Chapter 21Chapter 21Civil RightsCivil Rights

Kelly EngebretsonKelly Engebretson

Casey BergCasey Berg

Scott Conley Scott Conley

Diversity and Discrimination in Diversity and Discrimination in American SocietyAmerican Society

““All animals are created equal, All animals are created equal, but some animals are more but some animals are more equal than others.” – George equal than others.” – George Orwell Orwell Animal FarmAnimal Farm

White Americans have been White Americans have been historically reluctant to yield to historically reluctant to yield to nonwhite Americans a full and nonwhite Americans a full and equal place in the social, equal place in the social, economic, and political life of economic, and political life of this nation. this nation.

The white-male-dominated The white-male-dominated power structure has also been power structure has also been slow to recognize the claims of slow to recognize the claims of women to a full and equal women to a full and equal place in American society. place in American society.

Discrimination Against African AmericansDiscrimination Against African Americans

African Americans are the second largest minority group in African Americans are the second largest minority group in the U.S. the U.S.

They have been the victims of consistent and deliberate They have been the victims of consistent and deliberate unjust treatment.unjust treatment.

Most of the gains the U.S. has made toward granting all Most of the gains the U.S. has made toward granting all citizens equal rights have come out of efforts on behalf of citizens equal rights have come out of efforts on behalf of African Americans. African Americans.

Civil Rights Leader

:

Martin Luther King

Junior

African America

n Slaves

Native Americans Native Americans In the 17In the 17thth century century

some one million some one million Native Americans lived Native Americans lived in the United States.in the United States.

By 1900 that number By 1900 that number had decreased to less had decreased to less than 250,000.than 250,000.

Today more than 2.7 Today more than 2.7 million Native million Native Americans live in this Americans live in this country. More than a country. More than a third of them live on or third of them live on or near reservations.near reservations.

Hispanic AmericansHispanic Americans

Hispanics now make Hispanics now make up the largest minority up the largest minority group in America. group in America.

More than half of all More than half of all Hispanics in the U.S. Hispanics in the U.S. were born in Mexico or were born in Mexico or trace their ancestry trace their ancestry there. there.

The largest amount of The largest amount of the Mexican American the Mexican American population lives in population lives in California, Arizona, California, Arizona, New Mexico, and New Mexico, and Texas. Texas.

Asian Americans Asian Americans

Chinese laborers were the Chinese laborers were the first Asians to come to first Asians to come to the U.S. – 1850’s-1860’sthe U.S. – 1850’s-1860’s

The Chinese Exclusion The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 limited the Act of 1882 limited the amount of Chinese, amount of Chinese, Japanese, and other Japanese, and other Asians that could enter Asians that could enter the U.S.the U.S.

Discrimination Against Discrimination Against WomenWomen

Today Women hold little Today Women hold little more than 10% of the more than 10% of the seats in Congress seats in Congress

Today only 8 of 50 Today only 8 of 50 women are governors women are governors

Fewer than 20% of the Fewer than 20% of the nation’s doctors, nation’s doctors, lawyers, and college lawyers, and college professors are women. professors are women.

Equality Before the LawEquality Before the Law ““No state shall… deny to any person within its No state shall… deny to any person within its

jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” – – U.S. Constitution U.S. Constitution

The Supreme Court applies the rational basis test The Supreme Court applies the rational basis test which asks the question “Does the classification which asks the question “Does the classification in question bear a reasonable relationship to the in question bear a reasonable relationship to the achievement of some proper governmental achievement of some proper governmental purpose?” purpose?”

A higher standard test known as the strict A higher standard test known as the strict scrutiny test is applied in cases that deal with scrutiny test is applied in cases that deal with fundamental rights or suspect classifications. fundamental rights or suspect classifications.

Rosa ParksRosa Parks In 1955 Rosa Parks In 1955 Rosa Parks

disobeyed the law and disobeyed the law and refused to give up her refused to give up her seat on the bus for a seat on the bus for a white man in white man in Montgomery, Alabama.Montgomery, Alabama.

During this time the During this time the Jim Jim Crow Laws Crow Laws were in were in effect. These were laws effect. These were laws that separated people that separated people on the basis of race.on the basis of race.

Segregation in Segregation in AmericaAmerica

1896- the Supreme Court provided a 1896- the Supreme Court provided a constitutional basis for Jim Crow laws by constitutional basis for Jim Crow laws by creating the creating the separate-but-equal separate-but-equal doctrine. doctrine.

