chapter 24 capacitance and dielectricspeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/chapter 24.pdfc...

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1 CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICS MAJOR TOPICS Calculating Capacitance Capacitors in Circuits Energy Storage in Capacitors Dielectrics

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Page 1: CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICSpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/CHAPTER 24.pdfC is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 4 If ... In Chapter 23 we defined ... CHAPTER

1  

CHAPTER 24 

CAPACITANCE AND 

DIELECTRICS 

MAJOR TOPICS 

 

Calculating Capacitance 

 

Capacitors in Circuits 

 

Energy Storage in Capacitors 

 

Dielectrics 

 

Page 2: CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICSpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/CHAPTER 24.pdfC is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 4 If ... In Chapter 23 we defined ... CHAPTER

2  

Capacitors store: 

 

            Charge 

 

            Energy 

 

 +Q  +      ‐   ‐Q 

    +      ‐ 

    +      ‐   

    +      ‐       

 

          +   V _                   

              BATTERY 

   

+  v   ‐ 

Page 3: CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICSpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/CHAPTER 24.pdfC is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 4 If ... In Chapter 23 we defined ... CHAPTER

3  

The battery supplies charge to the plates. 

 

The charge Q is proportional to V. 

 

 

 

Choose the proportionality constant C. 

 

 

 

C is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 

 

 

Page 4: CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICSpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/CHAPTER 24.pdfC is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 4 If ... In Chapter 23 we defined ... CHAPTER

4  

If there is charge on a plate we 

learned in Chapter 21 that 

there is an electric field E. 

 

 

 +Q  +      ‐   ‐Q 

    +     P   ‐ 

    +        ‐   

    +      ‐       

 

          +   V _                   

              BATTERY 

 

+  v   ‐ 

Page 5: CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICSpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/CHAPTER 24.pdfC is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 4 If ... In Chapter 23 we defined ... CHAPTER

5  

E at P due to + plate    

 

E at P due to ‐ plate    

 

Both fields point to the right 

 

                      d 

 +Q  +      ‐   ‐Q 

    +     P   ‐ 

    +  E    ‐   

    +      ‐       

 

          +   V _                   +  v   ‐ 

Page 6: CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICSpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/CHAPTER 24.pdfC is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 4 If ... In Chapter 23 we defined ... CHAPTER

6  

                

 

DEFINITION           

 

From Chapter 23 

 

 

 

Integrate from negative to positive plate 

 

 

 

Page 7: CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICSpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/CHAPTER 24.pdfC is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 4 If ... In Chapter 23 we defined ... CHAPTER

7  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page 8: CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICSpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/CHAPTER 24.pdfC is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 4 If ... In Chapter 23 we defined ... CHAPTER

8  

Thus for all capacitors        

 

And for parallel plate capacitors 

 

 

 

Parallel plate capacitors are easy: 

Area and distance between plates gives C. 

 

If know C then: 

Know Q can get V 

Know V can get Q 

 

Page 9: CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICSpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/CHAPTER 24.pdfC is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 4 If ... In Chapter 23 we defined ... CHAPTER

9  

Other geometries are more difficult. 

Consider a cylinder inside another one. 

 

 

 

 

We know   

Page 10: CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICSpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/CHAPTER 24.pdfC is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 4 If ... In Chapter 23 we defined ... CHAPTER

10  

Need   

 

 

To get   need   as function of   between 

cylinders. 

 

Choose Gaussian cylinder of length   where 

   

           

        r 

 

 

 

Page 11: CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICSpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/CHAPTER 24.pdfC is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 4 If ... In Chapter 23 we defined ... CHAPTER

11  

Gauss’s Law 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page 12: CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICSpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/CHAPTER 24.pdfC is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 4 If ... In Chapter 23 we defined ... CHAPTER

12  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Then 

 

 

 

Page 13: CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICSpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/CHAPTER 24.pdfC is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 4 If ... In Chapter 23 we defined ... CHAPTER

13  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page 14: CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICSpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/CHAPTER 24.pdfC is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 4 If ... In Chapter 23 we defined ... CHAPTER

14  

CAPACITORS IN CIRCUITS 

 

Series 

 

 

 

Page 15: CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICSpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/CHAPTER 24.pdfC is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 4 If ... In Chapter 23 we defined ... CHAPTER

15  

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page 16: CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICSpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/CHAPTER 24.pdfC is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 4 If ... In Chapter 23 we defined ... CHAPTER

16  

Parallel 

 

Page 17: CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICSpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/CHAPTER 24.pdfC is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 4 If ... In Chapter 23 we defined ... CHAPTER

17  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page 18: CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICSpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/CHAPTER 24.pdfC is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 4 If ... In Chapter 23 we defined ... CHAPTER

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ENERGY IN CAPACITOR AND ELECTRIC FIELD 

 

In Chapter 23 we defined   

 

Thus   

 

Now charge a capacitor 

 

                  

      dq     

             

                 

 

Page 19: CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICSpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/CHAPTER 24.pdfC is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 4 If ... In Chapter 23 we defined ... CHAPTER

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This is the amount of work to charge the 

capacitor from 0 charge to a charge of Q. 

Page 20: CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICSpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/CHAPTER 24.pdfC is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 4 If ... In Chapter 23 we defined ... CHAPTER

20  

This is the energy stored in the capacitor. 

 

 

 

Use definition of capacitance     

 

                                 

 

Or             

 

Then for parallel plate capacitors 

 

Page 21: CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICSpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/CHAPTER 24.pdfC is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 4 If ... In Chapter 23 we defined ... CHAPTER

21  

      and       

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Energy density     

 

Therefore   

 

Page 22: CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICSpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/CHAPTER 24.pdfC is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 4 If ... In Chapter 23 we defined ... CHAPTER

22  

DIELECTRICS 

Add material between plates and C 

increases. 

 

Increases by K the dielectric constant 

 

Parallel Plate Capacitor 

 

 

 

Define   

 

Then can use   

Page 23: CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICSpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/CHAPTER 24.pdfC is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 4 If ... In Chapter 23 we defined ... CHAPTER

23  

Other quantities 

Energy density 

 

 

 

 

Charge on capacitor connected to V. 

 

V               

 

 

Introduce dielectric 

 

Page 24: CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICSpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/CHAPTER 24.pdfC is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 4 If ... In Chapter 23 we defined ... CHAPTER

24  

 

V                dielectric         

 

                   

 

               

 

               

 

                                             

 

Insert dielectric and Q increases if V 

remains constant. 

 

Page 25: CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICSpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/CHAPTER 24.pdfC is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 4 If ... In Chapter 23 we defined ... CHAPTER

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Voltage across capacitor without battery. 

 

 

                 

Page 26: CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICSpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/CHAPTER 24.pdfC is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 4 If ... In Chapter 23 we defined ... CHAPTER

26  

 

 

           

 

                                 

 

Page 27: CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICSpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/CHAPTER 24.pdfC is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 4 If ... In Chapter 23 we defined ... CHAPTER

27  

 

 

                    

 

But           

 

So                   

 

When C not connected to battery inserting 

dielectric decreases V. 

 

 

Page 28: CHAPTER 24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICSpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt24/CHAPTER 24.pdfC is the CAPACITANCE of the capacitor. 4 If ... In Chapter 23 we defined ... CHAPTER

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Electric Field in dielectric. 

 

       

 

 

 

 

 

EXAMPLE 24.10 is an excellent review of all 

of these concepts.