Chapter 24Chapter 24The Transformation of EuropeThe Transformation of Europe

1500-18001500-1800

The Protestant The Protestant ReformationReformation

Martin Luther (1483-1546) Martin Luther (1483-1546) Particularly bothered by the sale of Particularly bothered by the sale of indulgencesindulgences

Reflected what was becoming more Reflected what was becoming more common thinking (95 Theses)common thinking (95 Theses)

Emphasis on Bible as the only source of Emphasis on Bible as the only source of religious authority religious authority

Many German states joined due to Many German states joined due to resentment of papal supremacy resentment of papal supremacy

Reform Reform Throughout Throughout

EuropeEuropeReformation spread throughout EuropeReformation spread throughout Europe

popular in the Netherlands and popular in the Netherlands and SwitzerlandSwitzerland

Banned in Italy, France, and SpainBanned in Italy, France, and Spain

England – banned than required by England – banned than required by Henry VIIIHenry VIII

Anglican Church Anglican Church

Theology – little difference Theology – little difference

John Calvin (1509-John Calvin (1509-1564)1564)

France and parts of SwitzerlandFrance and parts of Switzerland

1530’s – converted to Protestantism 1530’s – converted to Protestantism

Developed Protestant community in Developed Protestant community in Geneve, Switz. Geneve, Switz.

Very strict morality (no dancing or Very strict morality (no dancing or laughing with your mouth open)laughing with your mouth open)

Gained a following in the Netherlands Gained a following in the Netherlands and Scotlandand Scotland

The Catholic The Catholic ReformationReformation

((for every reaction there is an equal and opposite for every reaction there is an equal and opposite reaction)reaction)

Equal parts reform and re-justification Equal parts reform and re-justification

Council of Trent (1545-1563) Council of Trent (1545-1563) Reformed abusesReformed abusesReaffirmed and explained aspects of Catholic Reaffirmed and explained aspects of Catholic doctrine and dogmadoctrine and dogmaDemanded stronger morality from church clergyDemanded stronger morality from church clergy

The Jesuits – founded 1540The Jesuits – founded 1540Society of Jesus, founded by (St) Ignatius LoyalaSociety of Jesus, founded by (St) Ignatius LoyalaHighly educated and devout CatholicsHighly educated and devout CatholicsEffective missionaries and political advisors Effective missionaries and political advisors

Non-religious Non-religious Implications of the Implications of the

Protestant Protestant ReformationReformationRulers established what ever religion Rulers established what ever religion

for whatever reasons motivated themfor whatever reasons motivated them

Decrease in power of the church, Decrease in power of the church, increase in power of the monarchsincrease in power of the monarchs

HRE & Charles VHRE & Charles VIncreased power of Hapsburg familyIncreased power of Hapsburg family

Charles V inherited most of Europe and much of the new Charles V inherited most of Europe and much of the new worldworld

Chance for empire handicapped by Protestant ReformationChance for empire handicapped by Protestant Reformation

Ruled each realm separately Ruled each realm separately

Seeming lack of ambition Seeming lack of ambition

Foreign challengesForeign challengesFrench attempts to prevent a strong HREFrench attempts to prevent a strong HREOttoman siege of Vienna 1529Ottoman siege of Vienna 1529

Abdicated in 1556Abdicated in 1556Split holdings between his son and brotherSplit holdings between his son and brother

Constitutional States

Thirty Years War led gov’ts to Either shared power with a legislative body

Or became more autocractic

England

Representative gov’t after civil war (1642-1649)

Religious and political motives Increased Puritan (Calvinist) mov’t

Charles I v. Parliament 1649 Charles I captured and executed

Cromwell - “Lord Protector” Puritan leaderUnpopular leader1660 - Charles II restored

Glorious Revolution (1688-1689)James II evicted

William & Mary assume throne

Had to sign Bill of Rights - limited monarchy

The New The New MonarchsMonarchs

Europe dominated by England, France, & SpainEurope dominated by England, France, & Spain

1400’s/1500’s thrones held by “centralizing” 1400’s/1500’s thrones held by “centralizing” monarchsmonarchs

Henry VIII of EnglandHenry VIII of England

Severed ties with RCCSevered ties with RCC

Confiscated church lands for incomeConfiscated church lands for income

Louis XI/Francis I of FranceLouis XI/Francis I of France

Fernando & Isabella of Spain Fernando & Isabella of Spain

All increased revenues through taxes, fines, All increased revenues through taxes, fines, and/or feesand/or fees

Large state owned armies Large state owned armies

The Spanish The Spanish InquisitionInquisition

1478 – created with papal support1478 – created with papal support

Sought to rid Spain of non-CatholicsSought to rid Spain of non-Catholics

Became greatly feared – role Became greatly feared – role exaggeratedexaggerated

Prevented Protestantism from gaining Prevented Protestantism from gaining strong foothold in Spainstrong foothold in Spain

Witch HuntsWitch HuntsMore likely to occur during periods of More likely to occur during periods of conflictconflict

110,000 trials, 60,000 executions 15 & 110,000 trials, 60,000 executions 15 & 1600’s1600’s

Easy scapegoats, “easy” victimsEasy scapegoats, “easy” victims

Religious WarsReligious WarsDecades of war between and within countries Decades of war between and within countries

Spanish Armada -1588 Spanish Armada -1588

Revolt of the Netherlands against Spain -1567Revolt of the Netherlands against Spain -15671610 – creation of the Netherlands & Belgium1610 – creation of the Netherlands & Belgium

The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) Began with conflict between HRE & Bohemia Began with conflict between HRE & Bohemia (Czech Rep) (Czech Rep) Joined by Spanish, French, Dutch, German, Joined by Spanish, French, Dutch, German, Swedes, Poles, & Russians – sides kept Swedes, Poles, & Russians – sides kept rearranging rearranging Phenomenally destructive Phenomenally destructive

The Dutch Republic

1567 Philip II tired to suppress Calvinism

1581 rebels proclaimed United Provinces

Set up a republic

Independence not recognized until 1600’s

France Divine right monarchy

Largely created by Cardinal Richelieu (pm - 1624-42)

Expansive bureaucracy - middle classSystematically excluded nobility from power

The Sun King - Louis XIV (r.1643-1715)Palace of VersaillesExpensive and time consuming courtKept large standing army

Russia - AbsolutismRomanov Czars (1613-1917)

Largest European state

Peter I (4.1682-1725)Wanted to westernize RussiaReformed armyBuilt St. Petersburg

Catherine the Great (r. 1762-1796)More efficient gov’t Varied attempts at social reformGained warm water portTurned against reform with outbreak of French Revolution

European States System

Peace of Westphalia (1648)Ended Thirty Years WarFirst major international peace treatyDid not end war in Europe by any means

Balance of Power

Increased desire/motivation for improving military technology

Will give Europe a military edge over other major civilizations

Early CapitalismPopulation

New food crops

Decreasing death rate

Urbanization - esp. capitals

Free Market/Capitalism

Supply and demand

Insurance

Joint stock companies

Capitalism rec’d government support

Reduced influence of guilds, increased capitalism

“putting out system”

Social ChangeIncreased money from wages

Decreasing dependence on collective group

Increased standard of living

Serfdom remained in Russia, discouraged agriculture

Moral/ethical problems No safety net systemIncreased in crime rateIncreased wealth gapNuclear v. extended family