Then in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education Then in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education the Supreme Court unanimously held that the Supreme Court unanimously held that segregation by race in public education is segregation by race in public education is unconstitutional. unconstitutional.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964The Civil Rights Act of 1964 It was passed after the longest debate in the Senate’s It was passed after the longest debate in the Senate’s

history (83 days), and only after the Senate had invoked history (83 days), and only after the Senate had invoked cloture to kill a filibuster. cloture to kill a filibuster.

With its several later amendments, the law’s major With its several later amendments, the law’s major sections now:sections now: Provide that no person may be denied access to or Provide that no person may be denied access to or

refused service in various “public accommodations.” refused service in various “public accommodations.” Prohibit discrimination against any person on grounds Prohibit discrimination against any person on grounds

of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, or physical of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, or physical disability in any program that receives federal funding. disability in any program that receives federal funding.

Forbids employers and labor unions to discriminate Forbids employers and labor unions to discriminate against any person on grounds of race, color, religion, against any person on grounds of race, color, religion, sex, physical disability, or age in job-related matters. sex, physical disability, or age in job-related matters.

The Little Rock NineThe Little Rock Nine On September 4, 1957, On September 4, 1957,

Governor Orval Faubus defied Governor Orval Faubus defied the court, calling in the the court, calling in the Arkansas National Guard to Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine African American prevent nine African American students--"The Little Rock students--"The Little Rock Nine"--from entering the Nine"--from entering the building. building.

Ten days later in a meeting Ten days later in a meeting with President Eisenhower, with President Eisenhower, Faubus agreed to use the Faubus agreed to use the National Guard to protect the National Guard to protect the African American teenagers, African American teenagers, but on returning to Little but on returning to Little Rock, he dismissed the Rock, he dismissed the troops, leaving the African troops, leaving the African American students exposed to American students exposed to an angry white mob an angry white mob

•Under federal protection, the "Little Rock Nine" finished out the school year. The following year, Faubus closed all the high schools, forcing the African American students to take correspondence courses or go to out-of-state schools

The Civil Rights Act of 1968The Civil Rights Act of 1968

Also called the Also called the Open House Act- it Open House Act- it forbids anyone to forbids anyone to refuse to sell or refuse to sell or rent a dwelling to rent a dwelling to any person on any person on grounds of race, grounds of race, color, religion, color, religion, national origin, national origin, sex, or disability. sex, or disability.

Affirmative ActionAffirmative Action

A policy that requires most A policy that requires most employers take positive steps to employers take positive steps to remedy the effects of past remedy the effects of past discriminations. discriminations. The adoption of affirmative action The adoption of affirmative action

programs in 1965programs in 1965The rules that require certain numbers The rules that require certain numbers

of jobs or promotions for members of of jobs or promotions for members of certain groups are called quotas certain groups are called quotas

Reverse DiscriminationReverse Discrimination Decided in 1978, Regents of Decided in 1978, Regents of

the University of California the University of California v. Bakke, involved Allan v. Bakke, involved Allan Bakke, a white male, who Bakke, a white male, who had been denied admission had been denied admission to medical school. The to medical school. The school had set aside 16 new school had set aside 16 new seats each year for seats each year for nonwhite students. nonwhite students.

He sued, charging the He sued, charging the university with reverse university with reverse discrimination and, so, a discrimination and, so, a violation of the 14violation of the 14thth Amendment’s Equal Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause. Protection Clause.

By a 5-4 vote the Court held By a 5-4 vote the Court held that Bakke had been denied that Bakke had been denied equal protection and should equal protection and should be admitted into the be admitted into the medical school.medical school.

CitizenshipCitizenship

““All persons born or naturalized in the United All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.” – wherein they reside.” – United States United States ConstitutionConstitution

Jus soli- the law of soil, which determines Jus soli- the law of soil, which determines citizenship based on where a person was borncitizenship based on where a person was born

Jus sanguinis- the law of blood, which determines Jus sanguinis- the law of blood, which determines citizenship based on one’s parents’ citizenship. citizenship based on one’s parents’ citizenship.

NaturalizationNaturalization The legal process by which a person becomes The legal process by which a person becomes

a citizen of another country at some time a citizen of another country at some time after birth. after birth.

Congress has the exclusive power to provide Congress has the exclusive power to provide for naturalization.for naturalization.

More than 800,000 aliens now become More than 800,000 aliens now become

naturalized American citizens each year.naturalized American citizens each year. At various times, most often when the United At various times, most often when the United

States has acquired new territory, entire States has acquired new territory, entire groups have been naturalized groups have been naturalized en masse. en masse.

Losing CitizenshipLosing Citizenship

Although it rarely happens, every American Although it rarely happens, every American citizen, whether native-born or naturalized, citizen, whether native-born or naturalized, has the right to renounce– voluntarily has the right to renounce– voluntarily abandon– his or her citizenship. This process abandon– his or her citizenship. This process is called expatriation. is called expatriation.

