chapter 24 introduction to animals
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Chapter 24 Introduction to Animals. Section 1: Animal Characteristics. Section 2: Animal Body Plans. Section 3: Sponges and Cnidarians. Introduction to Animals. Chapter 24. 24.1 Animal Characteristics. General Animal Features. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 24 Introduction to Animals
Section 1: Animal Characteristics
Section 2: Animal Body Plans
Section 3: Sponges and Cnidarians
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24.1 Animal Characteristics
General Animal Features
Introduction to AnimalsChapter 24
The ancestral animals at the beginning of the evolutionary tree are eukaryotic and multicellular.
They developed adaptations in structure that enabled them to function in numerous habitats.
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Feeding and Digestion
Introduction to Animals
Animals are heterotrophic.
The structure or form of an animal’s mouth parts determines how its mouth functions.
24.1 Animal Characteristics
Chapter 24
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Support
Introduction to Animals
Invertebrates
Exoskeletons
Hard or tough outer coverings that provide a framework of support
Protect soft body tissues
Provide protection from predators
24.1 Animal Characteristics
Chapter 24
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Support
Introduction to Animals
Vertebrates
Endoskeletons
Protect internal organs
Provide support for the body
Provide an internal brace for muscles to pull against
24.1 Animal Characteristics
Chapter 24
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Movement
Introduction to Animals
The evolution of nerve and muscle tissues enables animals to move in ways that are more complex and faster than organisms in other kingdoms.
24.1 Animal Characteristics
Chapter 24
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Reproduction
Introduction to Animals
Fertilization occurs when the sperm penetrates the egg to form a fertilized egg cell called the zygote.
Internal fertilization
External fertilization
24.1 Animal Characteristics
Chapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
Asexual reproduction means that a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to itself.
Budding
Fragmentation
Regeneration
Parthenogenesis
24.1 Animal Characteristics
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Early Development
Introduction to Animals
The zygote undergoes mitosis and a series of cell divisions to form new cells.
The cells continue to divide, forming a fluid-filled ball of cells called the blastula.
The blastula continues to undergo cell division as some cells move inward to form a gastrula.
24.1 Animal Characteristics
Chapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
24.1 Animal Characteristics
Chapter 24
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Introduction to AnimalsChapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
Tissue Development
Endoderm inner layer of cells in the gastrula
Ectoderm outer layer of cells in the gastrula
Mesoderm layer of cells between the endoderm
and ectoderm
24.1 Animal Characteristics
Chapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
24.1 Animal Characteristics
Chapter 24
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24.2 Animal Body Plans
Introduction to Animals
Evolution of Animal Body Plans
Anatomical features in animals’ body plans mark the branching points on the evolutionary tree.
Relationships on this tree are inferred by studying similarities in embryological development and shared anatomical features.
Chapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
24.2 Animal Body Plans
Chapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
Symmetry Similarity or balance among body structures of organisms Asymmetry Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry
24.2 Animal Body Plans
Chapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
Cephalization
The tendency to concentrate nervous tissue and sensory organs at the anterior end of the animal
24.2 Animal Body Plans
Chapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
Body Cavities
Coelomates
Have a fluid-filled cavity with tissue formed from mesodermthat lines and encloses the organs in the coelom
24.2 Animal Body Plans
Chapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
Body Cavities
Pseudocoelomates
Have a fluid-filled body cavity that develops between the mesoderm andthe endoderm rather than developing entirely within the mesoderm
24.2 Animal Body Plans
Chapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
Body Cavities
Acoelomates
Have solid bodies without a fluid-filled body cavity between the gut and the body wall
24.2 Animal Body Plans
Chapter 24
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The mouth develops from the first opening in the gastrula.
Introduction to Animals
Development in Coelomate Animals
Protostomes
Deuterostomes
The anus develops from the first opening in the gastrula.
24.2 Animal Body Plans
Chapter 24
Visualizing Protostome and Deuterostome Development
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Introduction to Animals
Segmentation
Segmented animals can be “put together” from a succession of similar parts.
Can survive damage to one segment
Movement is more effective
24.2 Animal Body Plans
Chapter 24
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24.3 Sponges and Cnidarians
Introduction to Animals
Sponges
Sponges do not develop tissues.
Collar cells with flagella line the inside of the sponge and whip back and forth drawing water into the body of the sponge.
Water and waste materials are expelled from the sponge through the osculum.
Chapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
24.3 Sponges and Cnidarians
Chapter 24
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Introduction to AnimalsChapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
Filter Feeder
Food particles cling to the cells.
Digestion of nutrients takes place within each cell.
24.3 Sponges and Cnidarians
Chapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
Archaeocytes
Specialized cells that secrete spicules, which are the support structures of sponges
Spicules are small, needlelike structures made of calcium carbonate, silica, or a tough fibrous protein called spongin
24.3 Sponges and Cnidarians
Chapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
Sponge Diversity
Demospongiae
Calcarea
Hexactinellida
24.3 Sponges and Cnidarians
Chapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
Reproduction Reproduce asexually
Fragmentation Budding Gemmules
Reproduce sexually Eggs remain within a sponge. Sperm are released into the water.
24.3 Sponges and Cnidarians
Chapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
Cnidarians
Have one body opening and two layers of cells
Outer layer functions in protecting the internal body
Inner layer functions mainly in digestion
24.3 Sponges and Cnidarians
Chapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
Feeding and Digestion
Tentacles are armed with stinging cells called cnidocytes.
A nematocyst is a capsule that holds a coiled tube containing poison and barbs.
Water inside an undischarged nematocyst is under an osmotic pressure of more than 150 atmospheres.
24.3 Sponges and Cnidarians
Chapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
As the osmotic pressure increases, the nematocyst discharges forcefully.
A barb is capable of penetrating a crab shell.
24.3 Sponges and Cnidarians
Chapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
Cells lining the gastrovascular cavity release digestive enzymes over captured prey.
Undigested materials are ejected though the mouth.
24.3 Sponges and Cnidarians
Chapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
Response to Stimuli
A nerve net conducts impulses to and from all parts of the body.
The impulses cause contractions of musclelike cells in the two cell layers.
24.3 Sponges and Cnidarians
Chapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
Reproduction
Two body forms
Polyp
Medusa
24.3 Sponges and Cnidarians
Chapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
The two body forms of cnidarians can be observed in the life cycle of jellyfishes.
24.3 Sponges and Cnidarians
Chapter 24
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Introduction to AnimalsChapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
Cnidarian Diversity
Hydroids
Jellyfishes
Sea anemones and corals
24.3 Sponges and Cnidarians
Chapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
Chapter Resource Menu
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Formative Test Questions
Chapter Assessment Questions
Standardized Test Practice
biologygmh.com
Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Image Bank
Vocabulary
AnimationClick on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.
Chapter 24
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Which animal is not an invertebrate?
A. lobster
B. shark
C. cicada
D. earthworm
Introduction to Animals
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Chapter 24
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What is the tough outer covering of most invertebrates called?
A. exoskeleton
B. endoskeleton
C. endoderm
D. mesoderm
Introduction to Animals
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Chapter 24
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Which statement is not true of animals?
Introduction to Animals
A. Animal cells have cell walls.
B. Animals are heterotrophic.
D. Animal cells become tissues.
C. Animals probably evolved from earlyprotists.
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Chapter 24
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From which organisms might animals have evolved?
Introduction to Animals
A. animal-like bacteria
B. autotrophic invertebrates
C. colonial protists
D. multicellular fungi
24.1 Formative Questions
Chapter 24
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What is a group of cells that performs a specific function?
Introduction to Animals
A. organ
B. tissue
C. gastrula
D. mesoderm
24.1 Formative Questions
Chapter 24
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What is one of the most unique characteristics of the animal kingdom?
Introduction to Animals
A. advanced cell structure
B. complex movement
C. sexual reproduction
D. organ development
24.1 Formative Questions
Chapter 24
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What is the term for an individual animal that produces both eggs and sperm?
Introduction to Animals
A. acoelomate
B. hermaphrodite
C. heterosexual
D. invertebrate
24.1 Formative Questions
Chapter 24
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What form of reproduction produces a new organism from the lost body part of another organism?
Introduction to Animals
A. budding
B. fertilization
C. parthenogenesis
D. regeneration
24.1 Formative Questions
Chapter 24
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Which provides the strongest evidence for the relationship between arthropods and roundworms?
Introduction to Animals
A. shared anatomical features
B. shared functional characteristics
C. similar protein structure
D. similar embryological development
24.2 Formative Questions
Chapter 24
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Which is the dorsal surface of a hummingbird?
