Chapter 20Chapter 20

““Girding for War: The North and Girding for War: The North and South” South”

Fort SumterFort Sumter

Fort SumterFort Sumter

• Federal arsenal in South Carolina. One of the few Union forts still in the North’s hands after secession.

• 100 men guarding the fort called for reinforcements. Lincoln told Confederacy that the Union was sending supplies

• South Carolina looked upon the action as an act of war and fired the fist shots of the Civil War

• Lincoln made it clear that the Union would not fire the first shot.

• This was a ploy to guarantee that the border states would remain in the Union.

South Carolina Assails Fort SumterSouth Carolina Assails Fort Sumter

Border StatesBorder States

• Missouri• Kentucky• Maryland• Delaware

Border StatesBorder States

• The remaining Border States were crucial for both sides, as they would have almost doubled the manufacturing capacity of the South

• Maryland’s close proximity to DC was a concern

• Lincoln’s Quest to keep the Border State– Calling the war a war to save the union not free the slaves– Declaration of martial law in the border states– Suspension of the writ of habeas corpus in Maryland– Supervised voting in the border states– African-Americans denied the right to fight

Advantages/DisadvantagesAdvantages/Disadvantages

• Northern Advantages

– More population

– More railroads

– More money

– Immigrants

– More industrial capacity

– Better technology

– More food (farms)

• Southern Advantage

– Better generals

– Need only hold off North

– Homefield advantage

Breaking it downBreaking it down

•

                                                                                                                   

by Darrielle 

                                                                                                              

by George

                                                                                                              

by Amanda

                                         

Cotton the Lifeblood of the SouthCotton the Lifeblood of the South

• Confederacy was expecting foreign intervention in the war because of the assumed European reliance on cotton.

• Help from Great Britain or France never came because of the power of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, and their reliance on the North for food

• In the end Europe received cotton from Egypt as well as from the North

CottonCotton

Trent AffairTrent Affair

• On November 8, 1861, the USS Jacinto, flouting international laws, stopped the British mail packet the Trent sailing from Havana to England and arrested two Confederate diplomats and their secretaries who were on a diplomatic mission to England. They were imprisoned in Boston. The British government demanded their release.

• Great Britain threatened war and sent troops to the Canadian border.

• A two front war was possible when Lincoln apologized and freed the prisoners averting the disaster

Foreign Affairs during WarForeign Affairs during War

• Alabama Claims - In 1862, the Alabama escaped to the Portuguese Azores, took on weapons and crew from Britain, but never sailed into a Confederate base, thus using a loophole to help the South

• Napoleon III - installed a puppet government in Mexico City, putting in the Austrian Archduke Maximilian as emperor of Mexico, but after the war, the U.S. threatened violence, and Napoleon left Maximilian to doom at the hands of the Mexican firing squad.

President Davis versus President President Davis versus President LincolnLincoln

• The Problem with the South was that it gave states the ability to secede in the future, and getting Southern states to send troops to help other states was always difficult to do

• Jefferson Davis was never really popular and overworked himself

• Lincoln, though with his problems, had the benefit of leading an established government and grew patient and relaxed as the war dragged on

Limitations on Wartime LibertiesLimitations on Wartime Liberties

• Blockade

• Illegally increasing the size of the army. Congress only authorized to do this

• Suspension of the writ of habeas corpus

• Supervised voting in the border states

• Suspension of newspapers

Conscription lawsConscription laws

• During the American Civil War, the conscription law of the North provided the opportunity for religious objectors and others to buy their way out of the draft. Those who refused or could not afford that option were treated harshly under military law. Four thousand men served in the military as unarmed legal conscientious objectors (COs).

• Both sides used the draft• 90% of Northern troops were volunteer• Confederacy drafted “from the cradle to the grave”

Economics and Civil WarEconomics and Civil War

• North passed first ever income tax• North increased the protective tariff• Both sides borrowed money from people – war bonds• The National Banking Act was the first step toward a

unified national banking network since 1836, when the Bank of the United States (BUS) was killed by Andrew Jackson.

• South had huge problems with currency and inflation– 9000% increase in inflation

• North had an economic boom during the war– Only 80% increase in inflation

Homestead ActHomestead Act

• Passed during the Civil War

• Gave 120 acres of land to anyone who agreed to farm land in the west

• Few succeeded at first

HomesteadersHomesteaders