Naturalized citizens can lose their Naturalized citizens can lose their citizenship involuntarily through citizenship involuntarily through denaturalization. This can only happen by a denaturalization. This can only happen by a court order and only after it has been shown court order and only after it has been shown that the person became a citizen by fraud or that the person became a citizen by fraud or deception. deception.

Immigration PoliciesImmigration Policies The Immigration Act of The Immigration Act of

1990- governs the 1990- governs the admission of aliens to the admission of aliens to the United States.United States.

The law provided for a The law provided for a substantial increase in the substantial increase in the number of immigrants who number of immigrants who may enter the United States may enter the United States each year. each year.

The annual ceiling is now The annual ceiling is now set at 675,000 set at 675,000

Deportation is a legal Deportation is a legal process in which aliens are process in which aliens are legally required to leave the legally required to leave the United States. United States.

Population as of 2000

Undocumented AliensUndocumented Aliens

No one knows how many undocumented No one knows how many undocumented aliens reside in the United States today.aliens reside in the United States today.

The Census Bureau now puts their The Census Bureau now puts their number at about nine million– which is number at about nine million– which is more than double of their estimate for a more than double of their estimate for a decade ago. decade ago.

The number increases by at least half a The number increases by at least half a million a year.million a year.

Over half of all undocumented aliens Over half of all undocumented aliens come from Mexico. come from Mexico.

Issues with Illegal Immigrants Issues with Illegal Immigrants Today Today

It was reported on CNN April 4 that some Senators are in favor of a guest It was reported on CNN April 4 that some Senators are in favor of a guest worker program. Advocates of a guest worker program want to give illegal worker program. Advocates of a guest worker program want to give illegal aliens a green card after they've worked in the country for six years. aliens a green card after they've worked in the country for six years.

The net result, a bit of a stalemate. Neither the Republicans nor the The net result, a bit of a stalemate. Neither the Republicans nor the Democrats have the 60 votes that would be necessary to cut off debate and Democrats have the 60 votes that would be necessary to cut off debate and move to a floor vote. move to a floor vote.

One problem with attempting to control One problem with attempting to control the amount of illegal aliens that are in the the amount of illegal aliens that are in the United States is that there is no definite United States is that there is no definite answer for the question of how many are answer for the question of how many are actually here? actually here?

•One side of the argument is that we need illegal aliens to do jobs that U.S. citizens are not willing to do.

•The opposing side claims that we barely have enough work for all the people that are citizens which is proven through the unemployment rates.

Civil Rights Issues of TodayCivil Rights Issues of Today The major debate in society The major debate in society

today is gay marriage. today is gay marriage. It parallels to when our country It parallels to when our country

faced the decision of whether faced the decision of whether or not to allow interracial or not to allow interracial marriages. marriages.

Wisconsin voters recently got Wisconsin voters recently got to voice their opinion on the to voice their opinion on the ballots. ballots.

Many believe that gay marriage Many believe that gay marriage is wrong and goes against what is wrong and goes against what is natural in our society. is natural in our society.

Others think that there is Others think that there is nothing wrong with same sex nothing wrong with same sex marriage and we are just going marriage and we are just going in reverse in our history. in reverse in our history.

Issues of TodayIssues of Today

Another issue that we Another issue that we have faced in the past have faced in the past and are now facing and are now facing today is the issue of today is the issue of abortion. abortion.

People that believe in People that believe in the rights of women are the rights of women are pro-choice. pro-choice.

Others who believe in Others who believe in the rights of the baby the rights of the baby are pro-life. are pro-life.

The right of a woman to The right of a woman to have an abortion have an abortion performed on her has performed on her has recently been revoked in recently been revoked in the state of South the state of South Dakota. Dakota.

The law makes it a The law makes it a felony to perform any felony to perform any abortion except in a case abortion except in a case of a pregnant woman's of a pregnant woman's life being in jeopardy.life being in jeopardy.

The law will go into The law will go into affect in July. affect in July.

Issues of TodayIssues of Today in my (kelly’s) opinionin my (kelly’s) opinion

It seems that the issues today It seems that the issues today are caused by a conflict of are caused by a conflict of opinion of the government and opinion of the government and the church. the church.

Americans are so worried about Americans are so worried about making sure that our laws are not making sure that our laws are not at all influenced by the church it at all influenced by the church it seems that sometimes they lose seems that sometimes they lose sight of the issue and focus more sight of the issue and focus more on refuting the church.on refuting the church.