Introduction to Animals
24.2 Formative Questions
Chapter 24
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Which organism exhibits cephalization?
Introduction to Animals
A. jellyfish
B. snail
C. sponge
D. starfish
24.2 Formative Questions
Chapter 24
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How is deuterostome development different from protostome development shown here?
Introduction to Animals
24.2 Formative Questions
Chapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
A. A blastula does not form.
B. The coelom is less advanced.
C. The gut is lined with mesoderm.
D. The blastopore becomes the anus.
24.2 Formative Questions
Chapter 24
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Why are sponges most distantly related to the rest of the animals?
Introduction to Animals
A. They are not multicellular.
B. They do not have true tissues.
C. Their embryos have a mesoderm.
24.3 Formative Questions
D. They arose from a different protistancestor.
Chapter 24
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What is the term for organisms that remain attached to one place?
Introduction to Animals
A. sessile
B. tactile
C. axiallary
D. sedentary
24.3 Formative Questions
Chapter 24
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What provides the energy for the discharge of a cnidarian’s nematocysts?
Introduction to Animals
A. muscle fibers
B. hydraulic forces
C. osmotic pressure
D. protein springs
24.3 Formative Questions
Chapter 24
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Which is the dominant stage in the life cycle of a sea anemone?
Introduction to Animals
A. bud
B. hydroid
C. medusa
D. polyp
24.3 Formative Questions
Chapter 24
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Identify the term that is used to describe the evolutionary history of a particular species.
Introduction to Animals
A. genealogy
B. biology
C. phylogeny
D. paleontology
Chapter Assessment Questions
Chapter 24
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Distinguish between asymmetry, radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry and givean example of each.
Introduction to Animals
Chapter Assessment Questions
Chapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
Answer: Asymmetry – There is no symmetry orbalance in body structure and no shape. Example: sponge
Radial symmetry – The animal’s body can be divided along any plane through a central axis into equal halves. Example: jellyfish
Bilateral symmetry – The animal can bedivided into mirror image halves alongone plane. Example: dog
Chapter Assessment Questions
Chapter 24
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Explain why it would be beneficial for a fish to lay many eggs when fertilization is external.
Introduction to Animals
Answer: Some of the eggs will float away, beeaten or destroyed, so laying a large number of eggs makes it more likely that some will be fertilized and hatch.
Chapter Assessment Questions
Chapter 24
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Which is not a characteristic that definesall animals?
Introduction to Animals
A. carnivorous
B. eukaryotic
C. heterotrophic
D. multicellular
Standardized Test Practice
Chapter 24
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At which stage is the developing animal an embryo?
Introduction to Animals
Standardized Test Practice
Chapter 24
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Which reproduces by internal fertilization?
Introduction to Animals
A. bear
B. clam
C. fish
D. frog
Standardized Test Practice
Chapter 24
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What is the most recent evolutionary development exhibited by both arthropods and echinoderms?
Introduction to Animals
A. a body cavity
B. a coelom
C. segmentation
D. protostome development
Standardized Test Practice
Chapter 24
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Which organisms are most closely related to roundworms?
Introduction to Animals
A. sponges
B. cnidarians
C. flatworms
D. arthropods
Standardized Test Practice
Chapter 24
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What characteristic do sponges and cnidarians have in common?
Introduction to Animals
A. body symmetry
B. single body opening
C. cell layers organized into tissues
D. sessile attachment to surfaces
Standardized Test Practice
Chapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Chapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
Image Bank
Chapter 24
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invertebrate
exoskeleton
endoskeleton
vertebrate
hermaphrodite
zygote
internal fertilization
external fertilization
blastula
gastrula
endoderm
ectoderm
mesoderm
Introduction to Animals
Vocabulary
Section 1
Chapter 24
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symmetry
radial symmetry
bilateral symmetry
anterior
posterior
cephalization
dorsal
ventral
coelom
pseudocoelom
acoelomate
protostome
deuterostome
Introduction to Animals
Vocabulary
Section 2
Chapter 24
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filter feeder
sessile
cnidocyte
nematocyst
gastrovascular cavity
nerve net
polyp
medusa
Introduction to Animals
Vocabulary
Section 3
Chapter 24
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Introduction to Animals
Animation
Chapter 24
Cell Differentiation in Animal Development
A Sponge
A Cnidarian
Visualizing Protostome and Deuterostome Development