chapter 20: redox reactions - neshaminy school · pdf file634 chapter 20 redox reactions...

634 Chapter 20

Redox Reactions

CHAPTER 20

What Yoursquoll LearnYou will examine theprocesses of oxidation andreduction in electron-trans-fer reactions

You will discover how oxi-dation numbers of elementsin compounds are deter-mined and how they relateto electron transfer

You will separate redoxreactions into their oxida-tion and reductionprocesses

You will use two differentmethods to balance oxida-tionndashreduction equations

Why Itrsquos ImportantOxidation and reduction reac-tions are among the mostprevalent in chemistry Fromnatural phenomena to com-mercial manufacturing redoxreactions play a major role inyour daily life

When threatened the bom-bardier beetle sprays chemicalsfrom its abdomen that whencombined undergo an oxida-tionndashreduction reaction Theresult is a boiling-hot foul-smelling bomb that allows thebeetle to escape predators

Visit the Chemistry Web site atchemistrymccom to find linksabout redox reactions

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201 Oxidation and Reduction 635

Objectivesbull Describe the processes of

oxidation and reduction

bull Identify oxidizing andreducing agents

bull Determine the oxidationnumber of an element in acompound

bull Interpret redox reactions interms of change in oxida-tion state

Vocabularyoxidationndashreduction

reactionredox reactionoxidationreductionoxidizing agentreducing agent

Section 201 Oxidation and Reduction

In Chapter 10 you learned that a chemical reaction can usually be classified asone of five typesmdashsynthesis decomposition combustion single-replacementor double-replacement In this chapter yoursquoll investigate a special characteris-tic of many of these reactionsmdashthe ability of elements to gain or lose electronswhen they react with other elements You experimented with this characteristicwhen you did the DISCOVERY LAB

Electron Transfer and Redox ReactionsOne of the defining characteristics of single-replacement and combustionreactions is that they always involve the transfer of electrons from one atomto another So do many but not all synthesis and decomposition reactionsFor example you studied the synthesis reaction in which sodium and chlo-rine react to form the ionic compound sodium chloride

Complete chemical equation 2Na(s) Cl2(g) 0 2NaCl(s)

Net ionic equation 2Na(s) Cl2(g) 0 2Na 2Cl(ions in crystal)

In this reaction an electron from each of two sodium atoms is transferred tothe Cl2 molecule to form two Cl ions An example of a combustion reactionis the burning of magnesium in air

Complete chemical equation 2Mg(s) O2(g) 0 2MgO(s)

Net ionic equation 2Mg(s) O2(g) 0 2Mg2 2O2 (ions in crystal)

DISCOVERY LAB

Materials

test tubeiron nailsteel wool or sandpaper1M copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4)

Observing an OxidationndashReduction Reaction

Rust is the result of a reaction of iron and oxygen Iron nails canalso react with substances other than oxygen as you will find

out in this experiment

Safety PrecautionsAlways wear safety gogglesand an apron in the laboratory

Procedure

1 Use a piece of steel wool to polish the end of an iron nail

2 Add about 3 mL 10M CuSO4 to a test tube Place the polished endof the nail into the CuSO4 solution Let stand and observe forabout 10 minutes Record your observations

Analysis

What is the substance found clinging to the nail What happened tothe color of the copper(II) sulfate solution Write the balancedchemical equation for the reaction you observed

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When magnesium reacts with oxygen as illustrated in Figure 20-1 each mag-nesium atom transfers two electrons to each oxygen atom What is the resultof this electron transfer The two magnesium atoms become Mg2 ions andthe two oxygen atoms become O2 ions (oxide ions) If you compare this reac-tion with the reaction of sodium and chlorine you will see that they are alikein that both involve the transfer of electrons between atoms A reaction in whichelectrons are transferred from one atom to another is called an oxidationndashreduc-tion reaction For simplicity chemists often refer to oxidationndashreduction reac-tions as redox reactions

Now consider the single-replacement reaction in which chlorine in anaqueous solution replaces bromine from an aqueous solution of potassium bro-mide which is shown in Figure 20-2

Complete chemical equation 2KBr(aq) Cl2(aq) 0 2KCl(aq) Br2(aq)

Net ionic equation 2Br(aq) Cl2(aq) 0 Br2(aq) 2Cl(aq)

Note that chlorine ldquostealsrdquo electrons from bromide ions to become chlorideions When the bromide ions lose their extra electrons the two bromine atomsform a covalent bond with each other to produce Br2 molecules The result ofthis reaction the characteristic color of elemental bromine in solution isshown in Figure 20-2 The formation of the covalent bond by sharing of elec-trons also is an oxidationndashreduction reaction

636 Chapter 20 Redox Reactions

Figure 20-1

The reaction of magnesium andoxygen involves a transfer ofelectrons from magnesium tooxygen Therefore this reactionis an oxidationndashreduction reac-tion Using the classificationsgiven in Chapter 10 this redoxreaction also is classified as acombustion reaction

XX

XX

XX

XX

2MgO2Mg

Each loses2 electrons

Each gains2 electrons 2 2

22

OOOOOO

OO

OO OO

OO

OO

OO

OOOO

OO

O2 0

0

Br22Br

Loses electron

Each gains1 electron

OO OOOO

OO

OO

OO OO

OO

OO

OX

OO

OOOO

OX

OO

Cl2 2Cl 0

0

XXXX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

Loses electron

XXXX

XX

XX

Figure 20-2

Like the reaction shown inFigure 20-1 this reaction ofchlorine and bromine in anaqueous solution is also a redoxreaction Here electrons aretransferred from bromide ionsto chlorine

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How do oxidation and reduction differ Originally the word oxidationreferred only to reactions in which a substance combined with oxygen such asthe burning of magnesium in air or the burning of natural gas (methane CH4)in air Today oxidation is defined as the loss of electrons from atoms of a sub-stance Look again at the net ionic equation for the reaction of sodium andchlorine Sodium is oxidized because it loses an electron To state this reac-tion more clearly

Na 0 Na e

For oxidation to take place the electrons lost by the substance that is oxi-dized must be accepted by atoms or ions of another substance In other wordsthere must be an accompanying process that involves the gain of electronsReduction is defined as the gain of electrons by atoms of a substanceFollowing our sodium chloride example further the reduction reaction thataccompanies the oxidation of sodium is the reduction of chlorine

Cl2 2e 0 2Cl

Can oxidation occur without reduction By our definitions oxidation andreduction are complementary processes oxidation cannot occur unless reduc-tion also occurs

It is important to recognize and distinguish between oxidation and reduc-tion The following memory aid may help

LEO the lion says GER or for short LEO GER

This phrase will help you remember that Loss of Electrons is Oxidation andGain of Electrons is Reduction

Changes in oxidation number You may recall from previous chaptersthat the oxidation number of an atom in an ionic compound is the numberof electrons lost or gained by the atom when it forms ions For example lookat the following equation for the redox reaction of potassium metal withbromine vapor

Complete chemical equation 2K(s) Br2(g) 0 2KBr(s)

Net ionic equation 2K(s) Br2(g) 0 2K(s) 2Br(s)

Potassium a group 1A element that tends to lose one electron in reactionsbecause of its low electronegativity is assigned an oxidation number of 1On the other hand bromine a group 7A element that tends to gain one elec-tron in reactions because of its high electronegativity is assigned an oxida-tion number of 1 In redox terms you would say that potassium atoms areoxidized from 0 to the 1 state because each loses an electron and bromineatoms are reduced from 0 to the 1 state because each gains an electron Canyou see why the term reduction is used When an atom or ion is reduced thenumerical value of its oxidation number is lowered

Oxidation numbers are tools that scientists use in written chemical equa-tions to help them keep track of the movement of electrons in a redox reac-tion Like some of the other tools you have learned about in chemistryoxidation numbers have a specific notation Oxidation numbers are writtenwith the positive or negative sign before the number (3 2) whereas ioniccharge is written with the sign after the number (3 2)

Oxidation number 3 Ionic charge 3


BiologyCONNECTION

What do the bacteriaXenorhabdus luminescens

fireflies and many deep-sea fishhave in common These andother organisms emit lightBioluminescence is the conversionof potential energy in chemicalbonds into light during a redoxreaction Bioluminescent light is acold light that gives off littleheat Depending on the speciesbioluminescence is produced bydifferent chemicals and by differ-ent means In fireflies for exam-ple light results from theoxidation of the moleculeluciferin

Scientists are still unravelingthe mystery of bioluminescenceSome luminescent organisms emitlight all the time whereas othersemit light only when they are dis-turbed such as when churned byocean waves Deep-sea fish andsome jellyfish appear to be ableto control the light they omitand one species of mushroom isknown to emit light of two dif-ferent colors Zoologists have alsodetermined that some light-emit-ting organisms do not producelight themselves but producelight by harboring bioluminescentbacteria

Organisms appear to use biolu-minescence for different pur-poses In the ocean depthsbioluminescence probably aidsvision and recognition Other pur-poses might include mating anddefense against prey

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Oxidizing and Reducing AgentsChemists also describe the potassiumndashbromine reaction in another way bysaying that ldquopotassium is oxidized by brominerdquo This description is usefulbecause it clearly identifies both the substance that is oxidized and the sub-stance that does the oxidizing The substance that oxidizes another substanceby accepting its electrons is called an oxidizing agent This term is anotherway of saying ldquothe substance that is reducedrdquo The substance that reducesanother substance by losing electrons is called a reducing agent A reducingagent supplies electrons to the substance getting reduced (gaining electrons)and is itself oxidized because it loses electrons By this definition the reduc-ing agent in the potassiumndashbromine reaction is potassium the substance thatis oxidized

A common application of redox chemistry is to remove tarnish from metalobjects such as the silver cups in Figure 20-3 The miniLAB belowdescribes this tarnish removal technique Other oxidizing and reducing agentssuch as those shown in Figure 20-4 play significant roles in your daily lifeFor example when you add chlorine bleach to your laundry to whitenclothes you are using an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO)an oxidizing agent It oxidizes dyes stains and other materials that discolorclothes Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can be used as an antiseptic because itoxidizes some of the vital biomolecules of germs or as an agent to lightenhair because it oxidizes the dark pigment of the hair

oxidized

reduced

2K(s) Br2(g) 0 2KBr(s)


Cleaning by RedoxApplying Concepts The tarnish on silver is silversulfide which is formed when the silver reactswith sulfide compounds in the environment Inthis miniLAB you will use an oxidationndashreductionreaction to remove the tarnish from silver or a sil-ver-plated object

Materials aluminum foil steel wool small tar-nished silver object 400-mL beaker (or size largeenough to hold the tarnished object) bakingsoda table salt hot plate beaker tongs

Procedure1 Buff a piece of aluminum foil lightly with steel

wool to remove any oxide coating

2 Wrap the tarnished object in the aluminumfoil making sure that the tarnished areamakes firm contact with the foil

3 Place the wrapped object in the beaker andadd sufficient tap water to cover

4 Add about 1 spoonful of baking soda andabout 1 spoonful of table salt

5 Set the beaker and contents on a hot plateand heat until the water is nearly boilingMaintain the heat approximately 15 min untilthe tarnish disappears

Analysis1 Write the equation for the reaction of silver

with hydrogen sulfide yielding silver sulfideand hydrogen

2 Write the equation for the reaction of the tar-nish (silver sulfide) with the aluminum foilyielding aluminum sulfide and silver

3 Which metal aluminum or silver is more reac-tive How do you know this from your results

4 Why should you not use an aluminum pan toclean silver objects by this method

miniLAB

Figure 20-3

A redox reaction involving silverand environmental sulfidesdeposited tarnish on the discol-ored cup Another redox reac-tion essentially the reverse ofthe first reduces silver ions inthe tarnish to silver atoms thatcan be rinsed away leaving theshiny silver cup

LAB

See page 961 in Appendix E forKitchen Oxidation

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Redox and ElectronegativityThe chemistry of oxidationndashreduction reactions is not limited to atoms of anelement changing to ions or the reverse Some redox reactions involve changesin molecular substances or polyatomic ions in which atoms are covalentlybonded to other atoms For example the following equation represents theredox reaction used to manufacture ammonia

N2(g) 3H2(g) 0 2NH3(g)

This process involves neither ions nor any obvious transfer of electrons Thereactants and products are all molecular compounds Still it is a redox reactionin which nitrogen is the oxidizing agent and hydrogen is the reducing agent

In situations such as the formation of NH3 where two atoms share elec-trons how is it possible to say that one atom lost electrons and was oxidizedwhile the other atom gained electrons and was reduced The answer isthat you have to know which atom attracts electrons more strongly or in otherwords which atom is more electronegative You might find it helpfulto review the discussion of electronegativity trends in Chapters 6 and 8Table 20-1 gives the specific electronegativities for hydrogen and nitrogen

For the purpose of studying oxidationndashreduction reactions the more elec-tronegative atom (nitrogen) is treated as if it had been reduced by gaining elec-trons from the other atom The less electronegative atom (hydrogen) is treatedas if it had been oxidized by losing electrons

Reduced (partial gain of e)

Oxidized (partial loss of e)

N2(g) 3H2(g) 0 2NH3(g)


Figure 20-4

Each of these images illustrates acommon use of redox chemistry

Hydrogen peroxide sanitizeswounds by a redox reaction thatkills germs and bacteria

Photography also uses a seriesof redox reactions in the imagecapture and developmentprocesses The feature How ItWorks at the end of this chapterdescribes how redox reactions areused in photography

Chlorine is a strong oxidizerthat is used in chlorine bleach towhiten laundry

c

b

a

a

b

c

Electronegativity ofHydrogen and Nitrogen

Hydrogen 220

Nitrogen 304

Table 20-1

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PRACTICE PROBLEMS1 Identify each of the following changes as either oxidation or reduc-

tion Recall that e is the symbol for an electron

a I2 2e 0 2I c Fe2 0 Fe3 e

b K 0 K e d Ag e 0 Ag

2 Identify what is oxidized and what is reduced in the followingprocesses

a 2Br Cl2 0 Br2 2Cl

b 2Ce 3Cu2 0 3Cu 2Ce3

c 2Zn O2 0 2ZnO

3 Identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent in each of the fol-lowing reactions

a Mg I2 0 MgI2b 2Na 2H 0 2Na H2

c H2S Cl2 0 S 2HCl

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 20-1

Identifying OxidationndashReduction ReactionsThe following equation represents the redox reaction of aluminum andiron

For more practice withidentifying oxidation-reduction reactions goto Supplemental

Practice Problems inAppendix A

Practice

2Al 2Fe3+ 3O2ndash 0 2Fe 2Al3+ 3O2ndash

Identify what is oxidized and what is reduced in this reaction Identify theoxidizing agent and the reducing agent

1 Analyze the ProblemYou are given the ions in the reaction Using this information youmust determine the electron transfers that take place Then you canapply the definitions of oxidizing agent and reducing agent toanswer the question

2 Solve for the UnknownIdentify the oxidation process and the reduction process by evaluating the electron transfer In this case aluminum loses threeelectrons and becomes an aluminum ion in the oxidation processThe iron ion accepts the three electrons lost from aluminum in thereduction processAl 0 Al3 3e (loss of e is oxidation)Fe3 3e 0 Fe (gain of e is reduction)Aluminum is oxidized and therefore is the reducing agent Iron isreduced and therefore is the oxidizing agent

3 Evaluate the AnswerIn this process aluminum lost electrons and is oxidized whereas irongained electrons and is reduced The definitions of oxidation andreduction and oxidizing agent and reducing agent apply Note thatthe oxidation number of oxygen is unchanged in this reaction there-fore oxygen is not a key factor in this problem

Determining Oxidation NumbersIn order to understand all kinds of redox reactions you must have a way todetermine the oxidation number of the atoms involved in the reactionChemists use a set of rules to make this determination easier

Rules for determining oxidation numbers1 The oxidation number of an uncombined atom is zero This is true for

elements that exist as polyatomic molecules such as O2 Cl2 H2 N2 S8

2 The oxidation number of a monatomic ion is equal to the charge on theion For example the oxidation number of a Ca2 ion is 2 and theoxidation number of a Br ion is 1

3 The oxidation number of the more electronegative atom in a moleculeor a complex ion is the same as the charge it would have if it were anion In ammonia (NH3) for example nitrogen is more electronegativethan hydrogen meaning that it attracts electrons more strongly thandoes hydrogen So nitrogen is assigned an oxidation number of 3 asif it had gained three electrons to complete an octet In the compoundsilicon tetrachloride (SiCl4) chlorine is more electronegative than sili-con so each chlorine has an oxidation number of 1 as if it had takenan electron from silicon The silicon atom is given an oxidation numberof 4 as if it had lost electrons to the four chlorine atoms

4 The most electronegative element fluorine always has an oxidationnumber of 1 when it is bonded to another element

5 The oxidation number of oxygen in compounds is always 2 except inperoxides such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) where it is 1 When it isbonded to fluorine the only element more electronegative than oxygenthe oxidation number of oxygen is 2

6 The oxidation number of hydrogen in most of its compounds is 1 Theexception to this rule occurs when hydrogen is bonded to less elec-tronegative metals to form hydrides such as LiH NaH CaH2 and AlH3In these compounds hydrogenrsquos oxidation number is 1 because itattracts electrons more strongly than does the metal atom

7 The metals of groups 1A and 2A and aluminum in group 3A formcompounds in which the metal atom always has a positive oxidationnumber equal to the number of its valence electrons (1 2 and 3respectively)

8 The sum of the oxidation numbers in a neutral compound is zero Noticehow the oxidation numbers add up to zero in the following examples

(1) (1) 0 (2) 2(1) 0 2(1) (2) 0 (4) 4(1) 0

NaCl CaBr2 H2S CCl4

9 The sum of the oxidation numbers of the atoms in a polyatomic ion isequal to the charge on the ion The following examples illustrate

(3) 4(1) 1 (4) 3(2) 2

NH4 SO3

2

Many elements other than those specified in the rules above including mostof the transition metals metalloids and nonmetals can be found with differ-ent oxidation numbers in different compounds For example the two coppercompounds and the two chromium compounds shown in Figure 20-5 a and brespectively have different oxidation numbers


Photochemical EtchingArtistDoes the idea of using photo-graphic equipment and chemi-cals as art appeal to you Thenyou might want to investigatea career in photochemical etching

Photochemical etching wasfirst used to produce precisemachine parts such asmicrochips and other electronicdevices Now artists use it tocreate metal art In thisprocess ultraviolet light is usedto transfer a pattern onto apiece of metal Then chemicalsare applied to remove certainareas in the pattern creatingan intricate design on themetal

Figure 20-5

The difference in oxidationnumber gives compounds different chemical and physicalproperties

The oxidation number ofcopper in copper(I) oxide(orange color) is +1 whereas theoxidation number of copper incopper(II) oxide (black color) is +2

Likewise the oxidation number of chromium inchromium(II) chloride tetrahy-drate (blue solution) differsfrom that in chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate (greensolution)

b

a

b

a

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Among other applications potas-sium chlorate is used in explo-sives fireworks and matches



2 Solve for the Unknown

PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Determining Oxidation NumbersDetermine the oxidation number of each element in the following com-pounds or ionsa KClO3 (potassium chlorate)b SO3

2 (sulfite ion)

1 Analyze the ProblemFrom the rules for determining oxidation numbers you are given theoxidation number of oxygen (2) and potassium (group 1 metal 1)You are also given the overall charge of the compound or ion Usingthis information and applying the rules you can determine the oxida-tion numbers of chlorine and sulfur

Strategy

Assign the known oxidation numbers to their elements set the sumof all oxidation numbers to zero or to the ion charge and solve forthe unknown oxidation number (Let nelement oxidation number ofthe element in question)

Solution

a Potassium chlorate is a neutral salt so oxidation numbers mustadd up to zero According to rule 5 the oxidation number of oxy-gen in compounds is 2 Rule 7 states that Group 1 metals have a1 oxidation number in compounds

(1) (nCl) 3(2) 0

KClO3

1 nCl (6) 0

nCl 5

b Sulfite ion has a charge of 2 so oxidation numbers must add upto 2 According to rule 5 the oxidation number of oxygen incompounds is 2

(nS) 3(2) 2

SO32

nS (6) 2

nS 4

3 Evaluate the AnswerThe rules for determining oxidation numbers have been correctlyapplied All of the oxidation numbers in each substance add up to theproper value

4 Determine the oxidation number of the boldface element in the fol-lowing formulas for compounds

a NaClO4 b AlPO4 c HNO2

5 Determine the oxidation number of the boldface element in the fol-lowing formulas for ions

a NH4 b AsO4

3 c CrO42

For more practice withdetermining oxidationnumbers go toSupplemental PracticeSupplemental Practice

Problems in Appendix A

Practice

Oxidation Number in Redox ReactionsHaving studied oxidation numbers you are now able to relateoxidationndashreduction reactions to changes in oxidation number Look again atthe equation for a reaction that you saw at the beginning of this section thereplacement of bromine in aqueous KBr by Cl2

2KBr(aq) + Cl2(aq) 0 2KCl(aq) + Br2(aq)

To see how oxidation numbers change start by assigning numbers shown inTable 20-2 to all elements in the balanced equation Then review the changesas shown in the accompanying diagram

As you can see the oxidation number of bromine changed from 1 to 0an increase of 1 At the same time the oxidation number of chlorine changedfrom 0 to 1 a decrease of 1 Therefore chlorine is reduced and bromine isoxidized All redox reactions follow the same pattern When an atom is oxi-dized its oxidation number increases When an atom is reduced its oxida-tion number decreases Note that there is no change in the oxidation numberof potassium The potassium ion takes no part in the reaction and is called aspectator ion How would the reaction differ if you used zinc bromide (ZnBr2)instead of potassium bromide

No change inoxidation number

2KBr(aq) Cl2(aq) 0 2KCl(aq) Br2(aq)ndash1+1 0 0

Change ndash1reduction

Change +1oxidation

+1 ndash1


Oxidation NumberAssignment

OxidationElement number Rule

K in KBr 1 7

Br in KBr 1 8

Cl in Cl2 0 1

K in KCl 1 7

Cl in KCl 1 8

Br in Br2 0 1

Table 20-2

Section 201 Assessment

6 Describe the processes of oxidation and reduction

7 Explain the roles of oxidizing agents and reducingagents in a redox reaction How is each changed inthe reaction

8 Determine the oxidation number of the boldfaceelement in these compounds

a Sb2O5 c CaN2b HNO3 d CuWO4 (copper(II) tungstate)

9 Determine the oxidation number of the boldfaceelement in these ions

a IO4 c B4O7

2

b MnO4 d NH2

10 Thinking Critically Write the equation for thereaction of iron metal with hydrobromic acid toform iron(III) bromide and hydrogen gasDetermine which element is reduced and whichelement is oxidized in this reaction

11 Making Predictions Alkali metals are strongreducing agents Would you predict that theirreducing ability would increase or decrease as youmove down the family from sodium to franciumGive reasons for your prediction

chemistrymccomself_check_quiz

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Objectivesbull Relate changes in oxidation

numbers to the transfer ofelectrons

bull Use changes in oxidationnumber to balance redoxequations

bull Balance net ionic redoxequations by the oxidation-number method

Vocabularyoxidation-number method

Section Balancing Redox Equations

You already know that chemical equations are written to represent chemicalreactions by showing what substances react and what products are formedYou also know that chemical equations must be balanced to show the correctquantities of reactants and products Equations for oxidationndashreduction reac-tions are no different In this section yoursquoll learn a specific method to bal-ance redox equations

The Oxidation-Number MethodMany equations for redox reactions are easy to balance For example try tobalance the following unbalanced equation for the redox reaction that occurswhen potassium chlorate is heated and decomposes to produce potassiumchloride and oxygen gas

Unbalanced equation KClO3(s) 0 KCl(s) O2(g)

Did you get the correct result shown below

Balanced equation 2KClO3(s) 0 2KCl(s) 3O2(g)

Equations for other redox reactions are not as easy to balance Study thefollowing unbalanced equation for the reaction that occurs when copper metalis placed in concentrated nitric acid This reaction is shown in Figure 20-6The brown gas you see is nitrogen dioxide (NO2) produced by the reductionof nitrate ions (NO3

) and the blue solution is the result of the oxidation ofcopper to copper(II) ions

Cu(s) HNO3(aq) 0 Cu(NO3)2(aq) NO2(g) H2O(l)

Note that oxygen appears in only one reactant HNO3 but in all three prod-ucts Nitrogen appears in HNO3 and in two of the products Redox equationssuch as this one in which the same element appears in several reactants andproducts can be hard to balance by the conventional method For this rea-son you need to learn a different balancing technique for redox equations thatis based on the fact that the number of electrons transferred from atoms mustequal the number of electrons accepted by other atoms

As you know when an atom loses electrons its oxidation number increaseswhen an atom gains electrons its oxidation number decreases Therefore thetotal increase in oxidation numbers (oxidation) must equal the total decreasein oxidation numbers (reduction) of the atoms involved in the reaction Thebalancing technique called the oxidation-number method is based on theseprinciples The CHEMLAB at the end of this chapter gives you the oppor-tunity to perform and balance the copperndashnitric acid redox reaction

Steps for balancing redox equationsby the oxidation-number method

1 Assign oxidation numbers to all atoms in the equation

2 Identify the atoms that are oxidized and the atoms that are reduced

3 Determine the change in oxidation number for the atoms that are oxi-dized and for the atoms that are reduced

4 Make the change in oxidation numbers equal in magnitude by adjustingcoefficients in the equation

202

Figure 20-6

Some chemical equations forredox reactions such as thisreaction between copper andnitric acid can be difficult tobalance because one or moreelements may appear severaltimes on both sides of the equa-tion The oxidation-numbermethod makes it easier to bal-ance the equation for this redoxreaction

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202 Balancing Redox Equations 645

5 If necessary use the conventional method to balance the remainder ofthe equation

You can see these steps clearly by following Example Problem 20-3


Balancing a Redox Equation by the Oxidation-NumberMethodBalance the redox equation shown here for the reaction that producescopper nitrateCu HNO3 0 Cu(NO3)2 NO2 H2O

1 Analyze the ProblemYou are given the formulas for the reactants and products and you have the rules for determining oxidation number You also know that the increase in oxidation number of the oxidized atomsmust equal the decrease in oxidation number of the reduced atomsWith this information you can adjust the coefficients to balancethe equation

2 Solve for the UnknownStep 1 Apply the appropriate rules on page 641 to assign oxida-tion numbers to all atoms in the equation0 1 5 2 2 5 2 4 2 1 2

Cu HNO3 0 Cu(NO3)2 NO2 H2O

Step 2 Identify which atoms are oxidized and which are reduced0 1 5 2 2 5 2 4 2 1 2


) ) ) )

The oxidation number of copper increases from 0 to 2 as it is oxi-dized in the reaction The oxidation number of nitrogen decreasesfrom 5 to 4 as it is reduced in the formation of NO2 The oxida-tion numbers of hydrogen and oxygen do not change Note that the nitrogen atoms remain unchanged in the nitrate ion (NO3

)which appears on both sides of the equation It is neither oxidizednor reducedStep 3 Draw a line connecting the atoms involved in oxidation andanother line connecting the atoms involved in reduction Write thenet change in oxidation number above or below each line

Step 4 Make the changes in oxidation number equal in magnitude byplacing the appropriate coefficients in front of the formulas in theequation Because the oxidation number for nitrogen is 1 you mustadd a coefficient 2 to balance This coefficient applies to HNO3 on theleft and NO2 on the right

Cu 2HNO3 0 Cu(NO3)2 2NO2 H2O

2

2(1) 2


2

1

Continued on next page

Copper nitrate (Cu(NO3)2) is usedin light-sensitive paper

Chem MC-645

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110237

Step 5 Use the conventional method to balance the number ofatoms and the charges in the remainder of the equation This equa-tion shows no charged species so charge balance need not be consid-ered here


The coefficient of HNO3 must be increased from 2 to 4 to balance thefour nitrogen atoms in the products


Add a coefficient of 2 to H2O to balance the four hydrogen atoms onthe left

Cu(s) 4HNO3(aq) 0 Cu(NO3)2(aq) 2NO2(g) 2H2O(l)

3 Evaluate the AnswerThe number of atoms of each element is equal on both sides of theequation No subscripts have been changed

PRACTICE PROBLEMSUse the oxidation-number method to balance these redox equations

12 HCl HNO3 0 HOCl NO H2O

13 SnCl4 Fe 0 SnCl2 FeCl3

14 NH3(g) NO2(g) 0 N2(g) H2O(l)


For more practice bal-ancing redox reactionsgo to SupplementalSupplementalPractice ProblemsPractice Problems in

Appendix A

Practice

Balancing Net Ionic Redox EquationsSometimes chemists prefer to express redox reactions in the simplest possi-ble termsmdashas an equation showing only the oxidation and reduction processesand nothing else Look again at the balanced equation for the oxidation ofcopper by nitric acid


Note that the reaction takes place in aqueous solution so HNO3 which is astrong acid will be ionized Likewise copper(II) nitrate (Cu(NO3)2) will bedissociated into ions Therefore the equation can also be written in ionic form

Cu(s) 4H(aq) 4NO3(aq) 0

Cu2(aq) 2NO3(aq) 2NO2(g) 2H2O(l)

You can see that there are four nitrate ions among the reactants but onlytwo of them undergo change to form two nitrogen dioxide molecules Whatis the role of the other nitrate ions The other two are only spectator ions andcan be eliminated from the equation To simplify things when writing redoxequations in ionic form chemists usually indicate hydrogen ions by H withthe understanding that they exist in hydrated form as hydronium ions (H3O

)The equation can then be rewritten showing only the substances that undergochange

Cu(s) 4H(aq) 2NO3(aq) 0 Cu2(aq) 2NO2(g) 2H2O(l)

Now look at the equation in unbalanced form

Cu(s) H(aq) NO3(aq) 0 Cu2(aq) NO2(g) H2O(l)

Chem MC-646

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12851974


You might even see this same reaction expressed in a way that shows onlythe substances that are oxidized and reduced

Cu(s) NO3(aq) 0 Cu2(aq) NO2(g) (in acid solution)

In this case the hydrogen ion and the water molecule are eliminated becauseneither is oxidized nor reduced The only additional information needed is thatthe reaction takes place in acid solution In acid solution hydrogen ions (H+)and water molecules are abundant and free to participate in redox reactionsas either reactants or products Some redox reactions can occur only in basicsolution When you balance equations for these reactions you may addhydroxide ions (OH) and water molecules to either side of the equationBasic solutions have an abundance of OH ions instead of H3O

ionsIf you try to balance the equation given above you will see that it appears

impossible Net ionic equations can still be balanced though by applying the oxidation-number method as you will see in Example Problem 20-4 The problem-solving LAB below shows how the oxidation-number methodcan be used for a real-world application

problem-solving LAB

How does redox lift a spaceshuttleUsing Numbers The space shuttle gains nearly72 of its lift from its solid rocket boosters(SRBs) during the first two minutes of launch Thetwo pencil-shaped SRB tanks are attached toboth sides of the liquid hydrogen and oxygenfuel tank Each SRB contains 495 000 kg of anexplosive mixture of ammonium perchlorate andaluminum The unbalanced equation for thereaction is given below

NH4ClO4(s) Al(s) 0

Al2O3(g) HCl(g) N2(g) H2O(g)

Use the oxidation-number method to balancethis redox equation

AnalysisThe SRB reaction can be balanced using the rulesfor assigning oxidation numbers In this way youcan ensure that the oxidation reaction balancesthe reduction reaction Write the oxidation num-ber above each element in the equation Whichelements are reduced and which are oxidizedWhat coefficients are required to balance thereaction

Thinking CriticallyWhat are some of the benefits of using SRBs forthe first two minutes of launch

Chem MC-647

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Balancing a Net Ionic Redox EquationUse the oxidation-number method to balance this net ionic redox equa-tion for the reaction between the perchlorate ion and the bromide ion inacid solutionClO4

(aq) Br(aq) 0 Cl(aq) Br2(g) (in acid solution)

1 Analyze the ProblemYou are given the formulas for the reactants and products and youhave the rules for determining oxidation number You also know thatthe increase in oxidation number of the oxidized atoms must equalthe decrease in oxidation number of the reduced atoms You are toldthat the reaction takes place under acidic conditions With this infor-mation you can adjust the coefficients to balance the equation

2 Solve for the UnknownStep 1 Apply rules to assign oxidation numbers to all atoms in theequation using the flow chart on the left

7 2 1 1 0

ClO4(aq) Br(aq) 0 Cl(aq) Br2(g) (in acid solution)

Step 2 Identify which atoms are oxidized and which are reduced

7 2 1 1 0


) ) ) )

The oxidation number of bromine increases from 1 to 0 as it is oxi-dized The oxidation number of chlorine decreases from 7 to 1 asit is reduced Note that no oxygen atoms appear in the products Thisdeficiency will be fixed shortly

Step 3 Draw a line connecting the atoms involved in oxidation andanother line connecting the atoms involved in reduction Write thenet change in oxidation number above or below each line

Step 4 Make the changes in oxidation number equal in magnitudeby placing the appropriate coefficients in front of the formulas in theequation

Note that 4Br2 represents eight bromine atoms to balance the 8Br

on the left sideStep 5 Add enough hydrogen ions and water molecules to the equa-tion to balance the oxygen atoms on both sides This is the reasonthat you must know the conditions of the reaction

ClO4(aq) 8Br(aq) 8H(aq) 0 Cl(aq) 4Br2(g) 4H2O(l)

ClO4ndash(aq) 8Brndash(aq) 0 Clndash(aq) 4Br2(g) (in acid solution)

8(1)8

8

1

8

ClO4ndash(aq) Brndash(aq) 0 Clndash(aq) Br2(g) (in acid solution)

Examinethe substance

Molecule orpolyatomic

ion

Oxidation number of the most electronegative element is the

same as the charge it wouldhave as an ion

Element

Oxidationnumber

equals zero

Oxidationnumberequals

the charge

Monatomicion

Molecule

The sum ofthe oxidation

numbersequals zero

Polyatomicion

The sum of the

oxidationnumbers

equals the charge

on the ion

Use this flow chart to review therules for assigning oxidationnumbers listed on page 641


Four oxygen atoms are present in one ClO4 ion enough to form four

H2O molecules Therefore a total of 8H ions will also be needed toform the four water molecules

3 Evaluate the AnswerReview the balanced equation counting the number of atoms to besure there are equal numbers of each element As with any ionicequation you must also check to see if the net charge on the rightequals the net charge on the left Check to be sure that you did notchange any subscripts in the equation

PRACTICE PROBLEMSUse the oxidation-number method to balance the following net ionicredox equations

15 H2S(g) NO3(aq) 0 S(s) NO(g) (in acid solution)

16 Cr2O72(aq) I(aq) 0 Cr3(aq) I2(s) (in acid solution)

17 I(aq) MnO4(aq) 0 I2(s) MnO2(s) (in basic solution) Hint

Hydroxide ions will appear on the right and water molecules onthe left


18 A reactant in an oxidationndashreduction reaction losesfour electrons when it is oxidized How many elec-trons must be gained by the reactant that is reduced

19 Why is it important to know the conditions underwhich an aqueous redox reaction takes place inorder to balance the ionic equation for the reaction

20 Balance these equations for redox reactions byusing the oxidation-number method

a HClO3(aq) 0 ClO2(g) HClO4(aq) H2O(l)b H2O2(aq) H2SO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) 0

Fe2(SO4)3(aq) H2O(l)(Hint Review rule 5 to learn how to determinethe oxidation numbers in H2O2)

c H2SeO3(aq) HClO3(aq) 0 H2SeO4(aq) Cl2(g) H2O(l)

21 Balance these net ionic equations for redox reactions

a Cr2O72(aq) Fe2(aq) 0 Cr3(aq)

Fe3(aq) (in acid solution)b Zn(s) V2O5(aq) 0 Zn2(aq) V2O4(aq)

(in acid solution)c N2O(g) ClO(aq) 0 Cl(aq) NO2

(aq)(in basic solution)

22 Thinking Critically Explain how changes in oxi-dation number are related to the electrons trans-ferred in a redox reaction How are the changesrelated to the processes of oxidation and reduction

23 Applying Concepts The processes used toremove metals from their ores usually involve areduction process For example mercury may beobtained by roasting the ore mercury(II) sulfidewith calcium oxide to produce mercury metal cal-cium sulfide and calcium sulfate Write and bal-ance the redox equation for this process

The oxidation-number method is convenient for balancing most redox equa-tions but you will see in the next section that there are occasions when youmust balance the net ionic charge on both sides of the equation in addition tobalancing the atoms

For more practice bal-ancing redox reactionsgo to SupplementalPractice Problems in

Appendix A

Practice


Chem MC-649

null

17084122


Section 203 Half-Reactions

Objectivesbull Recognize the interdepend-

ence of oxidation andreduction processes

bull Derive oxidation and reduc-tion half-reactions from aredox equation

bull Balance redox equations bythe half-reaction method

Vocabularyspecieshalf-reaction

Throughout this chapter you have read about oxidationndashreduction reactionsYou know that redox reactions involve the loss and gain of electrons Thusthe ldquopairingrdquo or complementary nature of redox reactions is probably appar-ent to you So letrsquos consider the two halves of redox reactions

Identifying Half-ReactionsAs you know oxidationndashreduction reactions can involve molecules ions freeatoms or combinations of all three To make it easier to discuss redox reac-tions without constantly specifying the kind of particle involved chemists usethe term species In chemistry a species is any kind of chemical unit involvedin a process For example a solution of sugar in water contains two majorspecies In the equilibrium equation NH3 H2O 3 NH4

OH there arefour species the two molecules NH3 and H2O and the two ions NH4

and OHOxidationndashreduction reactions take place whenever a species that can give

up electrons (reducing agent) comes in contact with another species that canaccept them (oxidizing agent) In a sense the species being reduced doesnrsquotldquocarerdquo where the electrons are coming from as long as they are readily avail-able Likewise the species undergoing oxidation doesnrsquot ldquocarerdquo where its elec-trons go as long as a willing receiver is available The cartoon electrondonoracceptor machine shown in Figure 20-7 illustrates this principle

For example active metals can be oxidized by a variety of oxidizingagents When iron rusts it is oxidized by oxygen You can also say that ironreduces oxygen because iron acts as a reducing agent

4Fe 3O2 0 2Fe2O3

But iron can reduce many other oxidizing agents including chlorine

2Fe 3Cl2 0 2FeCl3

In this reaction each iron atom is oxidized by losing three electrons to becomean Fe3 ion This is the oxidation half of the oxidationndashreduction reactionRecall that e represents one electron

Fe 0 Fe3 3e

At the same time each chlorine atom in Cl2 is reduced by accepting one electron to become a Cl ion This is the reduction half of the oxidation-reduction reaction

Cl2 2e 0 2ClFigure 20-7

This imaginary electron machineillustrates the point that theelectrons that are involved inredox reactions can come fromany source as long as they areavailable to transfer It alsopoints out that reduction thecomplimentary process of oxida-tion requires something toaccept the electrons These twoprocesses can be identified andseparated to help understandredox reactions and balanceredox equations

Oxidation

Reduction

endashendashendashe ndash endashendash

endashendash

endashendashendashe ndash

Chem MC-650

null

16927435

CMC_Spn_C20-S03

null

5955961

Equations such as these represent half-reactions A half-reaction is one ofthe two parts of a redox reactionmdashthe oxidation half alone or the reductionhalf alone Table 20-3 shows a variety of reduction half-reactions that canaccept electrons from iron oxidizing it from Fe to Fe3

Balancing Redox Equations by Half-ReactionsYou will learn more about the importance of half-reactions when you studyelectrochemistry in Chapter 21 For now however you can learn to use half-reactions to balance a redox equation First look at an unbalanced equationtaken from Table 20-3 to see how to separate a redox equation into half-reac-tions For example the following unbalanced equation represents the reac-tion that occurs when you put an iron nail into a solution of copper(II) sulfateas shown in Figure 20-8 Iron atoms are oxidized as they lose electrons tothe copper(II) ions

Fe(s) CuSO4(aq) 0 Cu(s) Fe2(SO4)3(aq)

Steps for balancing by half-reactions1 Write the net ionic equation for the reaction omitting spectator ions

Fe Cu2 SO42 0 Cu 2Fe3 3SO4

2

Fe Cu2 0 Cu 2Fe3

2 Write the oxidation and reduction half-reactions for the net ionic equation

Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu

3 Balance the atoms and charges in each half-reaction

2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu

4 Adjust the coefficients so that the number of electrons lost in oxidationequals the number of electrons gained in reduction

2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

3Cu2 6e 0 3Cu

5 Add the balanced half-reactions and return spectator ions

2Fe 3Cu2 0 3Cu 2Fe3

2Fe(s) 3CuSO4(aq) 0 3Cu(s) Fe2(SO4)3(aq)

203 Half-Reactions 651

Various OxidationndashReduction Reactions in which Iron Is Oxidized

Overall reaction Oxidation Reduction(unbalanced) half-reaction half-reaction

Fe O2 0 Fe2O3 Fe 0 Fe3 3e O2 4e 0 2O2

Fe Cl2 0 FeCl3 Fe 0 Fe3 3e Cl2 2e 0 2Cl

Fe F2 0 FeF3 Fe 0 Fe3 3e F2 2e 0 2F

Fe HBr 0 H2 FeBr3 Fe 0 Fe3 3e 2H 2e 0 H2

Fe AgNO3 0 Ag Fe(NO3)3 Fe 0 Fe3 3e Ag e 0 Ag

Fe CuSO4 0 Cu Fe2(SO4)3 Fe 0 Fe3 3e Cu2 2e 0 Cu

Table 20-3

Figure 20-8

As a result of this redox reactionbetween iron and copper sulfatesolution solid copper metal isdeposited on the iron nail Tobalance the equation given inthe text for this reaction youcould use the method of half-reactions

Chem MC-651

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15218861


Balancing a Redox Equation by Half-ReactionsThe permanganate ion (MnO4

) is widely used in the chemistry laboratoryas a strong oxidizing agent Permanganate is usually sold as potassiumsalt KMnO4 When sulfur dioxide gas is bubbled into an acidic solution ofpotassium permanganate it reacts to form sulfate ions Balance theredox equation for this reaction using half-reactionsKMnO4(aq) SO2(g) 0 MnSO4(aq) K2SO4(aq)

1 Analyze the ProblemYou are given the skeleton equation for the reaction of perman-ganate and sulfur dioxide You also know that the reaction takesplace in an acid solution With this information the rules for deter-mining oxidation numbers and the steps for balancing by half-reac-tions you can write a complete balanced equation

2 Solve for the UnknownStep 1 Write the net ionic equation for the reaction You can elimi-nate coefficients spectator ions and state symbols

MnO4 SO2 0 Mn2 SO4

2

Step 2 Write the oxidation and reduction half-reactions for the netionic equation including oxidation numbers Recall the rules forassigning oxidation numbers from page 641

4 6

SO2 0 SO42 2e (oxidation)

7 2

MnO4 5e 0 Mn2 (reduction)

Step 3 Balance the atoms and charges in the half-reactions

a In this case the sulfur atoms are balanced on both sides of theequation and the manganese atoms are balanced on both sides ofthe equation Recall that in acid solution H2O molecules are avail-able in abundance and can be used to balance oxygen atoms inthe half-reactions

SO2 2H2O 0 SO42 2e (oxidation)

MnO4 5e 0 Mn2 4H2O (reduction)

b Recall also that in acid solution H ions are readily available andcan be used to balance the charge in the half-reactions

SO2 2H2O 0 SO42 2e 4H (oxidation)

MnO4 5e 8H 0 Mn2 4H2O (reduction)

Step 4 Adjust the coefficients so that the number of electrons lost inoxidation (2) equals the number of electrons gained in reduction (5)In this case the least common multiple of 2 and 5 is 10 Cross-multi-plying gives the balanced oxidation and reduction half-reactions

5SO2 10H2O 0 5SO42 20H 10e (oxidation)

2MnO4ndash 16H 10e 0 2Mn2 8H2O (reduction)

Step 5 Add the balanced half-reactions and simplify by canceling orreducing like terms on both sides of the equation

5SO2 2H2O 2MnO4 0 5SO4

2 4H 2Mn2


Potassium permanganate(KMnO4) is used to disinfectdecorative fish ponds and thewater in fish hatcheries

Topic AntioxidantsTo learn more about antioxi-dants visit the Chemistry Website at chemistrymccomActivity Name the mainantioxidants important inhealth List their sources andbenefits and explain howtheir chemical reactions inthe body work to producethese effects


Finally return spectator ions (K) and restore the state descrip-tions In this case two K ions go with the two MnO4

ndash anions onthe left side of the equation Therefore you can add only two K

ions to the right side which will form K2SO4 The remaining SO42ndash

ions recombine with Mn2 and H to form two molecules ofMnSO4 and H2SO4 respectively

5SO2(g) 2H2O(l) 2KMnO4(aq) 0 K2SO4(aq) 2H2SO4(aq) 2MnSO4(aq)

3 Evaluate the AnswerA review of the balanced equation indicates that the number ofatoms of each element is equal on both sides of the equation Nosubscripts have been changed

PRACTICE PROBLEMSUse the half-reaction method to balance the following redox equationsBegin with step 2 of Example Problem 20-5 and leave the balanced equa-tion in ionic form


25 Mn2(aq) BiO3(aq) 0 MnO4

(aq) Bi2(aq) (in acid solution)

26 N2O(g) ClO(aq) 0 NO2(aq) Cl(aq) (in basic solution) Hint

Add O and H in the form of OH ions and H2O molecules

You have learned two methods by which redox equations can be balancedBoth methods will provide the same results however the half-reactionmethod may be more useful to your study of electrochemistry


27 Explain why an oxidation process must alwaysaccompany a reduction process

28 Write the oxidation and reduction half-reactionsfor this redox equation

Pb(s) Pd(NO3)2(aq) 0 Pb(NO3)2(aq) Pd(s)29 Use the half-reaction method to balance this redox

equation Begin with step 2 of Example Problem20-5 and leave the balanced equation in ionic form

AsO43(aq) Zn(s) 0 AsH3(g) Zn2(aq)

(in acid solution)30 Thinking Critically The oxidation half-reaction

of a redox reaction is Sn2 0 Sn4 2e andthe reduction half-reaction is Au3 3e0 AuWhat minimum numbers of tin(II) ions and

gold(III) ions would have to react in order to haveno electrons left over

31 Calculating The concentration of thallium(I)ions in solution may be determined by oxidizingto thallium(III) ions with an aqueous solution ofpotassium permanganate (KMnO4) under acidicconditions Suppose that a 10000 mL sample of asolution of unknown Tl concentration is titratedto the endpoint with 2823 mL of a 00560M solu-tion of potassium permanganate What is the con-centration of Tl ions in the sample You mustfirst balance the redox equation for the reaction todetermine its stoichiometry

Tl(aq) MnO4(aq) 0 Tl3(aq) Mn2(aq)

For more practice solv-ing problems using thehalf-reaction methodgo to Supplemental


Practice


Chem MC-653

null

14628613


Pre-Lab

1 Read the entire CHEMLAB

2 Prepare all written materials that you will take intothe laboratory Be sure to include safety precau-tions procedure notes and a data table

3 Review what a redox reaction is

4 Read the label of the crystal drain cleaner packageUnderstand that the compound is solid sodiumhydroxide that contains aluminum When the mate-rial is added to water sodium hydroxide dissolvesrapidly producing heat Aluminum reacts withwater in the basic solution to produce Al(OH)4

ions

and hydrogen gas Is aluminum oxidized or reducedin the reaction Is hydrogen oxidized or reduced inthe reaction Explain your answers

Procedure

1 In a ventilation hood place a piece of copper metalin a clean dry evaporating dish Add enough 6Mnitric acid to cover the metal CAUTION Nitricacid can cause burns The reaction of nitric acidwith copper generates dangerous fumes Use aventilation hood Observe what happens and recordyour observations in the data table

2 Pour about 2 mL of the solution from the evaporat-ing dish into a test tube that contains about 2 mL ofdistilled water Add ammonia until a changeoccurs Record your observation in the data table

3 Add about 50 mL of tap water to a 250-mL beakerUse a thermometer to measure the temperature ofthe water Record your observations in the data table

Safety Precautionsbull The reaction of copper with nitric acid should be done in a venti-

lation hood Do not breathe the fumes from this reactionbull Nitric acid and ammonia can cause burns Avoid contact with skin

and eyes

ProblemWhat are some examples ofredox reactions and how canthe equations describingthem be balanced

Objectivesbull Observe various redox

reactionsbull Balance redox reactions

using the oxidation-numbermethod

bull Balance redox reactionsusing the half-reactionmethod

Materialscopper metal6M nitric acidevaporating dishforcepsdistilled waterdropper pipettespoon

householdammonia

crystal draincleaner

thermometer250-mL beaker

Redox ReactionsIn Section 202 a redox reaction involving copper and nitric acid is

discussed This reaction is balanced by a method called the oxida-tion-number method In this lab you will carry out this reactionalong with another redox reaction that involves a common house-hold substance You will practice balancing various redox reactionsusing both the oxidation-number method (from Section 202) and thehalf-reaction method (from Section 203)

CHEMLAB 20

Data Table

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5

4 Pour approximately 1 cm3 of dry drain cleaneronto a watchglass CAUTION Drain cleaner iscaustic and will burn skin Use forceps to move thecrystals and observe their composition Recordyour observations in the data table

5 Carefully pour about one-half spoonful of the crys-tals into the water in the beaker As the crystalsreact with the water watch the thermometer in thewater for a few minutes and record in the datatable the highest temperature reached and any otherobservations you make

Cleanup and Disposal

1 After step 1 is completed use forceps to removeany excess pieces of copper metal Rinse the cop-per metal with tap water and dispose of the metalas your teacher instructs

2 After step 2 is finished pour the solution down thedrain and flush with a lot of water


Analyze and Conclude

1 Applying Concepts The reaction between cop-per and nitric acid is discussed in Section 202Write the half-reaction for the substance that is oxi-dized

2 Applying Concepts Write the half-reaction forthe substance that is reduced

3 Thinking Critically In step 2 a deep blue cop-perndashammonia complex is formed according to thefollowing reaction

Cu2 NH3 0 Cu(NH3)42

Is this a redox reaction Why or why not

4 Using Numbers The following side reactionoccurs from the reaction of copper with nitric acidCu HNO3 0 Cu(NO3)2 NO H2O

Balance this redox reaction using both the oxida-tion-number method and the half-reaction method

5 Using Numbers Write and balance the redoxreaction of sodium hydroxide with aluminum andwater

6 Give possible reasons why youmight not have been able to balance the equation forthe redox reaction you performed in this experiment

Real-World Chemistry

1 Using your observations in this lab how do draincleaning crystals remove clogs

2 Ammonia and bleach are two common householdchemicals that should never be mixed One productof this reaction is chloramine a poisonous volatilecompound The reaction is as follows

NH3 ClO 0 NH2Cl OH

What is the balanced redox reaction

3 One type of breathalyzer detects whether ethanol isin the breath of a person Ethanol is oxidized toacetaldehyde by dichromate ions in acidic solutionThe dichromate ion in solution is orange while theCr3 aqueous ion is green The appearance of agreen color in the breathalyzer test shows that thebreath exceeds the legal limit of alcohol The equa-tion is

H Cr2O72 C2H5OH 0

Cr3 C2H4O H2O

Balance this redox reaction4 Diluted hydrochloric acid can be used to remove

limestone (calcium carbonate) surrounding phos-phate and silicate fossils The reaction producescarbon dioxide water and aqueous calcium chlo-ride Write the balanced chemical equation Is it aredox reaction Explain

Error Analysis

CHEMLAB 655

CHAPTER 20 CHEMLAB

1

4

3

2

5

Photographicfilm contains small grains of silver bromide(AgBr) suspended in a gelat- inous emulsion that is spread onto a flexible backing material

1

When a camera shutter opens incominglight energizes the silver bromide grains causing some of the bromide ions to lose an electron and reduce some of the silver ions to silver atoms These are called activated grains

2

In a darkroom a reducing chemical suchas hydroquinone or pyrogallol reduces allof the silver ions in any activated AgBr grainto silver atoms (The silver atoms that were created in step 2 act as catalysts in this reduc-tion) The reducing agent does not react with silver ions in AgBr grains that are not activated

3

Now the remaining silver bromide must be removed to keep the film from darkening Sodium thiosulfate reacts with the silver bromide to form bromide ions and a water-soluble complex ion The film is washed to remove the processing chemicals and the soluble reaction products The resulting image is a negative image of the original subject

4

A positive image is created by virtually an identicalseries of reactions after light is shown through thenegative film onto light-sensitive photographicpaper

5

1 Predicting Time temperature and solutionconcentration are all important factors in thedeveloping process What would be the con-sequence of leaving the film too long in thehydroquinone developer (Hint the developeris a reducing agent)

2 Hypothesizing Color photographs are com-posed of dyes formed during the develop-ment of the silver image The silver metalmust be removed because it is opaque Usethe redox principle to explain how the silvercould be removed from the color photo

Photographic FilmBlack and white photography is a popular art formThe spectacular images that are captured on andprinted from black and white film are the product of aseries of redox reactions The first redox reaction cap-tures the image on the film inside the camera The sec-ond is a reaction to produce a negative image of theexposed film The third redox reaction creates the posi-tive print from the negative film image

How It Works


Study Guide 657

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE20

Vocabulary

Summary201 Oxidation and Reductionbull An oxidationndashreduction (redox) reaction is any

chemical reaction in which electrons are transferredfrom one atom to another Most chemical reactionsother than double replacement reactions are oxida-tionndashreduction reactions

bull Oxidation occurs when an atom loses electronsReduction occurs when an atom gains electrons

bull Oxidation increases an atomrsquos oxidation number andreduction decreases an atomrsquos oxidation number

bull Oxidation and reduction must always occur togetherbecause the reduction process requires a supply ofelectrons available only from the oxidation processAt the same time the oxidation process must have areceiver for lost electrons

bull The species that is oxidized in a redox reaction is thereducing agent and loses electrons The species thatis reduced is the oxidizing agent and gains electrons

bull The oxidation number of an element in a compoundcan be determined by applying a series of rules tothe atoms in the compound

202 Balancing Redox Equationsbull Many simple redox equations may be balanced by

inspection The oxidation-number method can beused to balance more difficult reactions

bull Redox equations are often balanced by examiningthe change in oxidation number that occurs in theoxidized and reduced species The following princi-ple is then applied

e lost in oxidation e gained in reduction

Therefore the total increase in oxidation numbersequals the total decrease in oxidation numbers

bull Redox reactions that take place in acidic solutionoften use water molecules and hydrogen ions in theprocess Redox reactions that take place in basicsolution often use water molecules and hydroxideions in the process Therefore it is appropriate toadd these species to the equation in order to balancethe numbers of oxygen andor hydrogen atoms

bull Redox reactions involving ionic species may be rep-resented by net ionic equations leaving out specta-tor ions

203 Half-Reactionsbull The oxidation and reduction processes of a redox

reaction can be represented as half-reactions

bull An oxidation half-reaction shows the number ofelectrons lost when a species is oxidized A reduc-tion half-reaction shows the number of electronsgained when a species is reduced

bull The fact that an oxidation process must always becoupled with a reduction process provides a basis forusing half-reactions to balance redox equations

bull half-reaction (p 651)bull oxidation (p 637)bull oxidation-number method

(p 644)

bull oxidationndashreduction reaction(p 636)

bull oxidizing agent (p 638)bull redox reaction (p 636)

bull reducing agent (p 638 )bull reduction (p 637)bull species (p 650)

Summary of Oxidation and Reduction Processes

Process Oxidation Reduction

Examples Na 0 Na e Cl2 2e 0 Cl

Fe2 0 Fe3 e Sn4 2e 0 Sn2

Electron Atom loses Atom gainstransfer electrons electrons

Change in Increases Decreasesoxidationnumber

Function Reducing agent Oxidizing agent

chemistrymccomvocabulary_puzzlemaker


Go to the Chemistry Web site atchemistrymccom for additionalChapter 20 Assessment

Concept Mapping32 Complete the concept map using the following terms

decreases half-reactions gain electrons reductionlose electrons redox reaction oxidation increases

Mastering Concepts33 What is the main characteristic of oxidationndashreduction

reactions (201)

34 In terms of electrons what happens when an atom isoxidized When an atom is reduced (201)

35 What is the oxidation number of alkaline earth metalsin their compounds Of alkali metals (201)

36 How does the oxidation number change when anelement is oxidized When it is reduced (201)

37 Explain why oxidation and reduction must occursimultaneously (201)

38 Identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent inthe following equation Explain your answer (202)

Fe(s) Ag(aq) 0 Fe2(aq) Ag(s)

39 How can you tell that the redox equation in question38 is not balanced (202)

40 How does the change in oxidation number in an oxida-tion process relate to the number of electrons lostHow does the change in oxidation number in a reduc-tion process relate to the number of electrons gained(202)

41 Before you attempt to balance the equation for a redoxreaction why do you need to know whether the reac-tion takes place in acidic or basic solution (203)

42 Does the following equation represent a reduction oran oxidation process Explain your answer (203)

Zn2 2e 0 Zn

43 What term is used for the type of reaction representedin question 42 (203)

Mastering ProblemsOxidation and Reduction (201)44 Identify the species oxidized and the species reduced

in each of these redox equations

a 3Br2 2Ga 0 2GaBr3b HCl Zn 0 ZnCl2 H2c Mg N2 0 Mg3N2

45 Identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent ineach of these redox equations

a H2S Cl2 0 2HCl Sb N2 3H2 0 2NH3c 2Na I2 0 2NaI

46 Identify each of these half-reactions as either oxidationor reduction

a Al 0 Al3 3e

b NO2 0 NO3 e

c Cu2 e 0 Cu

47 Determine the oxidation number of the bold elementin these substances and ions

a CaCrO4 c NO2

b NaHSO4 d BrO3

48 Determine the net change of oxidation number of eachof the elements in these redox equations

a C O2 0 CO2b Cl2 ZnI2 0 ZnCl2 I2c CdO CO 0 Cd CO2

49 Which of these equations does not represent a redoxreaction Explain your answer

a LiOH HNO3 0 LiNO3 H2Ob Ag S 0 Ag2Sc MgI2 Br2 0 MgBr2 I2

CHAPTER ASSESSMENTCHAPTER ASSESSMENT20

5

in which atoms

6

2

1

consists of two

called43

7

and the oxidation number

8

chemistrymccomchapter_test

Assessment 659

CHAPTER 20 ASSESSMENT


a Fe3 0 Fe2

b HPO32 0 HPO4

2

c BCl3 0 B2Cl451 Determine the oxidation number of nitrogen in each of

these molecules or ions

a NH3 c N2H4 e N2Ob KCN d NO3

f NF3

52 Determine the oxidation number of each element inthese compounds or ions

a FeCr2O4 (iron(II) chromite)b Au2(SeO4)3 (gold(III) selenate)c Ni(CN)2 (nickel(II) cyanide)

53 Explain how the sulfite ion (SO32) differs from sulfur

trioxide (SO3)

Balancing Redox Equations (202)54 Use the oxidation-number method to balance these

redox equations

a CO I2O5 0 I2 CO2b Cl2 NaOH 0 NaCl HOClc SO2 Br2 H2O 0 HBr H2SO4d HBrO3 0 Br2 H2O O2

55 Use the oxidation-number method to balance the fol-lowing ionic redox equations

a Al I2 0 Al3 I

b MnO2 Br 0 Mn2 Br2 (in acid solution)c Cu NO3

0 Cu2 NO (in acid solution)d Zn NO3

0 Zn2 NO2 (in acid solution)

56 Use the oxidation-number method to balance theseredox equations

a PbS O2 0 PbO SO2b NaWO3 NaOH O2 0 Na2WO4 H2Oc NH3 CuO 0 Cu N2 H2Od Al2O3 C Cl2 0 AlCl3 CO

57 Use the oxidation-number method to balance theseionic redox equations

a MoCl5 S2 0 MoS2 Cl Sb Al OH H2O 0 H2 AlO2

c TiCl62 Zn 0 Ti3 Cl Zn2

Half-Reactions (203)58 Write the oxidation and reduction half-reactions repre-

sented in each of these redox equations Write thehalf-reactions in net ionic form if they occur in aque-ous solution

a PbO(s) NH3(g) 0 N2(g) H2O(l) Pb(s)

b I2(s) Na2S2O3(aq) 0 Na2S2O4(aq) NaI(aq)c Sn(s) 2HCl(aq) 0 SnCl2(aq) H2(g)

59 Use the half-reaction method to balance these equa-tions Add water molecules and hydrogen ions (in acidsolutions) or hydroxide ions (in basic solutions) asneeded Keep balanced equations in net ionic form

a Cl(aq) NO3(aq) 0 ClO(aq) NO(g) (in

acid solution)b IO3

(aq) Br(aq) 0 Br2(l) IBr(s) (in acidsolution)

c I2(s) Na2S2O3(aq) 0 Na2S2O4(aq) NaI(aq)(in acid solution)

60 Use the half-reaction method to balance these equa-tions for redox reactions Add water molecules andhydrogen ions (in acid solutions) or hydroxide ions (inbasic solutions) as needed

a NH3(g) NO2(g) 0 N2(g) H2O(l)b Mn2(aq) BiO3

(aq) 0 Bi2(aq) MnO4(aq)

(in acid solution)c Br2 0 Br BrO3

(in basic solution)

61 Balance the following redox chemical equationRewrite the equation in full ionic form then derive thenet ionic equation and balance by the half-reactionmethod Give the final answer as it is shown belowbut with the balancing coefficients

KMnO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) H2SO4(aq) 0Fe2(SO4)3(aq) MnSO4(aq) K2SO4(aq) H2O(l)

62 Balance this equation in the same manner as in ques-tion 61 above

HNO3(aq) K2Cr2O4(aq) Fe(NO3)2(aq) 0KNO3(aq) Fe(NO3)3(aq) Cr(NO3)2(aq) H2O(l)

Mixed ReviewSharpen your problem-solving skills by answering thefollowing

63 Determine the oxidation number of the bold elementin each of the following examples

a OF2 c RuO4b UO2

2 d Fe2O3

64 Identify the reducing agents in these equations

a 4NH3 5O2 0 4NO 6H2Ob Na2SO4 4C 0 Na2S 4COc 4IrF5 Ir 0 5IrF4


65 Write a balanced ionic redox equation using the fol-lowing pairs of redox half-reactions

a Fe 0 Fe2 2e

Te2 2e 0 Teb IO4

2e 0 IO33

Al 0 Al3 3e (in acid solution)c I2 2e 0 2I

N2O 0 NO33 4e (in acid solution)

66 Balance these redox equations by any method

a P H2O HNO3 0 H3PO4 NOb KClO3 HCl 0 Cl2 ClO2 H2O KCl

67 Balance these ionic redox equations by any method

a Sb3 MnO4 0 SbO4

3 Mn2 in acid solutionb N2O ClO 0 Cl NO2

in basic solution


a Mg Fe3 0 Mg2 Feb ClO3

SO2 0 Cl SO42 (in acid solution)

Thinking Critically69 Applying Concepts The following equations show

redox reactions that are sometimes used in the labora-tory to generate pure nitrogen gas and pure dinitrogenmonoxide gas (nitrous oxide N2O)

NH4NO2(s) 0 N2(g) 2H2O(l)NH4NO3(s) 0 N2O(g) 2H2O(l)

a Determine the oxidation number of each element inthe two equations and then make diagrams as inExample Problem 20-2 showing the changes inoxidation numbers that occur in each reaction

b Identify the atom that is oxidized and the atom thatis reduced in each of the two reactions

c Identify the oxidizing and reducing agents in eachof the two reactions

d Write a sentence telling how the electron transfertaking place in these two reactions differs from thattaking place here2AgNO3 Zn 0 Zn(NO3)2 2Ag

70 Comparing and Contrasting All redox reactionsinvolve a transfer of electrons but this transfer cantake place between different types of atoms as illus-trated by the two equations below How does electrontransfer in the first reaction differ from electrontransfer in the second reaction

3Pb2(aq) 2Cr(s) 0 2Cr3(aq) 3Pb(s)ClO33

(aq) NO2(aq) 0 ClO2

(aq) NO3(aq)

71 Using Numbers Examine the net ionic equationbelow for the reaction that occurs when the thiosulfateion (S2O3

2) is oxidized to the tetrathionate ion

(S4O62) Balance the equation using the half-reaction

method The structures of the two ions will help you todetermine the oxidation numbers to use

S2O32 I2 0 I S4O6

2 (in acid solution)

72 Predicting Consider the fact that all of the followingare stable compounds What can you infer about theoxidation state of phosphorus in its compounds

PH3 PCl3 P2H4 PCl5 H3PO4 Na3PO3

Writing in Chemistry73 Research the role of oxidationndashreduction reactions in

the manufacture of steel Write a summary of yourfindings including appropriate diagrams and equationsrepresenting the reactions

74 Practice your technical writing skills by writing (inyour own words) a procedure for cleaning tarnishedsilverware by a redox chemical process Be sure toinclude background information describing the processas well as logical steps that would enable anyone toaccomplish the task

Cumulative ReviewRefresh your understanding of previous chapters byanswering the following

75 How do the following characteristics apply to the elec-tron configurations of transition metals (Chapter 7)

a Ions vary in charge b Many elements have high melting points c Many of their solids are coloredd Some elements are hard solids

76 When iron(III) chloride reacts in an atmosphere ofpure oxygen the following occurs

4FeCl3(s) 3O2(g) 0 2Fe2O3(s) 6Cl2(g)

If 450 g of iron(III) chloride reacts and 205 g ofiron(III) oxide is recovered determine the percentyield (Chapter 12)

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT20

Thiosulfate ion (S2O32ndash) Tetrathionate ion (S4O6

2ndash)

Standardized Test Practice 661

Use these questions and the test-taking tip to preparefor your standardized test

1 The reducing agent in a redox reaction is all of the fol-lowing EXCEPT

a the substance oxidizedb the electron acceptorc the reducer of another substanced the electron donor

2 What are the oxidation numbers of the elements inCuSO4

a Cu 2 S 6 O 2b Cu 3 S 5 O 2c Cu 2 S 2 O 1d Cu 2 S 0 O 2

3 For the reaction X Y 0 XY the element that willbe reduced is the one that is

a more reactive c more electronegativeb more massive d more radioactive

4 The net ionic reaction between iodine and lead(IV)oxide is shown belowI2(s) PbO2(s) 0 IO3

(aq) Pb2(aq)

If the reaction takes place in acidic solution which isthe balanced equation

a I2(s) 5PbO2(s) 4H2O(l) 0 2IO3(aq)

5Pb2(aq) 8OH(aq)b I2(s) 5PbO2(s) H(aq) 0 2IO3

(aq) 5Pb2(aq) H2O(l)

c I2(s) 5PbO2(s) 4H2O(l) 0 2IO3(aq)

5Pb2(aq) 8H(aq)d I2(s) 5PbO2(s) 8H(aq) 0 2IO3

(aq) 5Pb2(aq) 4H2O(l)

5 The reaction between sodium iodide and chlorine isshown below

2NaI(aq) Cl2(aq) 0 2NaCl(aq) I2(aq)

The oxidation state of Na remains unchanged forwhich reason

a Na is a spectator ionb Na cannot be reducedc Na is an uncombined elementd Na is a monatomic ion

6 The reaction between nickel and copper(II) chloride isshown below

Ni(s) CuCl2(aq) 0 Cu(s) NiCl2(aq)

What are the half-reactions for this redox reaction

a Ni 0 Ni2 2e Cl2 0 2Cl 2e

b Ni 0 Ni e Cu e 0 Cuc Ni 0 Ni2 2e Cu2 2e 0 Cud Ni 0 Ni2 2e 2Cu 2e 0 Cu

Interpreting Tables Use the table to answerquestions 7ndash9

7 Which of these elements forms a monatomic ion thatis a spectator in the redox reaction

a Zn c Nb O d H

8 What is the oxidation number of N in Zn(NO3)2

a 3 c 1b 5 d 6

9 What is the element that is oxidized in this reaction

a Zn c Nb O d H

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICECHAPTER 20

Write It Down Most tests ask you a largenumber of questions in a small amount of timeWrite down your work wherever possible Write outthe half-reactions for a redox problem and makesure they add up Do math on paper not in yourhead Underline and reread important facts in pas-sages and diagramsmdashdonrsquot try to memorize them

Data for Elements in the Redox ReactionZn + HNO3 0 Zn(NO3)2 + NO2 + H2O

Element Oxidation Complex ion of whichNumber element is a part

Zn 0 none

Zn in Zn(NO3)2 2 none

H in HNO3 1 none

H in H2O none

N in HNO3 NO3

N in NO2 4 none

N in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in HNO3 2 NO3

O in NO2 none

O in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in H2O 2 none

chemistrymccomstandardized_test

Chemistry Matter and Change

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry

Discovery Lab Where is it

Section 11 The Stories of Two Chemicals

Chemistry Online

Section 12 Chemistry and Matter

Problem-Solving Lab Chemical Models

Careers Using Chemistry Chemistry Teacher

Section 13 Scientific Methods

Section 14 Scientific Research

Biology Connection

ChemLab The Rubber Band Stretch

MiniLab Developing Observation Skills

Chemistry and Society The Human Genome Project

Chapter 1 Study Guide

Chapter 1 Assessment

Chapter 2 Data Analysis

Discovery Lab Layers of Liquids

Section 21 Units of Measurement

Astronomy Connection

Chemistry Online

MiniLab Density of an Irregular Solid

Section 22 Scientific Notation and Dimensional Analysis

Section 23 How reliable are measurements

Careers Using Chemistry Scientific Illustrator

Section 24 Representing Data

Problem-Solving Lab How does speed affect stopping distance

ChemLab Using Density to Find the Thickness of a Wire

How It Works Ultrasound Devices



Chapter 3 Matter-Properties and Changes

Discovery Lab Observing Chemical Change

Section 31 Properties of Matter

Careers Using Chemistry Science Writer

Problem-Solving Lab How is compressed gas released

Section 32 Changes in Matter

ChemLab Matter and Chemical Reactions

Section 33 Mixtures of Matter

MiniLab Separating Ink Dyes

Chemistry Online

Section 34 Elements and Compounds

History Connection

Chemistry and Society Green Buildings



Chapter 4 The Structure of the Atom

Discovery Lab Observing Electrical Charge

Section 41 Early Theories of Matter

History Connection

ChemLab Very Small Particles

Section 42 Subatomic Particles and the Nuclear Atom

Chemistry Online

Problem-Solving Lab Interpreting STM Images

Section 43 How Atoms Differ

MiniLab Modeling Isotopes

Section 44 Unstable Nuclei and Radioactive Decay

Careers Using Chemistry Radiation Protection Technician

Chemistry and Society Nanotechnology



Chapter 5 Electrons in Atoms

Discovery Lab Whats Inside

Section 51 Light and Quantized Energy

Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests

ChemLab Line Spectra

Section 52 Quantum Theory and the Atom

Problem-Solving Lab How was Bohrs atomic model able to explain the line spectrum of hydrogen

Physics Connection

Section 53 Electron Configurations

Careers Using Chemistry Spectroscopist

How It Works Lasers



Chapter 6 The Periodic Table and Periodic Law

Discovery Lab Versatile Metals

Section 61 Development of the Modern Periodic Table


Problem-Solving Lab Francium-solid liquid or gas

ChemLab Descriptive Chemistry of the Elements

Section 62 Classification of the Elements

Chemistry Online

Careers Using Chemistry Medical Lab Technician

Section 63 Periodic Trends

MiniLab Periodicity of Molar Heats of Fusion and Vaporization

How It Works Television Screen



Chapter 7 The Elements

Discovery Lab Magnetic Materials

Section 71 Properties of s-Block Elements

Careers Using Chemistry Dietician

MiniLab Properties of Magnesium

ChemLab Hard Water

Section 72 Properties of p-Block Elements

History Connection

Problem-Solving Lab Cost of Fertilizer

Section 73 Properties of d-Block and f-Block Elements

Chemistry Online

How It Works Semiconductor Chips



Chapter 8 Ionic Compounds

Discovery Lab An Unusual Alloy

Section 81 Forming Chemical Bonds

Section 82 The Formation and Nature of Ionic Bonds

Chemistry Online

ChemLab Making Ionic Compounds

Problem-Solving Lab How is color related to a transferred electron

Section 83 Names and Formulas for Ionic Compounds

Careers Using Chemistry Wastewater Treatment Operator

Earth Science Connection

Section 84 Metallic Bonds and Properties of Metals

MiniLab Heat Treatment of Steel

Everyday Chemistry Color of Gems



Chapter 9 Covalent Bonding

Discovery Lab Oil and Vinegar Dressing

Section 91 The Covalent Bond

Section 92 Naming Molecules

Careers Using Chemistry Organic Chemist

Section 93 Molecular Structures

Section 94 Molecular Shape

MiniLab Building VSEPR Models

Section 95 Electronegativity and Polarity

History Connection

ChemLab Chromatography

Chemistry Online

Problem-Solving Lab How do dispersion forces determine the boiling point of a substance

How It Works Microwave Oven



Chapter 10 Chemical Reactions

Discovery Lab Observing a Change

Section 101 Reactions and Equations


Section 102 Classifying Chemical Reactions

Problem-Solving Lab Can you predict the reactivities of halogens

ChemLab Small Scale Activities of Metals

Chemistry Online

Section 103 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

MiniLab Observing a Precipitate-Forming Reaction

Careers Using Chemistry Pastry Chef

How It Works Hot and Cold Packs



Chapter 11 The Mole

Discovery Lab How much is a mole

Section 111 Measuring Matter

History Connection

Section 112 Mass and the Mole

Problem-Solving Lab Molar Mass Avogadros Number and the Atomic Nucleus

Section 113 Moles of Compounds

Section 114 Empirical and Molecular Formulas

Careers Using Chemistry Analytical Chemist

MiniLab Percent Composition and Gum

Chemistry Online

Section 115 The Formula for a Hydrate

ChemLab Hydrated Crystals

Chemistry and Technology Making Medicines



Chapter 12 Stoichiometry

Discovery Lab Observing a Chemical Reaction

Section 121 What is stoichiometry

Careers Using Chemistry Pharmacist

Section 122 Stoichiometric Calculations

ChemLab A Mole Ratio

MiniLab Baking Soda Stoichiometry

Section 123 Limiting Reactants

Chemistry Online

Biology Connection

Section 124 Percent Yield

Problem-Solving Lab How does the surface area of a solid reactant affect percent yield

How It Works Air Bags



Chapter 13 States of Matter

Discovery Lab Defying Density

Section 131 Gases

Problem-Solving Lab How are the depth of a dive and pressure related

Section 132 Forces of Attraction

Section 133 Liquids and Solids

MiniLab Crystal Unit Cell Models

Chemistry Online

Careers Using Chemistry Materials Engineer

Section 134 Phase Changes

ChemLab Small Scale Comparing Rates of Evaporation


Everyday Chemistry Metals with a Memory



Chapter 14 Gases

Discovery Lab More Than Just Hot Air

Section 141 The Gas Laws

Careers Using Chemistry Meteorologist

History Connection

Problem-Solving Lab How is turbocharging in a car engine maximized

Section 142 The Combined Gas Law and Avogadros Principle

Section 143 The Ideal Gas Law

ChemLab Using the Ideal Gas Law

MiniLab The Density of Carbon Dioxide

Section 144 Gas Stoichiometry

Chemistry Online

Chemistry and Technology Giving a Lift to Cargo



Chapter 15 Solutions

Discovery Lab Solution Formation

Section 151 What are solutions


Chemistry Online

Section 152 Solution Concentration

ChemLab CBL Beers Law

Section 153 Colligative Properties of Solutions

MiniLab Freezing Point Depression

Careers Using Chemistry Renal Dialysis Technician

Section 154 Heterogeneous Mixtures

Problem-Solving Lab How can you measure the turbidity of a colloid

Chemistry and Society Sickle-Cell Disease



Chapter 16 Energy and Chemical Change

Discovery Lab Temperature of a Reaction

Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online

Section 162 Heat in Chemical Reactions and Processes

ChemLab Calorimetry

Careers Using Chemistry Heating and Cooling Specialist

Section 163 Thermochemical Equations

Problem-Solving Lab How much energy is needed to heat water from a solid to a vapor

MiniLab Enthalpy of Fusion for Ice

Section 164 Calculating Enthalpy Change

Section 165 Reaction Spontaneity


How It Works Refrigerator



Chapter 17 Reaction Rates

Discovery Lab Speeding Reactions

Section 171 A Model for Reaction Rates

Problem-Solving Lab Speed and Energy of Collision

Section 172 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

ChemLab Concentration and Reaction Rate

MiniLab Examining Reaction Rate and Temperature

Chemistry Online

Section 173 Reaction Rate Laws

Physics Connection

Section 174 Instantaneous Reaction Rates and Reaction Mechanisms

Careers Using Chemistry Food Technologist

How It Works Catalytic Converter



Chapter 18 Chemical Equilibrium

Discovery Lab Whats equal about equilibrium

Section 181 Equilibrium A State of Dynamic Balance

Physics Connection

Section 182 Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium

Careers Using Chemistry Nurse Anesthetist

MiniLab Shifts in Equilibrium

Section 183 Using Equilibrium Constants

Chemistry Online

ChemLab Small Scale Comparing Two Solubility Product Constants

Problem-Solving Lab How does fluoride prevent tooth decay

Chemistry and Technology The Haber Process



Chapter 19 Acids and Bases

Discovery Lab Investigating Whats in Your Cupboards

Section 191 Acids and Bases An Introduction

Careers Using Chemistry Agricultural Technician

Chemistry Online


Section 192 Strengths of Acids and Bases

MiniLab Acid Strength

Section 193 What is pH

Section 194 Neutralization

ChemLab Standardizing a Base Solution by Titration

Problem-Solving Lab How does your blood maintain its pH

How It Works Antacids



Chapter 20 Redox Reactions

Discovery Lab Observing an Oxidation-Reduction Reaction


Biology Connection

MiniLab Cleaning by Redox

Careers Using Chemistry Photochemical Etching Artist

Section 202 Balancing Redox Equations

ChemLab Redox Reactions

Problem-Solving Lab How does redox lift a space shuttle


Chemistry Online

How It Works Photographic Film



Chapter 21 Electrochemistry

Discovery Lab A Lemon Battery

Section 211 Voltaic Cells

ChemLab CBL Voltaic Cell Potentials

Section 212 Types of Batteries

Chemistry Online

Careers Using Chemistry Electrochemist

Problem-Solving Lab Interpreting Scientific Illustrations

MiniLab Corrosion

Section 213 Electrolysis

History Connection

Chemistry and Technology Fuel Cells



Chapter 22 Hydrocarbons

Discovery Lab Viscosity of Motor Oil

Section 221 Alkanes

ChemLab Analyzing Hydrocarbon Burner Gases

Biology Connection

Careers Using Chemistry Alternative Fuel Technician

Section 222 Cyclic Alkanes and Alkane Properties

Section 223 Alkenes and Alkynes

MiniLab Synthesis and Reactivity of Ethyne

Section 224 Isomers

Problem-Solving Lab Identifying Structural Geometric and Optical Isomers

Section 225 Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Petroleum

Chemistry Online


Everyday Chemistry Unlimited Alternative Energy



Chapter 23 Substituted Hydrocarbons and Their Reactions

Discovery Lab Making Slime

Section 231 Functional Groups


Section 232 Alcohols Ethers and Amines

ChemLab Properties of Alcohols

Section 233 Carbonyl Compounds

MiniLab Making an Ester

Section 234 Other Reactions of Organic Compounds

Problem-Solving Lab Categorizing Organic Compounds

Section 235 Polymers

Chemistry Online

Careers Using Chemistry Dental Assistant

Chemistry and Technology Carbon Stronger Than Steel



Chapter 24 The Chemistry of Life

Discovery Lab Testing for Simple Sugars

Section 241 Proteins

Section 242 Carbohydrates

Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection

MiniLab A Saponification Reaction

Section 244 Nucleic Acids

Problem-Solving Lab How does DNA replicate

Section 245 Metabolism

Careers Using Chemistry Personal Trainer

ChemLab CBL Alcoholic Fermentation in Yeast

Chemistry Online

Everyday Chemistry Sense of Smell



Chapter 25 Nuclear Chemistry

Discovery Lab Chain Reactions

Section 251 Nuclear Radiation

Physics Connection

Section 252 Radioactive Decay

Section 253 Transmutation

MiniLab Modeling Radioactive Decay

Section 254 Fission and Fusion of Atomic Nuclei

Section 255 Applications and Effects of Nuclear Reactions

Careers Using Chemistry Radiation Therapist

Chemistry Online

Problem-Solving Lab How does distance affect radiation exposure

ChemLab CBL Measuring Naturally Occurring Radiation

Chemistry and Society The Realities of Radon



Chapter 26 Chemistry in the Environment

Discovery Lab Clarification of Water

Section 261 Earths Atmosphere

Careers Using Chemistry Environmental Health Inspector


MiniLab Acid Rain in a Bag

Section 262 Earths Water

Biology Connection

Chemistry Online

Section 263 Earths Crust

Section 264 Cycles in the Environment

ChemLab CBL Solar Pond

Problem-Solving Lab Global warming fact or fiction

How It Works Water Softener



Appendices

Appendix A Supplemental Practice Problems

Appendix B Math Handbook

Arithmetic Operations

Scientific Notation

Operations with Scientific Notation

Square and Cube Roots

Significant Figures

Solving Algebraic Equations

Dimensional Analysis

Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs

Ratios Fractions and Percents

Operations Involving Fractions

Logarithms and Antilogarithms

Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key

C-2 Symbols and Abbreviations

C-3 SI Prefixes

C-4 The Greek Alphabet

C-5 Physical Constants

C-6 Properties of Elements

C-7 Electron Configurations of Elements

C-8 Names and Charges of Polyatomic Ions

C-9 Ionization Constants

C-10 Solubility Guidelines

C-11 Specific Heat Values

C-12 Molal Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation Constants

C-13 Heat of Formation Values

Appendix D Solutions to Practice Problems

Appendix E Try At Home Labs

GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry

Chemistry and Society

Chemistry and Technology

Careers Using Chemistry

Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets

Study Guide for Content Mastery

To the Student

Study Skills



Chapter 3 MattermdashProperties and Changes








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual

How to Use This Laboratory Manual

Writing a Laboratory Report

Laboratory Equipment

Safety in the Laboratory

Safety Symbols

Laboratory Activities


11 Laboratory Techniques and Lab Safety

12 Effective Use of a Bunsen Burner


21 Density

22 Making a Graph


31 The Density of Wood

32 Properties of Water


41 Simulation of Rutherfordrsquos Gold Foil Experiment

42 Half-life of Barium-137m


51 The Photoelectric Effect

52 Electron Charge to Mass Ratio


61 Properties of the Periodic Table

62 Periodic Trends in the Periodic Table


71 Is there potassium in coffee

72 The Periodic Puzzle


81 Properties of Ionic Compounds

82 Formation of a Salt


91 Covalent Bonding in Medicines

92 Covalent Compounds


101 Single-Replacement Reactions

102 Double-Replacement Reactions

Chapter 11 The Mole

111 Estimating the Size of a Mole

112 Mole Ratios


121 Observing a Limiting Reactant

122 Determining Reaction Ratios


131 Freezing Bacteria

132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases

141 Charlesrsquos Law

142 Boylersquos Law


151 Making a Solubility Curve

152 Freezing Point Depression


161 Heats of Solution and Reaction

162 Heat of Combustion of Candle Wax


171 The Rate of a Reaction

172 Surface Area and Reaction Rate


181 Reversible Reactions

182 Equilibrium


191 Acids Bases and Neutralization

192 Determining the Percent of Acetic Acid in Vinegar


201 Electron-Losing Tendencies of Metals

202 Determining Oxidation Numbers


211 Electrolysis of Water

212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism

222 The Ripening of Fruit with Ethene


231 The Characterization of Carbohydrates

232 Polymerization Reactions


241 Denaturation

242 Saturated and Unsaturated Fats


251 Radioisotope Dating

252 Modeling Isotopes


261 Organisms That Break Down Oil

262 Growth of Algae as a Function of Nitrogen Concentration

Forensics Laboratory Manual

Introduction to Forensic Science To the Student

Forensic Skills Observing the Scene and Collecting Data

Forensic Skills Fingerprints

Forensic Skills Blood Identification

The Truth Table


Safety Symbols

Crime A The Counterfeit Coin Caper

Lab A1 What metal can it be

Lab A2 Separation of a Mixture

Lab A3 Analyzing and Identifying White Solids

Crime B The Case of the Problem Patent

Lab B1 Using Paper Chromatography to Separate a Mixture

Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH

Lab B4 Effects of Acids and Bases on the Color of a Dye

Crime C The Case of the Fallen Walkway

Lab C1 Oxidation and Reduction

Lab C2 Sources and Causes of Corrosion

Lab C3 Identifying Sacrificial Metals

Small-Scale Laboratory Manual

To the Student

Small-Scale Laboratory Techniques


Safety Symbols


Lab 1 Small-Scale Laboratory Techniques

Lab 2 Comparing the Density of Metals

Lab 3 Separation of Aspirin

Lab 4 Periodicity and the Properties of Elements

Lab 5 Properties of Transition Metals

Lab 6 Modeling Molecular Shapes

Lab 7 Solutions and Precipitates

Lab 8 Determining Avogadrorsquos Number

Lab 9 Measuring Boiling Point

Lab 10 Relating Gas Pressure and Gas Volume

Lab 11 Effect of Temperature on Solubility

Lab 12 Specific Heat of Metals

Lab 13 Energy Changes in Chemical and Physical Processes

Lab 14 Determining Reaction Orders

Lab 15 Observing Equilibrium

Lab 16 Exploring Chemical Equilibrium

Lab 17 Comparing the Strengths of Acids

Lab 18 Testing the Acidity of Aspirin

Lab 19 Reduction of Manganese

Lab 20 Plants Produce Oxygen

CBL Laboratory Manual

To the Student

Organization of Activities

Sending Data to Graphical Analysis

CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols


Lab 1 Quantitative and Qualitative Observations

Lab 2 Conductivity

Lab 3 Melting and Freezing Points

Lab 4 Boylersquos Law

Lab 5 Gay-Lussacrsquos Law

Lab 6 Determining Molar Mass Using Freezing Point Depression

Lab 7 Calorimetry

Lab 8 Hessrsquos Law

Lab 9 Determine the Molar Mass of an Unknown Acid

Lab 10 Reaction Potentials of Metals

ChemLab and MiniLab Worksheets

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Supplemental Problems







Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Solving Problems A Chemistry Handbook


11 The Stories of Two Chemicals

12 Chemistry and Matter

13 Scientific Methods

14 Scientific Research


21 Units of Measurement

22 Scientific Notation and Dimensional Analysis

23 How reliable are measurements

24 Representing Data


31 Properties of Matter

32 Changes in Matter

33 Mixtures of Matter

34 Elements and Compounds


41 Early Theories of Matter

42 Subatomic Particles and the Nuclear Atom

43 How Atoms Differ

44 Unstable Nuclei and Radioactive Decay


51 Light and Quantized Energy

52 Quantum Theory and the Atom

53 Electron Configurations


61 Development of the Modern Periodic Table

62 Classification of the Elements

63 Periodic Trends


71 Properties of s-Block Elements

72 Properties of p-Block Elements

73 Properties of d-Block and f-Block Elements


81 Forming Chemical Bonds

82 The Formation and Nature of Ionic Bonds

83 Names and Formulas for Ionic Compounds

84 Metallic Bonds and Properties of Metals


91 The Covalent Bond

92 Naming Molecules

93 Molecular Structures

94 Molecular Shape

95 Electronegativity and Polarity


101 Reactions and Equations

102 Classifying Chemical Reactions

103 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Chapter 11 The Mole

111 Measuring Matter

112 Mass and the Mole

113 Moles of Compounds

114 Empirical and Molecular Formulas

115 The Formula for a Hydrate


121 What is stoichiometry

122 Stoichiometric Calculations

123 Limiting Reactants

124 Percent Yield


131 Gases

132 Forces of Attraction

133 Liquids and Solids

134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws

142 The Combined Gas Law and Avogadrorsquos Principle

143 The Ideal Gas Law

144 Gas Stoichiometry


151 What are solutions

152 Solution Concentration

153 Colligative Properties of Solutions

154 Heterogeneous Mixtures


161 Energy

162 Heat in Chemical Reactions and Processes

163 Thermochemical Equations

164 Calculating Enthalpy Change

165 Reaction Spontaneity


171 A Model for Reaction Rates

172 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

173 Reaction Rate Laws

174 Instantaneous Reaction Rates and Reaction Mechanisms


181 Equilibrium A State of Dynamic Balance

182 Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium

183 Using Equilibrium Constants


191 Acids and Bases An Introduction

192 Strengths of Acids and Bases

193 What is pH

194 Neutralization


201 Oxidation and Reduction

202 Balancing Redox Equations

203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells

212 Types of Batteries

213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes

222 Cyclic Alkanes and Alkane Properties

223 Alkenes and Alkynes

224 Isomers

225 Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Petroleum


231 Functional Groups

232 Alcohols Ethers and Amines

233 Carbonyl Compounds

234 Other Reactions of Organic Compounds

235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism


251 Nuclear Radiation

252 Radioactive Decay

253 Transmutation

254 Fission and Fusion of Atomic Nuclei

255 Applications and Effects of Nuclear Reactions


261 Earthrsquos Atmosphere

262 Earthrsquos Water

263 Earthrsquos Crust

264 Cycles in the Environment

Reviewing Chemistry

Student Introduction

Chapter Review Questions











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Chemistry Challenge Problems

Chapter 1 Production of Chlorofluorocarbons 1950ndash1992

Chapter 2 Population Trends in the United States

Chapter 3 Physical and Chemical Changes

Chapter 4 Isotopes of an Element

Chapter 5 Quantum Numbers

Chapter 6 Doumlbereinerrsquos Triads

Chapter 7 Abundance of the Elements

Chapter 8 Comparing the Structures of Atoms and Ions

Chapter 9 Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Chapter 10 Balancing Chemical Equations

Chapter 11 Using Mole-Based Conversions

Chapter 12 Mole Relationships in Chemical Reactions

Chapter 13 Intermolecular Forces and Boiling Points

Chapter 14 A Simple Mercury Barometer

Chapter 15 Vapor Pressure Lowering

Chapter 16 Standard Heat of Formation

Chapter 17 Determining Reaction Rates

Chapter 18 Changing Equilibrium Concentrations in a Reaction

Chapter 19 Swimming Pool Chemistry

Chapter 20 Balancing OxidationndashReduction Equations

Chapter 21 Effect of Concentration on Cell Potential

Chapter 22 Structural Isomers of Hexane

Chapter 23 Boiling Points of Organic Families


Chapter 25 The Production of Plutonium-239

Chapter 26 The Phosphorus Cycle

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Chapter Preview






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Chapter Preview




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Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






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Chapter Preview





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Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




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Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview


Section 142 The Combined Gas Law and Avogadrorsquos Principle



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Section 161 Energy





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Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


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Section 243 Lipids



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Section 261 Earthrsquos Atmosphere

Section 262 Earthrsquos Water

Section 263 Earthrsquos Crust


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Objectivesbull Describe the processes of

oxidation and reduction

bull Identify oxidizing andreducing agents

bull Determine the oxidationnumber of an element in acompound

bull Interpret redox reactions interms of change in oxida-tion state

Vocabularyoxidationndashreduction

reactionredox reactionoxidationreductionoxidizing agentreducing agent


In Chapter 10 you learned that a chemical reaction can usually be classified asone of five typesmdashsynthesis decomposition combustion single-replacementor double-replacement In this chapter yoursquoll investigate a special characteris-tic of many of these reactionsmdashthe ability of elements to gain or lose electronswhen they react with other elements You experimented with this characteristicwhen you did the DISCOVERY LAB

Electron Transfer and Redox ReactionsOne of the defining characteristics of single-replacement and combustionreactions is that they always involve the transfer of electrons from one atomto another So do many but not all synthesis and decomposition reactionsFor example you studied the synthesis reaction in which sodium and chlo-rine react to form the ionic compound sodium chloride

Complete chemical equation 2Na(s) Cl2(g) 0 2NaCl(s)

Net ionic equation 2Na(s) Cl2(g) 0 2Na 2Cl(ions in crystal)

In this reaction an electron from each of two sodium atoms is transferred tothe Cl2 molecule to form two Cl ions An example of a combustion reactionis the burning of magnesium in air

Complete chemical equation 2Mg(s) O2(g) 0 2MgO(s)

Net ionic equation 2Mg(s) O2(g) 0 2Mg2 2O2 (ions in crystal)

DISCOVERY LAB

Materials

test tubeiron nailsteel wool or sandpaper1M copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4)

Observing an OxidationndashReduction Reaction

Rust is the result of a reaction of iron and oxygen Iron nails canalso react with substances other than oxygen as you will find

out in this experiment

Safety PrecautionsAlways wear safety gogglesand an apron in the laboratory

Procedure

1 Use a piece of steel wool to polish the end of an iron nail

2 Add about 3 mL 10M CuSO4 to a test tube Place the polished endof the nail into the CuSO4 solution Let stand and observe forabout 10 minutes Record your observations

Analysis

What is the substance found clinging to the nail What happened tothe color of the copper(II) sulfate solution Write the balancedchemical equation for the reaction you observed

Chem MC-635

null

11018273







Figure 20-1


XX

XX

XX

XX

2MgO2Mg



22

OOOOOO

OO

OO OO

OO

OO

OO

OOOO

OO

O2 0

0

Br22Br

Loses electron


OO OOOO

OO

OO

OO OO

OO

OO

OX

OO

OOOO

OX

OO

Cl2 2Cl 0

0

XXXX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

Loses electron

XXXX

XX

XX

Figure 20-2


Chem MC-636

null

10725717


Na 0 Na e


Cl2 2e 0 2Cl












BiologyCONNECTION





Chem MC-637

null

22539085



oxidized

reduced
















miniLAB

Figure 20-3


LAB


Chem MC-638

null

10809305


N2(g) 3H2(g) 0 2NH3(g)






N2(g) 3H2(g) 0 2NH3(g)


Figure 20-4





c

b

a

a

b

c


Hydrogen 220

Nitrogen 304

Table 20-1

Chem MC-639

null

105480934




a I2 2e 0 2I c Fe2 0 Fe3 e



a 2Br Cl2 0 Br2 2Cl


c 2Zn O2 0 2ZnO



c H2S Cl2 0 S 2HCl





Practice
















(1) (1) 0 (2) 2(1) 0 2(1) (2) 0 (4) 4(1) 0

NaCl CaBr2 H2S CCl4


(3) 4(1) 1 (4) 3(2) 2

NH4 SO3

2





Figure 20-5




b

a

b

a

Chem MC-641

null

24148386





PRACTICE PROBLEMS


2 (sulfite ion)


Strategy


Solution


(1) (nCl) 3(2) 0

KClO3

1 nCl (6) 0

nCl 5


(nS) 3(2) 2

SO32

nS (6) 2

nS 4





a NH4 b AsO4

3 c CrO42



Practice








Change +1oxidation

+1 ndash1




K in KBr 1 7

Br in KBr 1 8

Cl in Cl2 0 1

K in KCl 1 7

Cl in KCl 1 8

Br in Br2 0 1

Table 20-2







a IO4 c B4O7

2

b MnO4 d NH2




Chem MC-643

null

9675649























202

Figure 20-6


Chem MC-644

null

20240086

CMC_Spn_C20-S02

null

10966031











) ) ) )





2

2(1) 2


2

1



Chem MC-645

null

110237











14 NH3(g) NO2(g) 0 N2(g) H2O(l)



Appendix A

Practice











Chem MC-646

null

12851974







problem-solving LAB


NH4ClO4(s) Al(s) 0





Chem MC-647

null

80404686







7 2 1 1 0



7 2 1 1 0


) ) ) )








8(1)8

8

1

8




ion



Element

Oxidationnumber

equals zero


the charge

Monatomicion

Molecule


numbersequals zero

Polyatomicion

The sum of the

oxidationnumbers

equals the charge

on the ion



























Appendix A

Practice


Chem MC-649

null

17084122














4Fe 3O2 0 2Fe2O3


2Fe 3Cl2 0 2FeCl3


Fe 0 Fe3 3e




Oxidation

Reduction


endashendash


Chem MC-650

null

16927435

CMC_Spn_C20-S03

null

5955961






2

Fe Cu2 0 Cu 2Fe3


Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

3Cu2 6e 0 3Cu


2Fe 3Cu2 0 3Cu 2Fe3





Fe O2 0 Fe2O3 Fe 0 Fe3 3e O2 4e 0 2O2






Table 20-3

Figure 20-8


Chem MC-651

null

15218861






MnO4 SO2 0 Mn2 SO4

2


4 6


7 2














2 4H 2Mn2































Practice


Chem MC-653

null

14628613


Pre-Lab





ions


Procedure






and eyes







householdammonia





CHEMLAB 20

Data Table

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5











Cu2 NH3 0 Cu(NH3)42









NH3 ClO 0 NH2Cl OH



H Cr2O72 C2H5OH 0

Cr3 C2H4O H2O



Error Analysis

CHEMLAB 655

CHAPTER 20 CHEMLAB

1

4

3

2

5


1


2


3


4


5




How It Works


Study Guide 657


Vocabulary




















(p 644)

















reactions (201)











Zn2 2e 0 Zn








a Al 0 Al3 3e

b NO2 0 NO3 e

c Cu2 e 0 Cu


a CaCrO4 c NO2

b NaHSO4 d BrO3






5

in which atoms

6

2

1

consists of two

called43

7


8


Assessment 659



a Fe3 0 Fe2

b HPO32 0 HPO4

2




f NF3




trioxide (SO3)


redox equations



a Al I2 0 Al3 I















acid solution)b IO3







(in basic solution)







a OF2 c RuO4b UO2

2 d Fe2O3





a Fe 0 Fe2 2e

Te2 2e 0 Teb IO4

2e 0 IO33






a Sb3 MnO4 0 SbO4


in basic solution













(aq) NO2(aq) 0 ClO2

(aq) NO3(aq)





S2O32 I2 0 I S4O6











4FeCl3(s) 3O2(g) 0 2Fe2O3(s) 6Cl2(g)




2ndash)










(aq) Pb2(aq)



















a Zn c Nb O d H


a 3 c 1b 5 d 6


a Zn c Nb O d H





Zn 0 none


H in HNO3 1 none

H in H2O none

N in HNO3 NO3

N in NO2 4 none

N in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in HNO3 2 NO3

O in NO2 none

O in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in H2O 2 none



Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

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Exit







Figure 20-1


XX

XX

XX

XX

2MgO2Mg



22

OOOOOO

OO

OO OO

OO

OO

OO

OOOO

OO

O2 0

0

Br22Br

Loses electron


OO OOOO

OO

OO

OO OO

OO

OO

OX

OO

OOOO

OX

OO

Cl2 2Cl 0

0

XXXX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

Loses electron

XXXX

XX

XX

Figure 20-2


Chem MC-636

null

10725717


Na 0 Na e


Cl2 2e 0 2Cl












BiologyCONNECTION





Chem MC-637

null

22539085



oxidized

reduced
















miniLAB

Figure 20-3


LAB


Chem MC-638

null

10809305


N2(g) 3H2(g) 0 2NH3(g)






N2(g) 3H2(g) 0 2NH3(g)


Figure 20-4





c

b

a

a

b

c


Hydrogen 220

Nitrogen 304

Table 20-1

Chem MC-639

null

105480934




a I2 2e 0 2I c Fe2 0 Fe3 e



a 2Br Cl2 0 Br2 2Cl


c 2Zn O2 0 2ZnO



c H2S Cl2 0 S 2HCl





Practice
















(1) (1) 0 (2) 2(1) 0 2(1) (2) 0 (4) 4(1) 0

NaCl CaBr2 H2S CCl4


(3) 4(1) 1 (4) 3(2) 2

NH4 SO3

2





Figure 20-5




b

a

b

a

Chem MC-641

null

24148386





PRACTICE PROBLEMS


2 (sulfite ion)


Strategy


Solution


(1) (nCl) 3(2) 0

KClO3

1 nCl (6) 0

nCl 5


(nS) 3(2) 2

SO32

nS (6) 2

nS 4





a NH4 b AsO4

3 c CrO42



Practice








Change +1oxidation

+1 ndash1




K in KBr 1 7

Br in KBr 1 8

Cl in Cl2 0 1

K in KCl 1 7

Cl in KCl 1 8

Br in Br2 0 1

Table 20-2







a IO4 c B4O7

2

b MnO4 d NH2




Chem MC-643

null

9675649























202

Figure 20-6


Chem MC-644

null

20240086

CMC_Spn_C20-S02

null

10966031











) ) ) )





2

2(1) 2


2

1



Chem MC-645

null

110237











14 NH3(g) NO2(g) 0 N2(g) H2O(l)



Appendix A

Practice











Chem MC-646

null

12851974







problem-solving LAB


NH4ClO4(s) Al(s) 0





Chem MC-647

null

80404686







7 2 1 1 0



7 2 1 1 0


) ) ) )








8(1)8

8

1

8




ion



Element

Oxidationnumber

equals zero


the charge

Monatomicion

Molecule


numbersequals zero

Polyatomicion

The sum of the

oxidationnumbers

equals the charge

on the ion



























Appendix A

Practice


Chem MC-649

null

17084122














4Fe 3O2 0 2Fe2O3


2Fe 3Cl2 0 2FeCl3


Fe 0 Fe3 3e




Oxidation

Reduction


endashendash


Chem MC-650

null

16927435

CMC_Spn_C20-S03

null

5955961






2

Fe Cu2 0 Cu 2Fe3


Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

3Cu2 6e 0 3Cu


2Fe 3Cu2 0 3Cu 2Fe3





Fe O2 0 Fe2O3 Fe 0 Fe3 3e O2 4e 0 2O2






Table 20-3

Figure 20-8


Chem MC-651

null

15218861






MnO4 SO2 0 Mn2 SO4

2


4 6


7 2














2 4H 2Mn2































Practice


Chem MC-653

null

14628613


Pre-Lab





ions


Procedure






and eyes







householdammonia





CHEMLAB 20

Data Table

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5











Cu2 NH3 0 Cu(NH3)42









NH3 ClO 0 NH2Cl OH



H Cr2O72 C2H5OH 0

Cr3 C2H4O H2O



Error Analysis

CHEMLAB 655

CHAPTER 20 CHEMLAB

1

4

3

2

5


1


2


3


4


5




How It Works


Study Guide 657


Vocabulary




















(p 644)

















reactions (201)











Zn2 2e 0 Zn








a Al 0 Al3 3e

b NO2 0 NO3 e

c Cu2 e 0 Cu


a CaCrO4 c NO2

b NaHSO4 d BrO3






5

in which atoms

6

2

1

consists of two

called43

7


8


Assessment 659



a Fe3 0 Fe2

b HPO32 0 HPO4

2




f NF3




trioxide (SO3)


redox equations



a Al I2 0 Al3 I















acid solution)b IO3







(in basic solution)







a OF2 c RuO4b UO2

2 d Fe2O3





a Fe 0 Fe2 2e

Te2 2e 0 Teb IO4

2e 0 IO33






a Sb3 MnO4 0 SbO4


in basic solution













(aq) NO2(aq) 0 ClO2

(aq) NO3(aq)





S2O32 I2 0 I S4O6











4FeCl3(s) 3O2(g) 0 2Fe2O3(s) 6Cl2(g)




2ndash)










(aq) Pb2(aq)



















a Zn c Nb O d H


a 3 c 1b 5 d 6


a Zn c Nb O d H





Zn 0 none


H in HNO3 1 none

H in H2O none

N in HNO3 NO3

N in NO2 4 none

N in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in HNO3 2 NO3

O in NO2 none

O in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in H2O 2 none



Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit


Na 0 Na e


Cl2 2e 0 2Cl












BiologyCONNECTION





Chem MC-637

null

22539085



oxidized

reduced
















miniLAB

Figure 20-3


LAB


Chem MC-638

null

10809305


N2(g) 3H2(g) 0 2NH3(g)






N2(g) 3H2(g) 0 2NH3(g)


Figure 20-4





c

b

a

a

b

c


Hydrogen 220

Nitrogen 304

Table 20-1

Chem MC-639

null

105480934




a I2 2e 0 2I c Fe2 0 Fe3 e



a 2Br Cl2 0 Br2 2Cl


c 2Zn O2 0 2ZnO



c H2S Cl2 0 S 2HCl





Practice
















(1) (1) 0 (2) 2(1) 0 2(1) (2) 0 (4) 4(1) 0

NaCl CaBr2 H2S CCl4


(3) 4(1) 1 (4) 3(2) 2

NH4 SO3

2





Figure 20-5




b

a

b

a

Chem MC-641

null

24148386





PRACTICE PROBLEMS


2 (sulfite ion)


Strategy


Solution


(1) (nCl) 3(2) 0

KClO3

1 nCl (6) 0

nCl 5


(nS) 3(2) 2

SO32

nS (6) 2

nS 4





a NH4 b AsO4

3 c CrO42



Practice








Change +1oxidation

+1 ndash1




K in KBr 1 7

Br in KBr 1 8

Cl in Cl2 0 1

K in KCl 1 7

Cl in KCl 1 8

Br in Br2 0 1

Table 20-2







a IO4 c B4O7

2

b MnO4 d NH2




Chem MC-643

null

9675649























202

Figure 20-6


Chem MC-644

null

20240086

CMC_Spn_C20-S02

null

10966031











) ) ) )





2

2(1) 2


2

1



Chem MC-645

null

110237











14 NH3(g) NO2(g) 0 N2(g) H2O(l)



Appendix A

Practice











Chem MC-646

null

12851974







problem-solving LAB


NH4ClO4(s) Al(s) 0





Chem MC-647

null

80404686







7 2 1 1 0



7 2 1 1 0


) ) ) )








8(1)8

8

1

8




ion



Element

Oxidationnumber

equals zero


the charge

Monatomicion

Molecule


numbersequals zero

Polyatomicion

The sum of the

oxidationnumbers

equals the charge

on the ion



























Appendix A

Practice


Chem MC-649

null

17084122














4Fe 3O2 0 2Fe2O3


2Fe 3Cl2 0 2FeCl3


Fe 0 Fe3 3e




Oxidation

Reduction


endashendash


Chem MC-650

null

16927435

CMC_Spn_C20-S03

null

5955961






2

Fe Cu2 0 Cu 2Fe3


Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

3Cu2 6e 0 3Cu


2Fe 3Cu2 0 3Cu 2Fe3





Fe O2 0 Fe2O3 Fe 0 Fe3 3e O2 4e 0 2O2






Table 20-3

Figure 20-8


Chem MC-651

null

15218861






MnO4 SO2 0 Mn2 SO4

2


4 6


7 2














2 4H 2Mn2































Practice


Chem MC-653

null

14628613


Pre-Lab





ions


Procedure






and eyes







householdammonia





CHEMLAB 20

Data Table

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5











Cu2 NH3 0 Cu(NH3)42









NH3 ClO 0 NH2Cl OH



H Cr2O72 C2H5OH 0

Cr3 C2H4O H2O



Error Analysis

CHEMLAB 655

CHAPTER 20 CHEMLAB

1

4

3

2

5


1


2


3


4


5




How It Works


Study Guide 657


Vocabulary




















(p 644)

















reactions (201)











Zn2 2e 0 Zn








a Al 0 Al3 3e

b NO2 0 NO3 e

c Cu2 e 0 Cu


a CaCrO4 c NO2

b NaHSO4 d BrO3






5

in which atoms

6

2

1

consists of two

called43

7


8


Assessment 659



a Fe3 0 Fe2

b HPO32 0 HPO4

2




f NF3




trioxide (SO3)


redox equations



a Al I2 0 Al3 I















acid solution)b IO3







(in basic solution)







a OF2 c RuO4b UO2

2 d Fe2O3





a Fe 0 Fe2 2e

Te2 2e 0 Teb IO4

2e 0 IO33






a Sb3 MnO4 0 SbO4


in basic solution













(aq) NO2(aq) 0 ClO2

(aq) NO3(aq)





S2O32 I2 0 I S4O6











4FeCl3(s) 3O2(g) 0 2Fe2O3(s) 6Cl2(g)




2ndash)










(aq) Pb2(aq)



















a Zn c Nb O d H


a 3 c 1b 5 d 6


a Zn c Nb O d H





Zn 0 none


H in HNO3 1 none

H in H2O none

N in HNO3 NO3

N in NO2 4 none

N in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in HNO3 2 NO3

O in NO2 none

O in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in H2O 2 none



Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

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oxidized

reduced
















miniLAB

Figure 20-3


LAB


Chem MC-638

null

10809305


N2(g) 3H2(g) 0 2NH3(g)






N2(g) 3H2(g) 0 2NH3(g)


Figure 20-4





c

b

a

a

b

c


Hydrogen 220

Nitrogen 304

Table 20-1

Chem MC-639

null

105480934




a I2 2e 0 2I c Fe2 0 Fe3 e



a 2Br Cl2 0 Br2 2Cl


c 2Zn O2 0 2ZnO



c H2S Cl2 0 S 2HCl





Practice
















(1) (1) 0 (2) 2(1) 0 2(1) (2) 0 (4) 4(1) 0

NaCl CaBr2 H2S CCl4


(3) 4(1) 1 (4) 3(2) 2

NH4 SO3

2





Figure 20-5




b

a

b

a

Chem MC-641

null

24148386





PRACTICE PROBLEMS


2 (sulfite ion)


Strategy


Solution


(1) (nCl) 3(2) 0

KClO3

1 nCl (6) 0

nCl 5


(nS) 3(2) 2

SO32

nS (6) 2

nS 4





a NH4 b AsO4

3 c CrO42



Practice








Change +1oxidation

+1 ndash1




K in KBr 1 7

Br in KBr 1 8

Cl in Cl2 0 1

K in KCl 1 7

Cl in KCl 1 8

Br in Br2 0 1

Table 20-2







a IO4 c B4O7

2

b MnO4 d NH2




Chem MC-643

null

9675649























202

Figure 20-6


Chem MC-644

null

20240086

CMC_Spn_C20-S02

null

10966031











) ) ) )





2

2(1) 2


2

1



Chem MC-645

null

110237











14 NH3(g) NO2(g) 0 N2(g) H2O(l)



Appendix A

Practice











Chem MC-646

null

12851974







problem-solving LAB


NH4ClO4(s) Al(s) 0





Chem MC-647

null

80404686







7 2 1 1 0



7 2 1 1 0


) ) ) )








8(1)8

8

1

8




ion



Element

Oxidationnumber

equals zero


the charge

Monatomicion

Molecule


numbersequals zero

Polyatomicion

The sum of the

oxidationnumbers

equals the charge

on the ion



























Appendix A

Practice


Chem MC-649

null

17084122














4Fe 3O2 0 2Fe2O3


2Fe 3Cl2 0 2FeCl3


Fe 0 Fe3 3e




Oxidation

Reduction


endashendash


Chem MC-650

null

16927435

CMC_Spn_C20-S03

null

5955961






2

Fe Cu2 0 Cu 2Fe3


Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

3Cu2 6e 0 3Cu


2Fe 3Cu2 0 3Cu 2Fe3





Fe O2 0 Fe2O3 Fe 0 Fe3 3e O2 4e 0 2O2






Table 20-3

Figure 20-8


Chem MC-651

null

15218861






MnO4 SO2 0 Mn2 SO4

2


4 6


7 2














2 4H 2Mn2































Practice


Chem MC-653

null

14628613


Pre-Lab





ions


Procedure






and eyes







householdammonia





CHEMLAB 20

Data Table

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5











Cu2 NH3 0 Cu(NH3)42









NH3 ClO 0 NH2Cl OH



H Cr2O72 C2H5OH 0

Cr3 C2H4O H2O



Error Analysis

CHEMLAB 655

CHAPTER 20 CHEMLAB

1

4

3

2

5


1


2


3


4


5




How It Works


Study Guide 657


Vocabulary




















(p 644)

















reactions (201)











Zn2 2e 0 Zn








a Al 0 Al3 3e

b NO2 0 NO3 e

c Cu2 e 0 Cu


a CaCrO4 c NO2

b NaHSO4 d BrO3






5

in which atoms

6

2

1

consists of two

called43

7


8


Assessment 659



a Fe3 0 Fe2

b HPO32 0 HPO4

2




f NF3




trioxide (SO3)


redox equations



a Al I2 0 Al3 I















acid solution)b IO3







(in basic solution)







a OF2 c RuO4b UO2

2 d Fe2O3





a Fe 0 Fe2 2e

Te2 2e 0 Teb IO4

2e 0 IO33






a Sb3 MnO4 0 SbO4


in basic solution













(aq) NO2(aq) 0 ClO2

(aq) NO3(aq)





S2O32 I2 0 I S4O6











4FeCl3(s) 3O2(g) 0 2Fe2O3(s) 6Cl2(g)




2ndash)










(aq) Pb2(aq)



















a Zn c Nb O d H


a 3 c 1b 5 d 6


a Zn c Nb O d H





Zn 0 none


H in HNO3 1 none

H in H2O none

N in HNO3 NO3

N in NO2 4 none

N in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in HNO3 2 NO3

O in NO2 none

O in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in H2O 2 none



Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit


N2(g) 3H2(g) 0 2NH3(g)






N2(g) 3H2(g) 0 2NH3(g)


Figure 20-4





c

b

a

a

b

c


Hydrogen 220

Nitrogen 304

Table 20-1

Chem MC-639

null

105480934




a I2 2e 0 2I c Fe2 0 Fe3 e



a 2Br Cl2 0 Br2 2Cl


c 2Zn O2 0 2ZnO



c H2S Cl2 0 S 2HCl





Practice
















(1) (1) 0 (2) 2(1) 0 2(1) (2) 0 (4) 4(1) 0

NaCl CaBr2 H2S CCl4


(3) 4(1) 1 (4) 3(2) 2

NH4 SO3

2





Figure 20-5




b

a

b

a

Chem MC-641

null

24148386





PRACTICE PROBLEMS


2 (sulfite ion)


Strategy


Solution


(1) (nCl) 3(2) 0

KClO3

1 nCl (6) 0

nCl 5


(nS) 3(2) 2

SO32

nS (6) 2

nS 4





a NH4 b AsO4

3 c CrO42



Practice








Change +1oxidation

+1 ndash1




K in KBr 1 7

Br in KBr 1 8

Cl in Cl2 0 1

K in KCl 1 7

Cl in KCl 1 8

Br in Br2 0 1

Table 20-2







a IO4 c B4O7

2

b MnO4 d NH2




Chem MC-643

null

9675649























202

Figure 20-6


Chem MC-644

null

20240086

CMC_Spn_C20-S02

null

10966031











) ) ) )





2

2(1) 2


2

1



Chem MC-645

null

110237











14 NH3(g) NO2(g) 0 N2(g) H2O(l)



Appendix A

Practice











Chem MC-646

null

12851974







problem-solving LAB


NH4ClO4(s) Al(s) 0





Chem MC-647

null

80404686







7 2 1 1 0



7 2 1 1 0


) ) ) )








8(1)8

8

1

8




ion



Element

Oxidationnumber

equals zero


the charge

Monatomicion

Molecule


numbersequals zero

Polyatomicion

The sum of the

oxidationnumbers

equals the charge

on the ion



























Appendix A

Practice


Chem MC-649

null

17084122














4Fe 3O2 0 2Fe2O3


2Fe 3Cl2 0 2FeCl3


Fe 0 Fe3 3e




Oxidation

Reduction


endashendash


Chem MC-650

null

16927435

CMC_Spn_C20-S03

null

5955961






2

Fe Cu2 0 Cu 2Fe3


Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

3Cu2 6e 0 3Cu


2Fe 3Cu2 0 3Cu 2Fe3





Fe O2 0 Fe2O3 Fe 0 Fe3 3e O2 4e 0 2O2






Table 20-3

Figure 20-8


Chem MC-651

null

15218861






MnO4 SO2 0 Mn2 SO4

2


4 6


7 2














2 4H 2Mn2































Practice


Chem MC-653

null

14628613


Pre-Lab





ions


Procedure






and eyes







householdammonia





CHEMLAB 20

Data Table

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5











Cu2 NH3 0 Cu(NH3)42









NH3 ClO 0 NH2Cl OH



H Cr2O72 C2H5OH 0

Cr3 C2H4O H2O



Error Analysis

CHEMLAB 655

CHAPTER 20 CHEMLAB

1

4

3

2

5


1


2


3


4


5




How It Works


Study Guide 657


Vocabulary




















(p 644)

















reactions (201)











Zn2 2e 0 Zn








a Al 0 Al3 3e

b NO2 0 NO3 e

c Cu2 e 0 Cu


a CaCrO4 c NO2

b NaHSO4 d BrO3






5

in which atoms

6

2

1

consists of two

called43

7


8


Assessment 659



a Fe3 0 Fe2

b HPO32 0 HPO4

2




f NF3




trioxide (SO3)


redox equations



a Al I2 0 Al3 I















acid solution)b IO3







(in basic solution)







a OF2 c RuO4b UO2

2 d Fe2O3





a Fe 0 Fe2 2e

Te2 2e 0 Teb IO4

2e 0 IO33






a Sb3 MnO4 0 SbO4


in basic solution













(aq) NO2(aq) 0 ClO2

(aq) NO3(aq)





S2O32 I2 0 I S4O6











4FeCl3(s) 3O2(g) 0 2Fe2O3(s) 6Cl2(g)




2ndash)










(aq) Pb2(aq)



















a Zn c Nb O d H


a 3 c 1b 5 d 6


a Zn c Nb O d H





Zn 0 none


H in HNO3 1 none

H in H2O none

N in HNO3 NO3

N in NO2 4 none

N in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in HNO3 2 NO3

O in NO2 none

O in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in H2O 2 none



Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





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a I2 2e 0 2I c Fe2 0 Fe3 e



a 2Br Cl2 0 Br2 2Cl


c 2Zn O2 0 2ZnO



c H2S Cl2 0 S 2HCl





Practice
















(1) (1) 0 (2) 2(1) 0 2(1) (2) 0 (4) 4(1) 0

NaCl CaBr2 H2S CCl4


(3) 4(1) 1 (4) 3(2) 2

NH4 SO3

2





Figure 20-5




b

a

b

a

Chem MC-641

null

24148386





PRACTICE PROBLEMS


2 (sulfite ion)


Strategy


Solution


(1) (nCl) 3(2) 0

KClO3

1 nCl (6) 0

nCl 5


(nS) 3(2) 2

SO32

nS (6) 2

nS 4





a NH4 b AsO4

3 c CrO42



Practice








Change +1oxidation

+1 ndash1




K in KBr 1 7

Br in KBr 1 8

Cl in Cl2 0 1

K in KCl 1 7

Cl in KCl 1 8

Br in Br2 0 1

Table 20-2







a IO4 c B4O7

2

b MnO4 d NH2




Chem MC-643

null

9675649























202

Figure 20-6


Chem MC-644

null

20240086

CMC_Spn_C20-S02

null

10966031











) ) ) )





2

2(1) 2


2

1



Chem MC-645

null

110237











14 NH3(g) NO2(g) 0 N2(g) H2O(l)



Appendix A

Practice











Chem MC-646

null

12851974







problem-solving LAB


NH4ClO4(s) Al(s) 0





Chem MC-647

null

80404686







7 2 1 1 0



7 2 1 1 0


) ) ) )








8(1)8

8

1

8




ion



Element

Oxidationnumber

equals zero


the charge

Monatomicion

Molecule


numbersequals zero

Polyatomicion

The sum of the

oxidationnumbers

equals the charge

on the ion



























Appendix A

Practice


Chem MC-649

null

17084122














4Fe 3O2 0 2Fe2O3


2Fe 3Cl2 0 2FeCl3


Fe 0 Fe3 3e




Oxidation

Reduction


endashendash


Chem MC-650

null

16927435

CMC_Spn_C20-S03

null

5955961






2

Fe Cu2 0 Cu 2Fe3


Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

3Cu2 6e 0 3Cu


2Fe 3Cu2 0 3Cu 2Fe3





Fe O2 0 Fe2O3 Fe 0 Fe3 3e O2 4e 0 2O2






Table 20-3

Figure 20-8


Chem MC-651

null

15218861






MnO4 SO2 0 Mn2 SO4

2


4 6


7 2














2 4H 2Mn2































Practice


Chem MC-653

null

14628613


Pre-Lab





ions


Procedure






and eyes







householdammonia





CHEMLAB 20

Data Table

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5











Cu2 NH3 0 Cu(NH3)42









NH3 ClO 0 NH2Cl OH



H Cr2O72 C2H5OH 0

Cr3 C2H4O H2O



Error Analysis

CHEMLAB 655

CHAPTER 20 CHEMLAB

1

4

3

2

5


1


2


3


4


5




How It Works


Study Guide 657


Vocabulary




















(p 644)

















reactions (201)











Zn2 2e 0 Zn








a Al 0 Al3 3e

b NO2 0 NO3 e

c Cu2 e 0 Cu


a CaCrO4 c NO2

b NaHSO4 d BrO3






5

in which atoms

6

2

1

consists of two

called43

7


8


Assessment 659



a Fe3 0 Fe2

b HPO32 0 HPO4

2




f NF3




trioxide (SO3)


redox equations



a Al I2 0 Al3 I















acid solution)b IO3







(in basic solution)







a OF2 c RuO4b UO2

2 d Fe2O3





a Fe 0 Fe2 2e

Te2 2e 0 Teb IO4

2e 0 IO33






a Sb3 MnO4 0 SbO4


in basic solution













(aq) NO2(aq) 0 ClO2

(aq) NO3(aq)





S2O32 I2 0 I S4O6











4FeCl3(s) 3O2(g) 0 2Fe2O3(s) 6Cl2(g)




2ndash)










(aq) Pb2(aq)



















a Zn c Nb O d H


a 3 c 1b 5 d 6


a Zn c Nb O d H





Zn 0 none


H in HNO3 1 none

H in H2O none

N in HNO3 NO3

N in NO2 4 none

N in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in HNO3 2 NO3

O in NO2 none

O in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in H2O 2 none



Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

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(1) (1) 0 (2) 2(1) 0 2(1) (2) 0 (4) 4(1) 0

NaCl CaBr2 H2S CCl4


(3) 4(1) 1 (4) 3(2) 2

NH4 SO3

2





Figure 20-5




b

a

b

a

Chem MC-641

null

24148386





PRACTICE PROBLEMS


2 (sulfite ion)


Strategy


Solution


(1) (nCl) 3(2) 0

KClO3

1 nCl (6) 0

nCl 5


(nS) 3(2) 2

SO32

nS (6) 2

nS 4





a NH4 b AsO4

3 c CrO42



Practice








Change +1oxidation

+1 ndash1




K in KBr 1 7

Br in KBr 1 8

Cl in Cl2 0 1

K in KCl 1 7

Cl in KCl 1 8

Br in Br2 0 1

Table 20-2







a IO4 c B4O7

2

b MnO4 d NH2




Chem MC-643

null

9675649























202

Figure 20-6


Chem MC-644

null

20240086

CMC_Spn_C20-S02

null

10966031











) ) ) )





2

2(1) 2


2

1



Chem MC-645

null

110237











14 NH3(g) NO2(g) 0 N2(g) H2O(l)



Appendix A

Practice











Chem MC-646

null

12851974







problem-solving LAB


NH4ClO4(s) Al(s) 0





Chem MC-647

null

80404686







7 2 1 1 0



7 2 1 1 0


) ) ) )








8(1)8

8

1

8




ion



Element

Oxidationnumber

equals zero


the charge

Monatomicion

Molecule


numbersequals zero

Polyatomicion

The sum of the

oxidationnumbers

equals the charge

on the ion



























Appendix A

Practice


Chem MC-649

null

17084122














4Fe 3O2 0 2Fe2O3


2Fe 3Cl2 0 2FeCl3


Fe 0 Fe3 3e




Oxidation

Reduction


endashendash


Chem MC-650

null

16927435

CMC_Spn_C20-S03

null

5955961






2

Fe Cu2 0 Cu 2Fe3


Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

3Cu2 6e 0 3Cu


2Fe 3Cu2 0 3Cu 2Fe3





Fe O2 0 Fe2O3 Fe 0 Fe3 3e O2 4e 0 2O2






Table 20-3

Figure 20-8


Chem MC-651

null

15218861






MnO4 SO2 0 Mn2 SO4

2


4 6


7 2














2 4H 2Mn2































Practice


Chem MC-653

null

14628613


Pre-Lab





ions


Procedure






and eyes







householdammonia





CHEMLAB 20

Data Table

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5











Cu2 NH3 0 Cu(NH3)42









NH3 ClO 0 NH2Cl OH



H Cr2O72 C2H5OH 0

Cr3 C2H4O H2O



Error Analysis

CHEMLAB 655

CHAPTER 20 CHEMLAB

1

4

3

2

5


1


2


3


4


5




How It Works


Study Guide 657


Vocabulary




















(p 644)

















reactions (201)











Zn2 2e 0 Zn








a Al 0 Al3 3e

b NO2 0 NO3 e

c Cu2 e 0 Cu


a CaCrO4 c NO2

b NaHSO4 d BrO3






5

in which atoms

6

2

1

consists of two

called43

7


8


Assessment 659



a Fe3 0 Fe2

b HPO32 0 HPO4

2




f NF3




trioxide (SO3)


redox equations



a Al I2 0 Al3 I















acid solution)b IO3







(in basic solution)







a OF2 c RuO4b UO2

2 d Fe2O3





a Fe 0 Fe2 2e

Te2 2e 0 Teb IO4

2e 0 IO33






a Sb3 MnO4 0 SbO4


in basic solution













(aq) NO2(aq) 0 ClO2

(aq) NO3(aq)





S2O32 I2 0 I S4O6











4FeCl3(s) 3O2(g) 0 2Fe2O3(s) 6Cl2(g)




2ndash)










(aq) Pb2(aq)



















a Zn c Nb O d H


a 3 c 1b 5 d 6


a Zn c Nb O d H





Zn 0 none


H in HNO3 1 none

H in H2O none

N in HNO3 NO3

N in NO2 4 none

N in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in HNO3 2 NO3

O in NO2 none

O in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in H2O 2 none



Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit





PRACTICE PROBLEMS


2 (sulfite ion)


Strategy


Solution


(1) (nCl) 3(2) 0

KClO3

1 nCl (6) 0

nCl 5


(nS) 3(2) 2

SO32

nS (6) 2

nS 4





a NH4 b AsO4

3 c CrO42



Practice








Change +1oxidation

+1 ndash1




K in KBr 1 7

Br in KBr 1 8

Cl in Cl2 0 1

K in KCl 1 7

Cl in KCl 1 8

Br in Br2 0 1

Table 20-2







a IO4 c B4O7

2

b MnO4 d NH2




Chem MC-643

null

9675649























202

Figure 20-6


Chem MC-644

null

20240086

CMC_Spn_C20-S02

null

10966031











) ) ) )





2

2(1) 2


2

1



Chem MC-645

null

110237











14 NH3(g) NO2(g) 0 N2(g) H2O(l)



Appendix A

Practice











Chem MC-646

null

12851974







problem-solving LAB


NH4ClO4(s) Al(s) 0





Chem MC-647

null

80404686







7 2 1 1 0



7 2 1 1 0


) ) ) )








8(1)8

8

1

8




ion



Element

Oxidationnumber

equals zero


the charge

Monatomicion

Molecule


numbersequals zero

Polyatomicion

The sum of the

oxidationnumbers

equals the charge

on the ion



























Appendix A

Practice


Chem MC-649

null

17084122














4Fe 3O2 0 2Fe2O3


2Fe 3Cl2 0 2FeCl3


Fe 0 Fe3 3e




Oxidation

Reduction


endashendash


Chem MC-650

null

16927435

CMC_Spn_C20-S03

null

5955961






2

Fe Cu2 0 Cu 2Fe3


Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

3Cu2 6e 0 3Cu


2Fe 3Cu2 0 3Cu 2Fe3





Fe O2 0 Fe2O3 Fe 0 Fe3 3e O2 4e 0 2O2






Table 20-3

Figure 20-8


Chem MC-651

null

15218861






MnO4 SO2 0 Mn2 SO4

2


4 6


7 2














2 4H 2Mn2































Practice


Chem MC-653

null

14628613


Pre-Lab





ions


Procedure






and eyes







householdammonia





CHEMLAB 20

Data Table

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5











Cu2 NH3 0 Cu(NH3)42









NH3 ClO 0 NH2Cl OH



H Cr2O72 C2H5OH 0

Cr3 C2H4O H2O



Error Analysis

CHEMLAB 655

CHAPTER 20 CHEMLAB

1

4

3

2

5


1


2


3


4


5




How It Works


Study Guide 657


Vocabulary




















(p 644)

















reactions (201)











Zn2 2e 0 Zn








a Al 0 Al3 3e

b NO2 0 NO3 e

c Cu2 e 0 Cu


a CaCrO4 c NO2

b NaHSO4 d BrO3






5

in which atoms

6

2

1

consists of two

called43

7


8


Assessment 659



a Fe3 0 Fe2

b HPO32 0 HPO4

2




f NF3




trioxide (SO3)


redox equations



a Al I2 0 Al3 I















acid solution)b IO3







(in basic solution)







a OF2 c RuO4b UO2

2 d Fe2O3





a Fe 0 Fe2 2e

Te2 2e 0 Teb IO4

2e 0 IO33






a Sb3 MnO4 0 SbO4


in basic solution













(aq) NO2(aq) 0 ClO2

(aq) NO3(aq)





S2O32 I2 0 I S4O6











4FeCl3(s) 3O2(g) 0 2Fe2O3(s) 6Cl2(g)




2ndash)










(aq) Pb2(aq)



















a Zn c Nb O d H


a 3 c 1b 5 d 6


a Zn c Nb O d H





Zn 0 none


H in HNO3 1 none

H in H2O none

N in HNO3 NO3

N in NO2 4 none

N in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in HNO3 2 NO3

O in NO2 none

O in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in H2O 2 none



Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





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Change +1oxidation

+1 ndash1




K in KBr 1 7

Br in KBr 1 8

Cl in Cl2 0 1

K in KCl 1 7

Cl in KCl 1 8

Br in Br2 0 1

Table 20-2







a IO4 c B4O7

2

b MnO4 d NH2




Chem MC-643

null

9675649























202

Figure 20-6


Chem MC-644

null

20240086

CMC_Spn_C20-S02

null

10966031











) ) ) )





2

2(1) 2


2

1



Chem MC-645

null

110237











14 NH3(g) NO2(g) 0 N2(g) H2O(l)



Appendix A

Practice











Chem MC-646

null

12851974







problem-solving LAB


NH4ClO4(s) Al(s) 0





Chem MC-647

null

80404686







7 2 1 1 0



7 2 1 1 0


) ) ) )








8(1)8

8

1

8




ion



Element

Oxidationnumber

equals zero


the charge

Monatomicion

Molecule


numbersequals zero

Polyatomicion

The sum of the

oxidationnumbers

equals the charge

on the ion



























Appendix A

Practice


Chem MC-649

null

17084122














4Fe 3O2 0 2Fe2O3


2Fe 3Cl2 0 2FeCl3


Fe 0 Fe3 3e




Oxidation

Reduction


endashendash


Chem MC-650

null

16927435

CMC_Spn_C20-S03

null

5955961






2

Fe Cu2 0 Cu 2Fe3


Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

3Cu2 6e 0 3Cu


2Fe 3Cu2 0 3Cu 2Fe3





Fe O2 0 Fe2O3 Fe 0 Fe3 3e O2 4e 0 2O2






Table 20-3

Figure 20-8


Chem MC-651

null

15218861






MnO4 SO2 0 Mn2 SO4

2


4 6


7 2














2 4H 2Mn2































Practice


Chem MC-653

null

14628613


Pre-Lab





ions


Procedure






and eyes







householdammonia





CHEMLAB 20

Data Table

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5











Cu2 NH3 0 Cu(NH3)42









NH3 ClO 0 NH2Cl OH



H Cr2O72 C2H5OH 0

Cr3 C2H4O H2O



Error Analysis

CHEMLAB 655

CHAPTER 20 CHEMLAB

1

4

3

2

5


1


2


3


4


5




How It Works


Study Guide 657


Vocabulary




















(p 644)

















reactions (201)











Zn2 2e 0 Zn








a Al 0 Al3 3e

b NO2 0 NO3 e

c Cu2 e 0 Cu


a CaCrO4 c NO2

b NaHSO4 d BrO3






5

in which atoms

6

2

1

consists of two

called43

7


8


Assessment 659



a Fe3 0 Fe2

b HPO32 0 HPO4

2




f NF3




trioxide (SO3)


redox equations



a Al I2 0 Al3 I















acid solution)b IO3







(in basic solution)







a OF2 c RuO4b UO2

2 d Fe2O3





a Fe 0 Fe2 2e

Te2 2e 0 Teb IO4

2e 0 IO33






a Sb3 MnO4 0 SbO4


in basic solution













(aq) NO2(aq) 0 ClO2

(aq) NO3(aq)





S2O32 I2 0 I S4O6











4FeCl3(s) 3O2(g) 0 2Fe2O3(s) 6Cl2(g)




2ndash)










(aq) Pb2(aq)



















a Zn c Nb O d H


a 3 c 1b 5 d 6


a Zn c Nb O d H





Zn 0 none


H in HNO3 1 none

H in H2O none

N in HNO3 NO3

N in NO2 4 none

N in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in HNO3 2 NO3

O in NO2 none

O in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in H2O 2 none



Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

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202

Figure 20-6


Chem MC-644

null

20240086

CMC_Spn_C20-S02

null

10966031











) ) ) )





2

2(1) 2


2

1



Chem MC-645

null

110237











14 NH3(g) NO2(g) 0 N2(g) H2O(l)



Appendix A

Practice











Chem MC-646

null

12851974







problem-solving LAB


NH4ClO4(s) Al(s) 0





Chem MC-647

null

80404686







7 2 1 1 0



7 2 1 1 0


) ) ) )








8(1)8

8

1

8




ion



Element

Oxidationnumber

equals zero


the charge

Monatomicion

Molecule


numbersequals zero

Polyatomicion

The sum of the

oxidationnumbers

equals the charge

on the ion



























Appendix A

Practice


Chem MC-649

null

17084122














4Fe 3O2 0 2Fe2O3


2Fe 3Cl2 0 2FeCl3


Fe 0 Fe3 3e




Oxidation

Reduction


endashendash


Chem MC-650

null

16927435

CMC_Spn_C20-S03

null

5955961






2

Fe Cu2 0 Cu 2Fe3


Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

3Cu2 6e 0 3Cu


2Fe 3Cu2 0 3Cu 2Fe3





Fe O2 0 Fe2O3 Fe 0 Fe3 3e O2 4e 0 2O2






Table 20-3

Figure 20-8


Chem MC-651

null

15218861






MnO4 SO2 0 Mn2 SO4

2


4 6


7 2














2 4H 2Mn2































Practice


Chem MC-653

null

14628613


Pre-Lab





ions


Procedure






and eyes







householdammonia





CHEMLAB 20

Data Table

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5











Cu2 NH3 0 Cu(NH3)42









NH3 ClO 0 NH2Cl OH



H Cr2O72 C2H5OH 0

Cr3 C2H4O H2O



Error Analysis

CHEMLAB 655

CHAPTER 20 CHEMLAB

1

4

3

2

5


1


2


3


4


5




How It Works


Study Guide 657


Vocabulary




















(p 644)

















reactions (201)











Zn2 2e 0 Zn








a Al 0 Al3 3e

b NO2 0 NO3 e

c Cu2 e 0 Cu


a CaCrO4 c NO2

b NaHSO4 d BrO3






5

in which atoms

6

2

1

consists of two

called43

7


8


Assessment 659



a Fe3 0 Fe2

b HPO32 0 HPO4

2




f NF3




trioxide (SO3)


redox equations



a Al I2 0 Al3 I















acid solution)b IO3







(in basic solution)







a OF2 c RuO4b UO2

2 d Fe2O3





a Fe 0 Fe2 2e

Te2 2e 0 Teb IO4

2e 0 IO33






a Sb3 MnO4 0 SbO4


in basic solution













(aq) NO2(aq) 0 ClO2

(aq) NO3(aq)





S2O32 I2 0 I S4O6











4FeCl3(s) 3O2(g) 0 2Fe2O3(s) 6Cl2(g)




2ndash)










(aq) Pb2(aq)



















a Zn c Nb O d H


a 3 c 1b 5 d 6


a Zn c Nb O d H





Zn 0 none


H in HNO3 1 none

H in H2O none

N in HNO3 NO3

N in NO2 4 none

N in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in HNO3 2 NO3

O in NO2 none

O in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in H2O 2 none



Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

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Exit











) ) ) )





2

2(1) 2


2

1



Chem MC-645

null

110237











14 NH3(g) NO2(g) 0 N2(g) H2O(l)



Appendix A

Practice











Chem MC-646

null

12851974







problem-solving LAB


NH4ClO4(s) Al(s) 0





Chem MC-647

null

80404686







7 2 1 1 0



7 2 1 1 0


) ) ) )








8(1)8

8

1

8




ion



Element

Oxidationnumber

equals zero


the charge

Monatomicion

Molecule


numbersequals zero

Polyatomicion

The sum of the

oxidationnumbers

equals the charge

on the ion



























Appendix A

Practice


Chem MC-649

null

17084122














4Fe 3O2 0 2Fe2O3


2Fe 3Cl2 0 2FeCl3


Fe 0 Fe3 3e




Oxidation

Reduction


endashendash


Chem MC-650

null

16927435

CMC_Spn_C20-S03

null

5955961






2

Fe Cu2 0 Cu 2Fe3


Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

3Cu2 6e 0 3Cu


2Fe 3Cu2 0 3Cu 2Fe3





Fe O2 0 Fe2O3 Fe 0 Fe3 3e O2 4e 0 2O2






Table 20-3

Figure 20-8


Chem MC-651

null

15218861






MnO4 SO2 0 Mn2 SO4

2


4 6


7 2














2 4H 2Mn2































Practice


Chem MC-653

null

14628613


Pre-Lab





ions


Procedure






and eyes







householdammonia





CHEMLAB 20

Data Table

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5











Cu2 NH3 0 Cu(NH3)42









NH3 ClO 0 NH2Cl OH



H Cr2O72 C2H5OH 0

Cr3 C2H4O H2O



Error Analysis

CHEMLAB 655

CHAPTER 20 CHEMLAB

1

4

3

2

5


1


2


3


4


5




How It Works


Study Guide 657


Vocabulary




















(p 644)

















reactions (201)











Zn2 2e 0 Zn








a Al 0 Al3 3e

b NO2 0 NO3 e

c Cu2 e 0 Cu


a CaCrO4 c NO2

b NaHSO4 d BrO3






5

in which atoms

6

2

1

consists of two

called43

7


8


Assessment 659



a Fe3 0 Fe2

b HPO32 0 HPO4

2




f NF3




trioxide (SO3)


redox equations



a Al I2 0 Al3 I















acid solution)b IO3







(in basic solution)







a OF2 c RuO4b UO2

2 d Fe2O3





a Fe 0 Fe2 2e

Te2 2e 0 Teb IO4

2e 0 IO33






a Sb3 MnO4 0 SbO4


in basic solution













(aq) NO2(aq) 0 ClO2

(aq) NO3(aq)





S2O32 I2 0 I S4O6











4FeCl3(s) 3O2(g) 0 2Fe2O3(s) 6Cl2(g)




2ndash)










(aq) Pb2(aq)



















a Zn c Nb O d H


a 3 c 1b 5 d 6


a Zn c Nb O d H





Zn 0 none


H in HNO3 1 none

H in H2O none

N in HNO3 NO3

N in NO2 4 none

N in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in HNO3 2 NO3

O in NO2 none

O in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in H2O 2 none



Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit











14 NH3(g) NO2(g) 0 N2(g) H2O(l)



Appendix A

Practice











Chem MC-646

null

12851974







problem-solving LAB


NH4ClO4(s) Al(s) 0





Chem MC-647

null

80404686







7 2 1 1 0



7 2 1 1 0


) ) ) )








8(1)8

8

1

8




ion



Element

Oxidationnumber

equals zero


the charge

Monatomicion

Molecule


numbersequals zero

Polyatomicion

The sum of the

oxidationnumbers

equals the charge

on the ion



























Appendix A

Practice


Chem MC-649

null

17084122














4Fe 3O2 0 2Fe2O3


2Fe 3Cl2 0 2FeCl3


Fe 0 Fe3 3e




Oxidation

Reduction


endashendash


Chem MC-650

null

16927435

CMC_Spn_C20-S03

null

5955961






2

Fe Cu2 0 Cu 2Fe3


Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

3Cu2 6e 0 3Cu


2Fe 3Cu2 0 3Cu 2Fe3





Fe O2 0 Fe2O3 Fe 0 Fe3 3e O2 4e 0 2O2






Table 20-3

Figure 20-8


Chem MC-651

null

15218861






MnO4 SO2 0 Mn2 SO4

2


4 6


7 2














2 4H 2Mn2































Practice


Chem MC-653

null

14628613


Pre-Lab





ions


Procedure






and eyes







householdammonia





CHEMLAB 20

Data Table

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5











Cu2 NH3 0 Cu(NH3)42









NH3 ClO 0 NH2Cl OH



H Cr2O72 C2H5OH 0

Cr3 C2H4O H2O



Error Analysis

CHEMLAB 655

CHAPTER 20 CHEMLAB

1

4

3

2

5


1


2


3


4


5




How It Works


Study Guide 657


Vocabulary




















(p 644)

















reactions (201)











Zn2 2e 0 Zn








a Al 0 Al3 3e

b NO2 0 NO3 e

c Cu2 e 0 Cu


a CaCrO4 c NO2

b NaHSO4 d BrO3






5

in which atoms

6

2

1

consists of two

called43

7


8


Assessment 659



a Fe3 0 Fe2

b HPO32 0 HPO4

2




f NF3




trioxide (SO3)


redox equations



a Al I2 0 Al3 I















acid solution)b IO3







(in basic solution)







a OF2 c RuO4b UO2

2 d Fe2O3





a Fe 0 Fe2 2e

Te2 2e 0 Teb IO4

2e 0 IO33






a Sb3 MnO4 0 SbO4


in basic solution













(aq) NO2(aq) 0 ClO2

(aq) NO3(aq)





S2O32 I2 0 I S4O6











4FeCl3(s) 3O2(g) 0 2Fe2O3(s) 6Cl2(g)




2ndash)










(aq) Pb2(aq)



















a Zn c Nb O d H


a 3 c 1b 5 d 6


a Zn c Nb O d H





Zn 0 none


H in HNO3 1 none

H in H2O none

N in HNO3 NO3

N in NO2 4 none

N in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in HNO3 2 NO3

O in NO2 none

O in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in H2O 2 none



Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit







problem-solving LAB


NH4ClO4(s) Al(s) 0





Chem MC-647

null

80404686







7 2 1 1 0



7 2 1 1 0


) ) ) )








8(1)8

8

1

8




ion



Element

Oxidationnumber

equals zero


the charge

Monatomicion

Molecule


numbersequals zero

Polyatomicion

The sum of the

oxidationnumbers

equals the charge

on the ion



























Appendix A

Practice


Chem MC-649

null

17084122














4Fe 3O2 0 2Fe2O3


2Fe 3Cl2 0 2FeCl3


Fe 0 Fe3 3e




Oxidation

Reduction


endashendash


Chem MC-650

null

16927435

CMC_Spn_C20-S03

null

5955961






2

Fe Cu2 0 Cu 2Fe3


Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

3Cu2 6e 0 3Cu


2Fe 3Cu2 0 3Cu 2Fe3





Fe O2 0 Fe2O3 Fe 0 Fe3 3e O2 4e 0 2O2






Table 20-3

Figure 20-8


Chem MC-651

null

15218861






MnO4 SO2 0 Mn2 SO4

2


4 6


7 2














2 4H 2Mn2































Practice


Chem MC-653

null

14628613


Pre-Lab





ions


Procedure






and eyes







householdammonia





CHEMLAB 20

Data Table

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5











Cu2 NH3 0 Cu(NH3)42









NH3 ClO 0 NH2Cl OH



H Cr2O72 C2H5OH 0

Cr3 C2H4O H2O



Error Analysis

CHEMLAB 655

CHAPTER 20 CHEMLAB

1

4

3

2

5


1


2


3


4


5




How It Works


Study Guide 657


Vocabulary




















(p 644)

















reactions (201)











Zn2 2e 0 Zn








a Al 0 Al3 3e

b NO2 0 NO3 e

c Cu2 e 0 Cu


a CaCrO4 c NO2

b NaHSO4 d BrO3






5

in which atoms

6

2

1

consists of two

called43

7


8


Assessment 659



a Fe3 0 Fe2

b HPO32 0 HPO4

2




f NF3




trioxide (SO3)


redox equations



a Al I2 0 Al3 I















acid solution)b IO3







(in basic solution)







a OF2 c RuO4b UO2

2 d Fe2O3





a Fe 0 Fe2 2e

Te2 2e 0 Teb IO4

2e 0 IO33






a Sb3 MnO4 0 SbO4


in basic solution













(aq) NO2(aq) 0 ClO2

(aq) NO3(aq)





S2O32 I2 0 I S4O6











4FeCl3(s) 3O2(g) 0 2Fe2O3(s) 6Cl2(g)




2ndash)










(aq) Pb2(aq)



















a Zn c Nb O d H


a 3 c 1b 5 d 6


a Zn c Nb O d H





Zn 0 none


H in HNO3 1 none

H in H2O none

N in HNO3 NO3

N in NO2 4 none

N in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in HNO3 2 NO3

O in NO2 none

O in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in H2O 2 none



Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit







7 2 1 1 0



7 2 1 1 0


) ) ) )








8(1)8

8

1

8




ion



Element

Oxidationnumber

equals zero


the charge

Monatomicion

Molecule


numbersequals zero

Polyatomicion

The sum of the

oxidationnumbers

equals the charge

on the ion



























Appendix A

Practice


Chem MC-649

null

17084122














4Fe 3O2 0 2Fe2O3


2Fe 3Cl2 0 2FeCl3


Fe 0 Fe3 3e




Oxidation

Reduction


endashendash


Chem MC-650

null

16927435

CMC_Spn_C20-S03

null

5955961






2

Fe Cu2 0 Cu 2Fe3


Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

3Cu2 6e 0 3Cu


2Fe 3Cu2 0 3Cu 2Fe3





Fe O2 0 Fe2O3 Fe 0 Fe3 3e O2 4e 0 2O2






Table 20-3

Figure 20-8


Chem MC-651

null

15218861






MnO4 SO2 0 Mn2 SO4

2


4 6


7 2














2 4H 2Mn2































Practice


Chem MC-653

null

14628613


Pre-Lab





ions


Procedure






and eyes







householdammonia





CHEMLAB 20

Data Table

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5











Cu2 NH3 0 Cu(NH3)42









NH3 ClO 0 NH2Cl OH



H Cr2O72 C2H5OH 0

Cr3 C2H4O H2O



Error Analysis

CHEMLAB 655

CHAPTER 20 CHEMLAB

1

4

3

2

5


1


2


3


4


5




How It Works


Study Guide 657


Vocabulary




















(p 644)

















reactions (201)











Zn2 2e 0 Zn








a Al 0 Al3 3e

b NO2 0 NO3 e

c Cu2 e 0 Cu


a CaCrO4 c NO2

b NaHSO4 d BrO3






5

in which atoms

6

2

1

consists of two

called43

7


8


Assessment 659



a Fe3 0 Fe2

b HPO32 0 HPO4

2




f NF3




trioxide (SO3)


redox equations



a Al I2 0 Al3 I















acid solution)b IO3







(in basic solution)







a OF2 c RuO4b UO2

2 d Fe2O3





a Fe 0 Fe2 2e

Te2 2e 0 Teb IO4

2e 0 IO33






a Sb3 MnO4 0 SbO4


in basic solution













(aq) NO2(aq) 0 ClO2

(aq) NO3(aq)





S2O32 I2 0 I S4O6











4FeCl3(s) 3O2(g) 0 2Fe2O3(s) 6Cl2(g)




2ndash)










(aq) Pb2(aq)



















a Zn c Nb O d H


a 3 c 1b 5 d 6


a Zn c Nb O d H





Zn 0 none


H in HNO3 1 none

H in H2O none

N in HNO3 NO3

N in NO2 4 none

N in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in HNO3 2 NO3

O in NO2 none

O in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in H2O 2 none



Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit


























Appendix A

Practice


Chem MC-649

null

17084122














4Fe 3O2 0 2Fe2O3


2Fe 3Cl2 0 2FeCl3


Fe 0 Fe3 3e




Oxidation

Reduction


endashendash


Chem MC-650

null

16927435

CMC_Spn_C20-S03

null

5955961






2

Fe Cu2 0 Cu 2Fe3


Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

3Cu2 6e 0 3Cu


2Fe 3Cu2 0 3Cu 2Fe3





Fe O2 0 Fe2O3 Fe 0 Fe3 3e O2 4e 0 2O2






Table 20-3

Figure 20-8


Chem MC-651

null

15218861






MnO4 SO2 0 Mn2 SO4

2


4 6


7 2














2 4H 2Mn2































Practice


Chem MC-653

null

14628613


Pre-Lab





ions


Procedure






and eyes







householdammonia





CHEMLAB 20

Data Table

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5











Cu2 NH3 0 Cu(NH3)42









NH3 ClO 0 NH2Cl OH



H Cr2O72 C2H5OH 0

Cr3 C2H4O H2O



Error Analysis

CHEMLAB 655

CHAPTER 20 CHEMLAB

1

4

3

2

5


1


2


3


4


5




How It Works


Study Guide 657


Vocabulary




















(p 644)

















reactions (201)











Zn2 2e 0 Zn








a Al 0 Al3 3e

b NO2 0 NO3 e

c Cu2 e 0 Cu


a CaCrO4 c NO2

b NaHSO4 d BrO3






5

in which atoms

6

2

1

consists of two

called43

7


8


Assessment 659



a Fe3 0 Fe2

b HPO32 0 HPO4

2




f NF3




trioxide (SO3)


redox equations



a Al I2 0 Al3 I















acid solution)b IO3







(in basic solution)







a OF2 c RuO4b UO2

2 d Fe2O3





a Fe 0 Fe2 2e

Te2 2e 0 Teb IO4

2e 0 IO33






a Sb3 MnO4 0 SbO4


in basic solution













(aq) NO2(aq) 0 ClO2

(aq) NO3(aq)





S2O32 I2 0 I S4O6











4FeCl3(s) 3O2(g) 0 2Fe2O3(s) 6Cl2(g)




2ndash)










(aq) Pb2(aq)



















a Zn c Nb O d H


a 3 c 1b 5 d 6


a Zn c Nb O d H





Zn 0 none


H in HNO3 1 none

H in H2O none

N in HNO3 NO3

N in NO2 4 none

N in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in HNO3 2 NO3

O in NO2 none

O in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in H2O 2 none



Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





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Help

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4Fe 3O2 0 2Fe2O3


2Fe 3Cl2 0 2FeCl3


Fe 0 Fe3 3e




Oxidation

Reduction


endashendash


Chem MC-650

null

16927435

CMC_Spn_C20-S03

null

5955961






2

Fe Cu2 0 Cu 2Fe3


Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

3Cu2 6e 0 3Cu


2Fe 3Cu2 0 3Cu 2Fe3





Fe O2 0 Fe2O3 Fe 0 Fe3 3e O2 4e 0 2O2






Table 20-3

Figure 20-8


Chem MC-651

null

15218861






MnO4 SO2 0 Mn2 SO4

2


4 6


7 2














2 4H 2Mn2































Practice


Chem MC-653

null

14628613


Pre-Lab





ions


Procedure






and eyes







householdammonia





CHEMLAB 20

Data Table

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5











Cu2 NH3 0 Cu(NH3)42









NH3 ClO 0 NH2Cl OH



H Cr2O72 C2H5OH 0

Cr3 C2H4O H2O



Error Analysis

CHEMLAB 655

CHAPTER 20 CHEMLAB

1

4

3

2

5


1


2


3


4


5




How It Works


Study Guide 657


Vocabulary




















(p 644)

















reactions (201)











Zn2 2e 0 Zn








a Al 0 Al3 3e

b NO2 0 NO3 e

c Cu2 e 0 Cu


a CaCrO4 c NO2

b NaHSO4 d BrO3






5

in which atoms

6

2

1

consists of two

called43

7


8


Assessment 659



a Fe3 0 Fe2

b HPO32 0 HPO4

2




f NF3




trioxide (SO3)


redox equations



a Al I2 0 Al3 I















acid solution)b IO3







(in basic solution)







a OF2 c RuO4b UO2

2 d Fe2O3





a Fe 0 Fe2 2e

Te2 2e 0 Teb IO4

2e 0 IO33






a Sb3 MnO4 0 SbO4


in basic solution













(aq) NO2(aq) 0 ClO2

(aq) NO3(aq)





S2O32 I2 0 I S4O6











4FeCl3(s) 3O2(g) 0 2Fe2O3(s) 6Cl2(g)




2ndash)










(aq) Pb2(aq)



















a Zn c Nb O d H


a 3 c 1b 5 d 6


a Zn c Nb O d H





Zn 0 none


H in HNO3 1 none

H in H2O none

N in HNO3 NO3

N in NO2 4 none

N in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in HNO3 2 NO3

O in NO2 none

O in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in H2O 2 none



Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

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2

Fe Cu2 0 Cu 2Fe3


Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

Cu2 2e 0 Cu


2Fe 0 2Fe3 6e

3Cu2 6e 0 3Cu


2Fe 3Cu2 0 3Cu 2Fe3





Fe O2 0 Fe2O3 Fe 0 Fe3 3e O2 4e 0 2O2






Table 20-3

Figure 20-8


Chem MC-651

null

15218861






MnO4 SO2 0 Mn2 SO4

2


4 6


7 2














2 4H 2Mn2































Practice


Chem MC-653

null

14628613


Pre-Lab





ions


Procedure






and eyes







householdammonia





CHEMLAB 20

Data Table

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5











Cu2 NH3 0 Cu(NH3)42









NH3 ClO 0 NH2Cl OH



H Cr2O72 C2H5OH 0

Cr3 C2H4O H2O



Error Analysis

CHEMLAB 655

CHAPTER 20 CHEMLAB

1

4

3

2

5


1


2


3


4


5




How It Works


Study Guide 657


Vocabulary




















(p 644)

















reactions (201)











Zn2 2e 0 Zn








a Al 0 Al3 3e

b NO2 0 NO3 e

c Cu2 e 0 Cu


a CaCrO4 c NO2

b NaHSO4 d BrO3






5

in which atoms

6

2

1

consists of two

called43

7


8


Assessment 659



a Fe3 0 Fe2

b HPO32 0 HPO4

2




f NF3




trioxide (SO3)


redox equations



a Al I2 0 Al3 I















acid solution)b IO3







(in basic solution)







a OF2 c RuO4b UO2

2 d Fe2O3





a Fe 0 Fe2 2e

Te2 2e 0 Teb IO4

2e 0 IO33






a Sb3 MnO4 0 SbO4


in basic solution













(aq) NO2(aq) 0 ClO2

(aq) NO3(aq)





S2O32 I2 0 I S4O6











4FeCl3(s) 3O2(g) 0 2Fe2O3(s) 6Cl2(g)




2ndash)










(aq) Pb2(aq)



















a Zn c Nb O d H


a 3 c 1b 5 d 6


a Zn c Nb O d H





Zn 0 none


H in HNO3 1 none

H in H2O none

N in HNO3 NO3

N in NO2 4 none

N in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in HNO3 2 NO3

O in NO2 none

O in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in H2O 2 none



Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit






MnO4 SO2 0 Mn2 SO4

2


4 6


7 2














2 4H 2Mn2































Practice


Chem MC-653

null

14628613


Pre-Lab





ions


Procedure






and eyes







householdammonia





CHEMLAB 20

Data Table

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5











Cu2 NH3 0 Cu(NH3)42









NH3 ClO 0 NH2Cl OH



H Cr2O72 C2H5OH 0

Cr3 C2H4O H2O



Error Analysis

CHEMLAB 655

CHAPTER 20 CHEMLAB

1

4

3

2

5


1


2


3


4


5




How It Works


Study Guide 657


Vocabulary




















(p 644)

















reactions (201)











Zn2 2e 0 Zn








a Al 0 Al3 3e

b NO2 0 NO3 e

c Cu2 e 0 Cu


a CaCrO4 c NO2

b NaHSO4 d BrO3






5

in which atoms

6

2

1

consists of two

called43

7


8


Assessment 659



a Fe3 0 Fe2

b HPO32 0 HPO4

2




f NF3




trioxide (SO3)


redox equations



a Al I2 0 Al3 I















acid solution)b IO3







(in basic solution)







a OF2 c RuO4b UO2

2 d Fe2O3





a Fe 0 Fe2 2e

Te2 2e 0 Teb IO4

2e 0 IO33






a Sb3 MnO4 0 SbO4


in basic solution













(aq) NO2(aq) 0 ClO2

(aq) NO3(aq)





S2O32 I2 0 I S4O6











4FeCl3(s) 3O2(g) 0 2Fe2O3(s) 6Cl2(g)




2ndash)










(aq) Pb2(aq)



















a Zn c Nb O d H


a 3 c 1b 5 d 6


a Zn c Nb O d H





Zn 0 none


H in HNO3 1 none

H in H2O none

N in HNO3 NO3

N in NO2 4 none

N in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in HNO3 2 NO3

O in NO2 none

O in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in H2O 2 none



Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit




























Practice


Chem MC-653

null

14628613


Pre-Lab





ions


Procedure






and eyes







householdammonia





CHEMLAB 20

Data Table

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5











Cu2 NH3 0 Cu(NH3)42









NH3 ClO 0 NH2Cl OH



H Cr2O72 C2H5OH 0

Cr3 C2H4O H2O



Error Analysis

CHEMLAB 655

CHAPTER 20 CHEMLAB

1

4

3

2

5


1


2


3


4


5




How It Works


Study Guide 657


Vocabulary




















(p 644)

















reactions (201)











Zn2 2e 0 Zn








a Al 0 Al3 3e

b NO2 0 NO3 e

c Cu2 e 0 Cu


a CaCrO4 c NO2

b NaHSO4 d BrO3






5

in which atoms

6

2

1

consists of two

called43

7


8


Assessment 659



a Fe3 0 Fe2

b HPO32 0 HPO4

2




f NF3




trioxide (SO3)


redox equations



a Al I2 0 Al3 I















acid solution)b IO3







(in basic solution)







a OF2 c RuO4b UO2

2 d Fe2O3





a Fe 0 Fe2 2e

Te2 2e 0 Teb IO4

2e 0 IO33






a Sb3 MnO4 0 SbO4


in basic solution













(aq) NO2(aq) 0 ClO2

(aq) NO3(aq)





S2O32 I2 0 I S4O6











4FeCl3(s) 3O2(g) 0 2Fe2O3(s) 6Cl2(g)




2ndash)










(aq) Pb2(aq)



















a Zn c Nb O d H


a 3 c 1b 5 d 6


a Zn c Nb O d H





Zn 0 none


H in HNO3 1 none

H in H2O none

N in HNO3 NO3

N in NO2 4 none

N in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in HNO3 2 NO3

O in NO2 none

O in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in H2O 2 none



Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

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Pre-Lab





ions


Procedure






and eyes







householdammonia





CHEMLAB 20

Data Table

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5











Cu2 NH3 0 Cu(NH3)42









NH3 ClO 0 NH2Cl OH



H Cr2O72 C2H5OH 0

Cr3 C2H4O H2O



Error Analysis

CHEMLAB 655

CHAPTER 20 CHEMLAB

1

4

3

2

5


1


2


3


4


5




How It Works


Study Guide 657


Vocabulary




















(p 644)

















reactions (201)











Zn2 2e 0 Zn








a Al 0 Al3 3e

b NO2 0 NO3 e

c Cu2 e 0 Cu


a CaCrO4 c NO2

b NaHSO4 d BrO3






5

in which atoms

6

2

1

consists of two

called43

7


8


Assessment 659



a Fe3 0 Fe2

b HPO32 0 HPO4

2




f NF3




trioxide (SO3)


redox equations



a Al I2 0 Al3 I















acid solution)b IO3







(in basic solution)







a OF2 c RuO4b UO2

2 d Fe2O3





a Fe 0 Fe2 2e

Te2 2e 0 Teb IO4

2e 0 IO33






a Sb3 MnO4 0 SbO4


in basic solution













(aq) NO2(aq) 0 ClO2

(aq) NO3(aq)





S2O32 I2 0 I S4O6











4FeCl3(s) 3O2(g) 0 2Fe2O3(s) 6Cl2(g)




2ndash)










(aq) Pb2(aq)



















a Zn c Nb O d H


a 3 c 1b 5 d 6


a Zn c Nb O d H





Zn 0 none


H in HNO3 1 none

H in H2O none

N in HNO3 NO3

N in NO2 4 none

N in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in HNO3 2 NO3

O in NO2 none

O in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in H2O 2 none



Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

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Exit











Cu2 NH3 0 Cu(NH3)42









NH3 ClO 0 NH2Cl OH



H Cr2O72 C2H5OH 0

Cr3 C2H4O H2O



Error Analysis

CHEMLAB 655

CHAPTER 20 CHEMLAB

1

4

3

2

5


1


2


3


4


5




How It Works


Study Guide 657


Vocabulary




















(p 644)

















reactions (201)











Zn2 2e 0 Zn








a Al 0 Al3 3e

b NO2 0 NO3 e

c Cu2 e 0 Cu


a CaCrO4 c NO2

b NaHSO4 d BrO3






5

in which atoms

6

2

1

consists of two

called43

7


8


Assessment 659



a Fe3 0 Fe2

b HPO32 0 HPO4

2




f NF3




trioxide (SO3)


redox equations



a Al I2 0 Al3 I















acid solution)b IO3







(in basic solution)







a OF2 c RuO4b UO2

2 d Fe2O3





a Fe 0 Fe2 2e

Te2 2e 0 Teb IO4

2e 0 IO33






a Sb3 MnO4 0 SbO4


in basic solution













(aq) NO2(aq) 0 ClO2

(aq) NO3(aq)





S2O32 I2 0 I S4O6











4FeCl3(s) 3O2(g) 0 2Fe2O3(s) 6Cl2(g)




2ndash)










(aq) Pb2(aq)



















a Zn c Nb O d H


a 3 c 1b 5 d 6


a Zn c Nb O d H





Zn 0 none


H in HNO3 1 none

H in H2O none

N in HNO3 NO3

N in NO2 4 none

N in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in HNO3 2 NO3

O in NO2 none

O in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in H2O 2 none



Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

1

4

3

2

5


1


2


3


4


5




How It Works


Study Guide 657


Vocabulary




















(p 644)

















reactions (201)











Zn2 2e 0 Zn








a Al 0 Al3 3e

b NO2 0 NO3 e

c Cu2 e 0 Cu


a CaCrO4 c NO2

b NaHSO4 d BrO3






5

in which atoms

6

2

1

consists of two

called43

7


8


Assessment 659



a Fe3 0 Fe2

b HPO32 0 HPO4

2




f NF3




trioxide (SO3)


redox equations



a Al I2 0 Al3 I















acid solution)b IO3







(in basic solution)







a OF2 c RuO4b UO2

2 d Fe2O3





a Fe 0 Fe2 2e

Te2 2e 0 Teb IO4

2e 0 IO33






a Sb3 MnO4 0 SbO4


in basic solution













(aq) NO2(aq) 0 ClO2

(aq) NO3(aq)





S2O32 I2 0 I S4O6











4FeCl3(s) 3O2(g) 0 2Fe2O3(s) 6Cl2(g)




2ndash)










(aq) Pb2(aq)



















a Zn c Nb O d H


a 3 c 1b 5 d 6


a Zn c Nb O d H





Zn 0 none


H in HNO3 1 none

H in H2O none

N in HNO3 NO3

N in NO2 4 none

N in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in HNO3 2 NO3

O in NO2 none

O in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in H2O 2 none



Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Study Guide 657


Vocabulary




















(p 644)

















reactions (201)











Zn2 2e 0 Zn








a Al 0 Al3 3e

b NO2 0 NO3 e

c Cu2 e 0 Cu


a CaCrO4 c NO2

b NaHSO4 d BrO3






5

in which atoms

6

2

1

consists of two

called43

7


8


Assessment 659



a Fe3 0 Fe2

b HPO32 0 HPO4

2




f NF3




trioxide (SO3)


redox equations



a Al I2 0 Al3 I















acid solution)b IO3







(in basic solution)







a OF2 c RuO4b UO2

2 d Fe2O3





a Fe 0 Fe2 2e

Te2 2e 0 Teb IO4

2e 0 IO33






a Sb3 MnO4 0 SbO4


in basic solution













(aq) NO2(aq) 0 ClO2

(aq) NO3(aq)





S2O32 I2 0 I S4O6











4FeCl3(s) 3O2(g) 0 2Fe2O3(s) 6Cl2(g)




2ndash)










(aq) Pb2(aq)



















a Zn c Nb O d H


a 3 c 1b 5 d 6


a Zn c Nb O d H





Zn 0 none


H in HNO3 1 none

H in H2O none

N in HNO3 NO3

N in NO2 4 none

N in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in HNO3 2 NO3

O in NO2 none

O in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in H2O 2 none



Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

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reactions (201)











Zn2 2e 0 Zn








a Al 0 Al3 3e

b NO2 0 NO3 e

c Cu2 e 0 Cu


a CaCrO4 c NO2

b NaHSO4 d BrO3






5

in which atoms

6

2

1

consists of two

called43

7


8


Assessment 659



a Fe3 0 Fe2

b HPO32 0 HPO4

2




f NF3




trioxide (SO3)


redox equations



a Al I2 0 Al3 I















acid solution)b IO3







(in basic solution)







a OF2 c RuO4b UO2

2 d Fe2O3





a Fe 0 Fe2 2e

Te2 2e 0 Teb IO4

2e 0 IO33






a Sb3 MnO4 0 SbO4


in basic solution













(aq) NO2(aq) 0 ClO2

(aq) NO3(aq)





S2O32 I2 0 I S4O6











4FeCl3(s) 3O2(g) 0 2Fe2O3(s) 6Cl2(g)




2ndash)










(aq) Pb2(aq)



















a Zn c Nb O d H


a 3 c 1b 5 d 6


a Zn c Nb O d H





Zn 0 none


H in HNO3 1 none

H in H2O none

N in HNO3 NO3

N in NO2 4 none

N in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in HNO3 2 NO3

O in NO2 none

O in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in H2O 2 none



Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






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Chapter Preview





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Assessment 659



a Fe3 0 Fe2

b HPO32 0 HPO4

2




f NF3




trioxide (SO3)


redox equations



a Al I2 0 Al3 I















acid solution)b IO3







(in basic solution)







a OF2 c RuO4b UO2

2 d Fe2O3





a Fe 0 Fe2 2e

Te2 2e 0 Teb IO4

2e 0 IO33






a Sb3 MnO4 0 SbO4


in basic solution













(aq) NO2(aq) 0 ClO2

(aq) NO3(aq)





S2O32 I2 0 I S4O6











4FeCl3(s) 3O2(g) 0 2Fe2O3(s) 6Cl2(g)




2ndash)










(aq) Pb2(aq)



















a Zn c Nb O d H


a 3 c 1b 5 d 6


a Zn c Nb O d H





Zn 0 none


H in HNO3 1 none

H in H2O none

N in HNO3 NO3

N in NO2 4 none

N in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in HNO3 2 NO3

O in NO2 none

O in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in H2O 2 none



Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

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a Fe 0 Fe2 2e

Te2 2e 0 Teb IO4

2e 0 IO33






a Sb3 MnO4 0 SbO4


in basic solution













(aq) NO2(aq) 0 ClO2

(aq) NO3(aq)





S2O32 I2 0 I S4O6











4FeCl3(s) 3O2(g) 0 2Fe2O3(s) 6Cl2(g)




2ndash)










(aq) Pb2(aq)



















a Zn c Nb O d H


a 3 c 1b 5 d 6


a Zn c Nb O d H





Zn 0 none


H in HNO3 1 none

H in H2O none

N in HNO3 NO3

N in NO2 4 none

N in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in HNO3 2 NO3

O in NO2 none

O in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in H2O 2 none



Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

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(aq) Pb2(aq)



















a Zn c Nb O d H


a 3 c 1b 5 d 6


a Zn c Nb O d H





Zn 0 none


H in HNO3 1 none

H in H2O none

N in HNO3 NO3

N in NO2 4 none

N in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in HNO3 2 NO3

O in NO2 none

O in Zn(NO3)2 NO3

O in H2O 2 none



Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





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chapter 20: redox reactions - neshaminy school · pdf file634 chapter 20 redox reactions...

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