chapter 20 human impacts on the environment outline: i. introduced species ii. human impacts iii....
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 20 Human Impacts on the
Environment
Outline:
I. Introduced species
II. Human impacts
III. The biodiversity crisis
IV. Conservation biology
V. The goal of sustainable development
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About 12% of all known bird species
are endangered
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One-third of all vertebrate species
live on just 15% of Earth’s land
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Purposefully introduced invasive species have cost the US economy $130 billion
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Human impact
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I. Introduced Species
• Are species that humans intentionally or accidentally move from the species’ native (home) locations to new geographic regions.
• Examples:– The European starling– Argentine ants– The zebra mussel
Can you name some species native to the US?What is the number of introduced species in the US?
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European starlings
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Argentine ants ganging up on a NATIVE red ant
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Zebra mussels
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II. Human Impact on Ecosystems
– Human population has markedly changed natural habitat systems.
• A. Impacts on Chemical cycles
– Carbon- increased burning of fossil fuels – Nitrogen & Phosphorus - fertilizers & sewage
treatment facilities
– Water – irrigating crops & deforestation
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Carbon dioxide producers
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Eutrophication causing algal bloom
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Deforestation
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Human impacts of releasing toxins
– The release of new toxic materials cannot be degraded by microorganisms
– Toxins can accumulate in tissues of animals
– Biological magnification• A process in which toxins become more
concentrated in successive trophic levels of a food web
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Human Impact on the Atmosphere and Climate
– Carbon Dioxide Emissions• Since industrial revolution CO2 has increased in
atmosphere
– The Greenhouse Effect• Retains solar heat in the atmosphere
– Increased global temperatures have potentially disastrous consequences
Remember the film?
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Increase atmospheric CO2, temp variation
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Factors influencing greenhouse effect
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How do changes in number of producers and consumers influence production and uptake of global CO2?
How do different types of industry influence global CO2?
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– Depletion of Atmospheric Ozone
• The ozone layer absorbs UV radiation
• Thinning since 1975 due to CFC’s
• Consequences-
– Increased skin cancer, cataracts
– Amphibian population declines
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Thickness of ozone layer decreasing
1979
2000
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III. The Biodiversity Crisis
– Human activity is causing a decline in the Earth’s great variety of life
– A. Biodiversity has three main components1. the diversity of ecosystems
2. the variety of species that makeup communities
3. the genetic variation within each species
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Tropical rain forest
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– B. The Loss of Species – The current mass extinction - worldwide
• Caused by human activity• Broader & faster than past extinctions• 12% of known bird species • 24% of known mammal species are threatened
with extinction• Biologist Edward O. Wilson has compiled the
Hundred Heartbeat Club– Species with fewer than 100 individuals
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Chinese river dolphin
Javan rhinoceros
Philippine eagle
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C. Three Main Causes of the Biodiversity Crisis
–1. Habitat Destruction
• Is the single greatest threat to biodiversity
–2. Introduced Species• Ranks second behind habitat loss. Can cause
rapid extinctions
– 3. Overexploitation of wildlife
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Habitat destruction
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Introduced species
Lake Victoria, East Africa
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Overexploitation
Do you like bluefin tuna? Do you eat sushi?
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D. Why Biodiversity Matters
– Humans rely on biodiversity for• Food, clothing, shelter, oxygen, soil fertility,
medicinal substances
– Endemic species• Are those found nowhere else
– The loss of diversity• Limits the potential for new discoveries of food
and medicine
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IV. Conservation Biology
A science that seeks to counter the loss of biodiversity
– Biodiversity hot spots
• Small areas with an exceptional concentration of species, including endemics
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Do you understand why its important to preserve biodiversity in CA?
Terrestrial biodiversity hot spots
Notice California
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Conservation at the Population & Species Levels
– The U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA)
• Definition: endangered species
– “…a species in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range”
• Definition: threatened species
– “…a species likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future”
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Habitat & Population Fragmentation
– Fragmentation can results in
• A decrease in the overall size of populations
• A reduction in gene flow among subpopulations
• Harmful side effect of human habitation
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Mt. Hood National Forest
Northern spotted owl
?
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What Makes a Good Habitat?
– Identifying the specific combination of habitat factors that is critical for a species is fundamental to conservation biology
• Example: Polar Bears
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Conserving Species amid Conflicting Demands
– Competing demands for habitat
– Edges and corridors between ecosystems• Promote dispersal & help sustain populationsEspecially important to species that migrate
between different habitats seasonally
• The owl• Wolf• Grizzly bear• Bull trout
• Jobs in • Timber• Mining
• Loss of livestock• Camping safety
VS
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Natural edges between ecosystems
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Edges created by human activities
Heavily logged rain forest in Malaysia
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An artificial corridor
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V. The Goal of Sustainable Development
– Sustainable development• Balances human needs with the health of the
biosphere
– The goal of sustainable development• Is the long-term prosperity of human societies
and the ecosystems that support them
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Some Ways You Can Promote Sustainability
Reduce consumption
• Buy less• Avoid excess packaging• Avoid products make from non-renewable resources• Fix things rather than discarding them
Be more energy efficient• Bike, walk, take public transportation, drive less• Share rides• Purchase efficient appliances and vehicles
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Promote recycling
• Recycle at home and at work• Purchase products made from recycled materials
Promote research and education
• Talk about environmental issues with friends, family• Sponsor environmental initiatives on your campus • Serve as a role model through your actions
…more on Table 20.1
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Biophilia and an Environmental Ethic
– Edward O. Wilson
• Biophilia
the human desire to affiliate with other life in its many forms, is innate
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…Respect Earth’s biodiversity
Near Walden pond
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…the look of ‘biophilia’ on his face
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2. Carbon dioxide traps heat and warms the atmosphere, a process called the _________ effect.
3. It is hard to protect species such as the monarch butterfly, sea turtles, and many songbirds, because they _________.
1. Severe population _________ is one of the most severe consequences of habitat degradation.
5. Fertilizer runoff can result in the _________ of lakes.
6. The goal of _________ development is to ensure that each generation inherits adequate resources and a stable environment.
7. Most biodiversity hot spots are in the _________.
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14. The Earth is facing a serious _________ crisis.
20. In the US, 25% of prescriptions contain substances derived from _________.
22. Burning of _________ fuels produces carbon dioxide that may contribute to global warming.
8. Biological _________ of pesticides harms animals at the top of the food chain.
18. The _________ is a law that protects endangered and threatened species.
10. Human alteration of _________ is the greatest threat to biodiversity.
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Reading Assignment for:
Next week, 12/4/07 & 12/6/07
Chapter 17The Evolution of Animals