protected more than 600 Japanese guns
• Nov. 1944 US bombers began to pound Iwo Jima
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• For 74 days, US planes & warships poured nearly 7,000 tons of bombs down
• Mid Feb.- Marines stormed the beaches
–After 3 days, they advanced only 700 yards
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• Eventually 110,000 Americans took part in the campaign
• Needed at least a month to secure the island
• Only 219 Japanese were taken prisoner
• US suffered 25,000 casualties
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Battle of Okinawa
• Fought from April to June 1945
• Approximately 350 miles from Japan
• Last obstacle to the Allied invasion of the home land
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• Allies gathered 1,300 warships & 180,000 combat troops to drive the enemy from Okinawa
• Japanese pilots flew from 2,000 kamikaze attacks against the fleet
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–As American soldiers came ashore, defenders made desperate banzai attacks (attacks in which the soldiers tried to kill as many as possible until they themselves were killed)
–June- Japanese resistance finally ended after almost 3 months
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The Manhattan Project
• Aug. 1939- FDR received a note from Albert Einstein suggesting that a powerful new type of bomb could be built by the Germans–FDR organized the top secret
Manhattan Project to develop an atomic bomb
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• To make the bomb, scientists had to discover how to create a chain reaction, where particles released from the splitting of one atom would cause another atom to break apart, & so on
–In theory, the energy released by the splitting of so many atoms would produce a massive explosion
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• 1942- Enrico Fermi produced the first controlled chain reaction in a lab at the University of Chicago
• July 16, 1945- first bomb was tested in New Mexico
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The Decision to Drop the Bomb
• Alternatives to ending the war
–Massive invasion of Japan
–Naval blockade to starve Japan & bombing
–Demonstration of the atomic bomb on a deserted island to pressure Japan to surrender
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–Softening of Allied demands for an unconditional surrender
• Interim Committee met Spring 1945 to debate these ideas
• Couldn’t recommend any alternatives
• Final decision rested with Truman
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Japan Surrendered
• Aug. 6, 1945, the Enola Gay dropped a single atomic bomb on Hiroshima
–Annihilated the city’s center & its residents in an instant
–80,000 died & at least 80,000 more were injured by fire, radiation sickness, & force of the explosion
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• Aug. 9th- a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki
• Aug. 14th- Japan surrendered• Aug. 15th- US celebrated V-J day• Formal surrender agreement was
signed on Sept. 2nd aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay