chapter 20: a new century - weebly · chapter 20 a new century 457 step 1 fold a sheet of notebook...

452

South Texas Panorama by Warren Hunter (1939)was originally painted for the walls of the OldPost Office Building in Alice, Texas. When the

building was destroyed, the mural was moved tothe Smithsonian Institution for preservation. A

scene from that mural is shown at right.

Why It MattersAs you study Unit 7, you will learn about Texas in the first half of

the 1900s. Texas and the United States faced economic depression

and world war during the first half of the twentieth century. Texans

acted boldly in response to both challenges. By doing so they

provided vital national leadership necessary to solve the crises.

Primary Sources LibrarySee pages 696–697 for primary source readings to accompany Unit 7.

TheEarly 20thCentury

1900–1950

CHAPTER XX Chapter TitleChapter Title

“We are passing througha critical period . . .”

—Governor Coke R. Stevenson,

Inaugural Address, January 19, 1943

1. Where are the oldest oil basins in Texas andapproximately how old are they? (See inset map.)

2. What conditions changed decayed plants and animals into oil and gas?

L E A R N I N G f r o m G E O G R A P H Y

TEXAS OILPartially decayed plants and animals that livedhundreds of millions of years ago may be heating yourhome or helping your family car run. The plants andanimals have been transformed, or changed, into oil and gas.

Oil Formation

Millions of years ago the ancient Gulf of Mexico cov-ered what is now South Texas. Billions of tiny plantsand animals living in the Gulf died and sank into themuddy ooze at the bottom of the seafloor.

When the sea level fell, rivers brought sand and othersediments from the mountains and covered the decay-ing plants and animals. As time passed the sedimentsgradually hardened into sandstone, a rock that haspores, or spaces.

When the sea level rose again, another muddy layerwas deposited. It formed a seal over the porous rocks.

As layers built up, the weight caused the seafloor tosink and slide. Pressure, time, and heat changed thepartially decayed plants and animals into oil and gas.

Oil and natural gas rose through the holes in theporous sandstone until they were trapped by the seal.Today geologists look for those reservoirs, or pocketsof trapped oil, when they want to drill for oil.

Geologists have also discovered a lot of oil and natural gasin the western part of Texas. Rocks that contain oil and gasresources in the western region were formed in an earlierperiod when shallow seas covered the area.

&GEOGRAPHY HISTORY

454

In the Gulf of Mexico, the darker theblue, the deeper the water. Green rep-resents land. Most oil is found in thegreen areas of Texas and light bluearea offshore.

Oil field

Gulf of

Mexico

Albers Equal-Area Projection0 km

0 mi. 150

200

N

S

EW

2

3

4

5

1

G u l f o f M e x i c o

T E X A S

455

A buried mountain range separates twoareas rich in oil. Rocks that later yielded oilin the basins of West Texas (green in inset)were formed in an earlier period.

0 km

0 mi. 150

200Albers Equal-Area Projection

N

S

EW

Older than 150 million years

Younger than 150 million years

Buried mountain range

MAJOR BASINS WHERE OIL FORMED

1

Ancient shore

Ancient Gulf

of Mexico

Older rocks First muddy layer

Porous sandstone

Second muddy layer (seal)

Porous sandstone

Second layer

of sandstone

Evidence of

sliding seafloor

Second muddy layer (seal)

Natural gas

Oil

First muddy layer

Porous sandstone

Second layer

of sandstone

2

3

4

5

Why It MattersIn the first years of the twentieth century, Texas began

to change from a rural state in which most people

depended upon agriculture to a state with growing

industrial cities. Ranches continued to be turned into farms.

Immigration from Mexico increased in response to the

political unrest there and to the demand for workers in Texas.

The Impact TodayTexas’s role as an energy capital for the United States began

at Spindletop in 1901. Although the dependence upon oil has

lessened in recent years, energy production remains an

important segment of the Texas economy.

456 CHAPTER 20 A New Century

1900 1905

1900

★ Galveston hurricane of 1900

1901

★ Spindletop gusher

1901

• Theodore Rooseveltbecame president

1900

• Boxer Rebellion in China

1909

• National Association for the Advancement of

Colored People formed

A NewCentury

457CHAPTER 20 A New Century

Step 1 Fold a sheet of notebook paper in halffrom side to side.

Step 2 On one side, cut along every third line.

Step 3 Label your foldable as shown.

Tabs will formas you cut.

Identifying Main Ideas Study Foldable

To fully understand what you read, you must beable to identify and explain key vocabulary termsand chapter concepts. Use this foldable to identify,define, and use important terms and phrases inChapter 20.

Reading and Writing As you read the chapter,write an explanation of each term or phrase onthe back of each tab of your foldable. Then, undereach tab, write an original sentence correctly usingthe term or phrase.

Disast

er/Ga

lvesto

n

Oil: T

exas G

old

Lumb

er

Indust

ry

Dalla

s

Votin

g Refo

rm

Prohib

ition

Discri

mina

tion

Cultu

res Cl

ash

Orga

nized

Grou

ps

By the mid 1920s, Houston had all the characteristics of a

“modern” industrialized city. Shown here is a view of Texas

Avenue and Main Street, the center of the retail business district.

TEXASHISTORY

Chapter Overview

Visit the texans.glencoe.comWeb site and click onChapter 20—Chapter

Overviews to previewchapter information.

1915

1912

★ Houston chapter of

NAACP formed

1913

• Mohandas Gandhi, leader of Indian Passive ResistanceMovement, arrested

1917

• U.S. entered World War I

1919

• Eighteenth Amendment (Prohibition)ratified

1920

• Nineteenth Amendment (Woman Suffrage) ratified

1914

• World War I began in Europe

1914

★ Houston Ship Channelofficially opened

1920

http://www.glencoe.com/sec/socialstudies/ushistory/tx2003/content.php4/676/1


Galveston struck by severe hurricane

Spindletop—first oil gusher

The Modern Era Begins

Guide to Reading

Main Idea

The new century brought manychanges to Texas.

Key Terms

derrick

scrip

conservationist

retail

white-collar

Reading Strategy

Organizing Information In the early1900s, oil was discovered in threemain areas of Texas. Draw a chart likethe one below and list the three oilfields and nearby towns.

Read to Learn

• what event devastated Galveston.• why Spindletop was important.• how the oil industry promoted

growth.

Section Theme

Economic Factors Remote areas of Texas became accessible, andeconomic growth occurred in everyarea of Texas.

First Texas oil well drillednear Nacogdoches

Preview of Events

HoustonShip Channelopens

By 1910 even the most remote sections of Texas—like the Big Bend

region—were accessible to settlers. As did many other families, Hallie Crawford

and her parents decided to make one last move. “The last move I made with my

family was in 1910 to Alpine, Brewster County, Texas. It offered opportunities to

make a good living, the school system was good, and Uncle Jim and his family

also lived there.”

—I’ll Gather My Geese by Hallie Crawford Stillwell

Into the New Century

The beginning of the modern era is marked by two momentous eventsthat occurred in southeast Texas in 1900 and 1901. One of these involvedwater, the other involved oil.

✦1866 ✦1900 ✦1901 ✦1914

Oil Field Nearby Town

Hallie Crawford Stillwell

• A powerful tropical hurricane hitsthe city.

• Tidal waves batter the island for 12 hours.

• Winds reach 120 mph.

On September 8, 1900, a fierce hurricane destroyed or damaged most of the city of Galveston.

Drawing Conclusions How would an emergency test the government?

Causes and Effects of the Destruction of Galveston


• 6,000 citizens die; thousands moreare left homeless.

• Galveston adopts a new form ofgovernment to handle rebuilding.

Disaster Strikes Galveston

In many ways, Galveston was the most modernTexas city. It had the first electric lights and tele-phones in the state. A magnificent opera house,built in 1894, hosted world-class performers.

On September 8, 1900, Galveston was struckby a hurricane of unbelievable force. The stormbattered the city for 12 hours, with windsreaching 120 miles (194 km) an hour. High-cresting tidal waves completely covered theisland. When the storm was over, dazedGalvestonians discovered that 6,000 of theirneighbors had perished in the water and rub-ble. Half of the city lay in ruins. Thousandswere left homeless. It was the worst naturaldisaster in U.S. history. In its wake, theWomen’s Health Protective Associationorganized to inspect and safeguard cemeteries,streets, markets, dairies, schools, hospitals, andparks. To cope with the emergency, a new typeof city government was formed (see page 466).

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers built a sea-wall to provide protection against any futurehurricanes. After it was completed, all ofGalveston behind the seawall had to be raised.Houses that had withstood the hurricane werejacked up, and engineers pumped sand from thebay under them. Some buildings in Galvestonwere raised as much as 10 feet (3 m).

After Galveston was rebuilt, it resumed itstraditional role as a port of entry for immigrants.

Rabbi Henry Cohen greeted Jewish peoplefleeing from persecution in Russia and easternEurope. Italians came through Galveston ontheir way to farms in the Brazos Valley. Italian,Lebanese, and Greek newcomers also found jobsin the growing cities of the Coastal Plainsregion, such as Houston and Beaumont.

Explaining Why was the Women’s

Health Protective Association formed in Galveston?

Oil—Texas Gold

Only four months after the hurricane and lessthan 100 miles away, another event occurred thatchanged the economy of Texas and the U.S. Theevent was the discovery of a major oil deposit.

People had known about oil for centuries.Native Americans had probably used it for med-icine. Survivors of the de Soto expedition founddeposits of sticky tar on the Texas coast. Theyused it to fix leaks in their boats.

In later times Anglo Americans used oil togrease the axles on their wagons. In the 1840s aCanadian scientist discovered how to makekerosene fuel from petroleum. Kerosene lampsprovided much better light than did candles.As the demand for kerosene grew, operatorsbegan drilling for oil. In 1859 Edwin Drakedrilled the first successful oil well in Pennsyl-vania, near Titusville. Soon drilling began inOhio and West Virginia.

Saratoga escaped the periodof lawlessness that many oilboomtowns experienced.What was the discovery thatstarted the oil boom in 1901?

History

In 1866 Lyne T. Barret drilled the first oil wellin Texas, a few miles east of Nacogdoches. Itproduced only 10 barrels per day, but by 1890the field at Oil Springs, as it was known, had 40wells and a pipeline to Nacogdoches. In 1894 adriller searching for water near Corsicanafound oil at a depth of 1,050 feet (320 m). Soonother wells were drilled, starting an oil boom inthe area. Joseph S. Cullinan built a refinery atCorsicana to process the crude oil. Cullinan pio-neered using natural gas for home heating andlighting, and using oil to power locomotives.This was the first refinery built west of theMississippi River.

Spindletop—the First Gusher

South of Beaumont on the coastal prairie wasa small hill named Spindletop. Earlier attemptsto drill for oil near Spindletop had been unsuc-cessful, but oilmen such as Pattillo Higginsand Anthony Lucas remained optimistic.Another well was started, with Lucas in chargeof the drilling. On January 10, 1901, the rotarydrilling bit dug 1,139 feet (347 m) into theground, and mud started coming up the hole.There was brief silence. Then mud, gas, and oilstarted shooting into the air, as high as 100 feet

(31 m). The well flowed nonstop for the next 9 days. It is estimated that 100,000 barrels of oilflowed per day until the well could be capped.

There had been nothing to compare with theSpindletop gusher, and the almost unbelievableflow of oil continued. In 1901 the Spindletop OilField yielded more than four times as much oilas had been produced the year before by allTexas oil wells combined. In 1902 Spindletopproduction quadrupled.

Beaumont changed overnight. Oil prospectorsand drillers descended on the city. Oil companieslike the Texas Company (later Texaco) were start-ed. Within a few months, the population ofBeaumont increased from 9,000 to 50,000. Therewere not enough places for people to stay. Hotelrooms were rented for 8-hour shifts. Barberchairs and pool tables served as beds.

Spindletop boosted overall economic develop-ment, both within Texas and beyond the state.Business leaders built a refinery in Pennsylvania torefine Spindletop oil. Others constructed refiner-ies, pipelines, ocean tankers, and storage facilities.More important, the success of Spindletop encour-aged oil drilling in other locations.

Examining How did oil discoveries

change Beaumont?


Saratoga★Saratoga★

Boomtowns in Southeast Texas

Oil operators began drilling all aroundBeaumont. Within two years of the Spindletopdiscovery, oil fields opened at Sour Lake, Sara-toga, and Batson. In 1904 drillers discovered oilnear Humble, 20 miles (32 km) north of Houston.The Humble Oil Company became the multina-tional corporation known as Exxon–Mobil.

Early boomtowns were noisy, dirty, haz-ardous, and crowded. Charles Jeffries, an oilworker, recalled his days at Sour Lake:

“It was the gas fresh from the wells, less diffused

and more highly impregnated with sulphur, that the

workers dreaded. This kind had hardly any scent,

but it was as deadly as a murderer. Its effect when

breathed was much like that of chloroform. If a per-

son, or any other living animal, inhaled a few strong

breaths of it, he would fall over unconscious; and if

he lay in it and continued to breathe it, he would die

as surely as if chloroformed.”

Oil production moved nearer the Texas coastwith the opening of the Goose Creek Oil Fieldin 1916. This field was unusual because some ofits wells were drilled in the waters of GalvestonBay. Because of its coastal location, operatorsbuilt a major refinery nearby. For many years itwas one of the largest refineries in the world. Anew settlement near the refinery joined with thecommunities of Goose Creek and Pelly to be-come the prosperous town of Baytown.

Houston Benefits From

Oil Discoveries

Houston reaped the most benefit from the oildiscoveries of the Coastal Plains. As oil fields grewaround it, Houston became the center of oil busi-ness activities. Houston was prepared to becomethe leading city. In 1900 it had a well-developedrail network. Its city motto was “Where 17Railroads Meet the Sea.” Petroleum companiesneeded the banking, insurance, transportation,and legal services that Houston could provide.

N

S

EW

200

2000 mi.

0 km

Albers Conic Equal-Area projection

94°W98°W102°W106°W

30°N

34°N

Gulf of

Mexico

TEXAS

NEW

MEXICO

OKLAHOMA

ARK. TENN.

LA.

ALA.

M E X I C O

Perm

ian

Basin

Panhandle Gas Field

Mexia

Humble Field

SourLakeField

Refugio

BurkburnettElectra

BreckenridgeRanger

Desdemona

Houston

Corpus Christi

Big Lake Field

GooseCreekField

SpindletopField

City

Oil field

Major oil field

Major gas field

Texas oil and gas fields aregenerally located in similar areas.Identifying According to themap, where is the largest gasfield in Texas?

Major Petroleum Discoveries in Texas, 1901–1929

Particularly significant was the construction ofthe Houston Ship Channel. Small vessels hadnavigated Buffalo Bayou to Houston since thedays of the Republic, but the bayou was not deepenough to handle modern ships. CongressmanThomas Ball, for whom the town of Tomball waslater named, secured funds from the U.S.Congress to deepen the channel. On November10, 1914, President Woodrow Wilson pressed atelegraph key in the White House that fired a can-non to officially open the Houston Ship Channel.

Lumber Booms in East Texas

The oil boom in southeast Texas created ademand for products needed by the oil industry.One such product was lumber. The derricks—high towers that held the drilling equipment—were made of wood. Houses and stores requiredlarge amounts of wood. The early 1900s saw thelumber industry expand in the Piney Woods ofEast Texas. Rail lines crisscrossed East Texas,

making it easy to get the lumber to market.Workers often lived in towns created by the lum-ber companies. Camden, Kirbyville, and Diboll allhad their origin as company towns.

The life of a lumber worker was not easy. Everyaspect of a lumber worker’s job, from cutting thetree to sawing it into boards, was dangerous. Therewere many injuries. In 1913 the Texas legislaturecreated a system to pay for job-related injuries thattoday is known as workers’ compensation.

Lumber workers often rented their housesfrom the company and were paid in companyscrip rather than currency. Scrip was “money”that could be spent only at company-run stores.Due to this, workers often stayed in debt to thecompany store. Attempts by lumber workers toorganize labor unions were unsuccessful.

The lumber operations created thousands ofacres of deforested lands. Some people believedthese lands should be used for farming, butconservationists (people concerned with preserv-ing natural resources), such as W. Goodrich Jones,replanted pine trees. Today the Texas timber indus-try actually plants more trees than it harvests.


Opened in 1914 and completed in1925, the Houston Ship Channel connects Houston with theGulf of Mexico. Why was building the channel importantto Houston’s growth?

History Houston★Houston★


Checking for Understanding

1. Using Key Terms Write a sentencefor each of these key terms: derrick,scrip, conservationist, retail. Themeaning should be clear from theterm’s use in the sentence.

2. Reviewing Facts In what wayswas Galveston the same and inwhat ways was it different after thehurricane of 1900?

Reviewing Themes

3. Economic Factors How did thediscovery of oil impact the eco-nomic growth of Texas?

Organizing to Learn

4. Analyzing Create a web like theone below, filling in each circlewith a business that was affectedby the oil industry.

Critical Thinking

5. Evaluating Why was the discoveryof oil at Spindletop in 1901 soimportant to other parts of thestate?

Analyzing At the top of this page, thestatement was made: “Many leaderswanted Texas . . . to imitate the Northand develop a variety of industries.”What industries besides oil developed inTexas in the early 20th century?

Oil

Industry

Many leaders wanted Texas and the rest of theSouth to imitate the North and develop a varietyof industries. A plow factory existed at Longview,and attempts were made to create a steel industrynear Rusk. Brickmakers in Henderson andHarrison Counties took advantage of excellentclay deposits to produce high quality bricks.

Explaining How did the oil industry

contribute to the rise of other industries?

Dallas Dominates Central Texas

By 1900 Dallas had emerged as the major cityin central Texas. Manufactured goods from theNorth were shipped by rail to Dallas, and cottonwas shipped out. Companies from the northernand eastern United States that wished to have abranch office in the western part of the countryoften chose Dallas because of its excellent railconnections. Dallas also became a center forbanking, insurance, and legal services.

About this time, Texas consumers began buy-ing more ready-made clothes rather than makingtheir own. Dallas became the leading retail (solddirectly to the consumer in small quantities)center of Texas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico.The Neiman–Marcus department store wasestablished in Dallas in 1907 by Carrie MarcusNeiman, her husband A.L. Neiman, and

her brother, HerbertMarcus. Sears Roe-buck, a Chicago mail-order company, wasAmerica’s largest re-tailer. When the com-pany’s board wanteda southwestern distri-bution center, it choseDallas.

Dallas’s rail con-nections helped makeit a white-collar city.Its work force includ-ed many lawyers, bankers, accountants, andbusiness executives. These community leaderstended to support the arts and cultural activi-ties. Dallas became known for its symphonyorchestra (founded in 1900), the popularMuseum of Art (founded in 1903), bookstores,and other cultural and educational attractions.

Dallas doubled its population from 1900 to 1910. By 1920 it had a population of almost159,000. Fort Worth’s growth rate was evengreater. Other central Texas cities like Waco, Austin, and San Antonio also gainedpopulation.

Examining How did Dallas come to

be considered a “white-collar city”?

Carrie Marcus Neiman

464 CHAPTER 00 Chapter Title

Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking

Making Inferences


Why Learn This Skill?

Making inferences allows you to “read between the lines,” or draw conclusions that are not stateddirectly in the text. Inferences should be based on logical thinking and careful analysis.

Imagine that you hear a news report of a fire nearthe school bus garage. When your bus arrives late,you infer that the fire disrupted the bus schedule.You made an inference that was not based on directinformation but that was suggested by the facts.

Learning the Skill

Use the following steps to help you make inferences.

• Read carefully for stated facts and ideas.• Summarize and list the important facts.• Use other information you know to decide what

inferences can be made.

Practicing the Skill

Read the passage below and answer the questionsthat follow:

The people in Galveston had never held

hurricanes in too much awe . . . a storm was

an occasion for school to let out, for children

to slosh in the streets . . . and for crowds to

gather at the beach and watch waves

crash . . . People now took the storm seriously

and sought shelter . . . [B]y 4 P.M. the entire

island was flooded] . . .

Estimated at 120 miles per hour, the wind

shifted suddenly from east to southeast, send-

ing a five-foot tidal wave rolling over the city.

It was the instant of greatest destruction. In

the large buildings where many had sought

shelter, brick walls gave way to the wall of

water or were battered down by surging

debris . . . Hundreds were crushed or

drowned at a time.

James L. Haley, Texas: An Album of History

1Why did people wait to take shelter from this storm?

2What precautions or preparations might havespared lives and property? How did you infer this?

Making Inferences Write about an event or activitythat you participated in recently, but leave out one ortwo facts. Pose two questions about the event or activitythat a friend or classmate will answer by makinginferences.

Glencoe’s Skillbuilder Interactive Workbook,Level 1, provides instruction and practice in keysocial studies skills.

Galveston hurricane of 1900


Governor JamesFerguson isimpeached

Texas women votein primaryelections

The ProgressiveMovement

Guide to Reading

Main Idea

Reformers attempted to solve theproblems created as the cities grew.

Key Terms

progressivism

commission

primary election

Reading Strategy

Analyzing Draw a chart like the onebelow and describe changes associ-ated with progressivism in Texas.

Read to Learn

• how Galveston’s form of government changed.

• about the Terrell Election Law.• about the suffragists.• about Prohibition.

Section Theme

Government and Democracy The Progressive Movement producedreforms in government and society.

Terrell Election Lawis passed

Preview of Events

Texasprohibitionlaw passed

Galveston Reforms City Government

As more Texans moved to cities, they found new problems and becamemore aware of existing ones. The attempts of reformers to solve thoseproblems became known as the Progressive Movement. Progressivismtook several forms in Texas.

✦1903 ✦1917 ✦1918

Issue Changes

City government

Voting

Voting for women

Prohibition

In 1916, when Hallie Crawford graduated from high school in Brewster

County, there were few job opportunities for women besides teaching.

Teachers then did not have to go to college to be qualified to teach elementary

school. Hallie remembered, “I started school in Alpine as a sixth grader, and by

the time I graduated I not only had my high school diploma but also my teach-

ing certificate. [T]eaching was certainly the most respectable job for a woman.”Hallie Crawford

The storm of 1900 presented Galveston withan opportunity to set up a completely new formof city government. Galvestonians replaced theirmayor and city council with a commission formof government. The five-member commissionmade the laws for the city. Each commissionerwas in charge of one city department, such aspolice, fire, or water services. Galveston’s com-mission form of city government worked so wellthat it became a model for other cities. Houstonadopted it in 1905. Denison, El Paso, Greenville,and Dallas adopted this type of government in1907. Before long, 400 cities across the nation hada commission form of government.

The Terrell Election Law

The Progressives believed that voting was thecornerstone, or fundamental basis, of democ-racy. In 1903 the state legislature passed theTerrell Election Law to ensure that electionswould be carried out fairly. The law called forsecret ballots and restricted campaigning nearpolling booths. An important provision requiredthat major political parties hold primary elec-tions. A primary election is held by a politicalparty before a general election (in November).

Its purpose is to select that party’s official candi-dates from a field of nominees. Those selectedrun in the general election. Although the TerrellElection Law has been amended, or changed,several times since it was originally passed in1903, it remains the basic election law today.

Votes for Women

The election reforms still left women disquali-fied from voting. Many women were determinedto change that mark of second-class citizenship.In 1893 Rebecca Henry Hayes of Galveston hadorganized the Texas Equal Rights Association. In1903 the Finnegan sisters—Annette, Elizabeth,and Katherine—founded the Equal SuffrageLeague of Houston. Suffrage is the right to vote.Other women joined the cause, including MaryEleanor Brackenridge of San Antonio and MinnieFisher Cunningham of Galveston.

Austin suffragists stand in front of TravisCounty Court House in 1918. JaneMcCallum was elected president of the Austin Women’sSuffrage Association in 1915. What did Texassuffragists achieve in 1918?

History Austin★Austin★


Opposition to woman suffrage wasstrong. Many traditionalists argued thatwomen had no need to vote becausemen would protect their rights. Otherssaid that women would neglect theirhomes and children if they became moreinvolved in political affairs.

Suffragists—those supporting wo-men’s right to vote—claimed that justthe opposite was true. They said that ifwomen had the right to vote, theycould be even more effective in theirtraditional roles. They could cast theirballots in favor of better schools, moreplaygrounds, safe parks, and improvedpublic health.

The suffragists also argued that if awoman failed to pay her taxes, her prop-erty could be sold; if she forged a check,she could go to jail; if she stole, she couldbe convicted; and if she defaulted on hercontracts, she could be sued. In none ofthese cases would her father or her hus-band be punished. Therefore, the suffra-gists asked, why was it that the onlyplace in the world that men wanted torepresent women was at the ballot box?

From 1915 to 1918, suffragists wroteletters, signed petitions, and lobbiedstate legislators to let women vote.Governor James Ferguson foughtagainst woman suffrage, but in thesummer of 1917 he was charged with avariety of offenses (not related towoman suffrage). He was impeached,tried, and found guilty, even though hehad already resigned from office.

In 1918 Texas women won the right tovote in party primaries by making a dealwith the new governor, William P.Hobby. They promised that if he wouldsign a bill granting women the right tovote in primaries (which he had neithersupported nor opposed), they wouldsupport him in the forthcoming electionagainst impeached governor James Fer-guson. Hobby signed the bill, and thesuffragists threw their support to him, as

Religious Leaders Support Prohibition onMoral Grounds

There is but one side tothe question as to the

attitude . . . of anyChristian man andthoughtful citizen concern-ing the liquor traffic. Thatattitude is and must everbe one of hostility againstthe entire liquor [powerstructure], local, county,state and national, rootand branch.—proceedings of the sixty-third annual session of theBaptist General Convention of Texas, 1911

The Democratic Governor Opposes

Prohibition as a Loss of Freedom

Civil liberty will give way to military dictatorship. Is

the crime of taking a drink as a beverage so bad

as to justify [the limitation of our freedoms]? Shall our

constitution become a dish-rag for the convenient use

of [politicians] leading a popular clamor? Or shall it

remain the strong protection to the individual?

—Governor Oscar Colquitt, Dallas Morning News,

July 14, 1911

ProhibitionTexans were split between Progressives who favored a statewideban on the sale of alcohol and more traditional Democrats whoopposed such a ban. Read the two views below and then answerthe questions.

Learning From History

1. Why do you think GovernorColquitt was opposed toprohibition?

2. Are the arguments above basedon fact or opinion?

they voted for the first time. Hobby won in alandslide. Full voting rights for women through-out the United States were granted by theNineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitutionin 1920.

Prohibition

The one issue that aroused the most interest inTexas during the Progressive Era was the battleabout alcoholic beverages. Saloons—themain business of which was sellingalcoholic beverages—were a target ofProgressive reformers because alco-hol seemed to be at the center of somany social ills. Saloons wereassociated with gambling, thesale of stolen goods, and the plan-ning of crimes. It was claimedthat men who spent their moneyin saloons forced their families torely on charity.

One of the groups that was mostinvolved in trying to bring about theend of alcohol sales and close down thebusinesses that made alcoholic bever-ages was the Woman’s Christian TemperanceUnion (WCTU). The organization was activeacross the country and had opened chapters in

Texas as early as the 1880s. The Texas Anti-SaloonLeague formed in 1907 and became another pow-erful voice in the battle to outlaw drinking in thestate. Certain church groups strongly supportedthe efforts of these organizations.

The brewing industry opposed prohibition.German and Italian immigrants generallyopposed prohibition, as did conservatives whodisapproved of a strong federal government. In1918, however, Texas approved a statewide

prohibition law, and in 1919 the EighteenthAmendment to the U.S. Constitution

made prohibition the law of the landthroughout the United States.

Prohibition was in effect nation-ally from 1920 to 1933. There is nodoubt that many people believe thelaw prohibiting the manufacture ofalcohol reduced the amount of alco-

hol that Americans drank. However,many people resented the law and

some people broke it. The EighteenthAmendment became an unpopular lawthat was eventually repealed in 1933. Itwas thought that the repeal would helpto improve the economy.

Examining Why did religious groups

generally support prohibition?


1. Using Key Terms Use the termsprogressivism and primary election in sentences to show you understand their definitions.

2. Reviewing Facts Galvestonadopted the commission form ofgovernment. What other Texascities adopted this same form ofcity government?

Reviewing Themes

3. Government and Democracy

How did the Terrell Election Lawmake elections fairer?

Organizing to Learn

4. Creating a Chart Although thesuffragists were determined to winthe right to vote for women, otherswere just as determined to stopthem. Draw a chart like the onebelow and list the arguments forand against woman suffrage.

Critical Thinking

5. Analyzing Why are groups moresuccessful in solving political prob-lems than individuals?

6. Evaluating Why do you thinkwomen were denied the right tovote for so long?

Making Judgments The suffragistsworked to change the voting laws so thatwomen could vote. If you could changeany present voting law, which one wouldit be? Why?

Arguments for Arguments Against


Governor William P. Hobby(1878–1964)


Guide to Reading

Poll tax law is passed

First chapter ofNAACP is foundedin Texas

Hallie Crawford found a teaching job in Presidio. Her father worried

about her safety because the Mexican Revolution was still raging.

“Presidio was largely populated by Texans of Mexican descent. Most of

these people had fled Mexico seeking protection from Pancho Villa . . .

My father thought this place was too dangerous for a young lady. He

didn’t want me to go . . . ‘Daughter, I think you’re going on a wild goose

chase,’ he said. Hallie replied, ‘Then I’ll gather my geese.’”

—I’ll Gather My Geese by Hallie Crawford Stillwell

African Americans Fight Discrimination

Progressive Era reforms did not benefit African Americans. In fact,African Americans actually lost rights during the first years of thetwentieth century.

From Reconstruction to the 1890s, the Republican Party had firmlysupported rights for African Americans. Republican leaders tried to

Main Idea

African Americans and MexicanAmericans were often the victims ofdiscrimination.

Key Terms

Jim Crow laws

segregation

lynch

poll tax

Reading Strategy

Analyzing Discrimination was present in the early 1900s. It is alsopresent today. Draw a chart like theone below, listing examples of dis-crimination in the early 1900s, andthen think of possible examples ofdiscrimination today.

Read to Learn

• how African Americans experiencedand challenged discrimination.

• how Mexican Americans experiencedand challenged discrimination.

Section Theme

Continuity and Change

Discrimination against AfricanAmericans and Mexican Americanswas present in politics, education,housing, and public services.

Discrimination

Preview of Events

✦1902 ✦1912

Examples in 1900s Examples Today

Mexican revolutionary soldier

470

build their political party in the South with acombination of African American and sympa-thetic white voters. When Republicans occupiedthe White House, they often appointed AfricanAmericans, such as Norris Wright Cuney, tofederal jobs in Texas.

By the 1890s the Republican Party aban-doned this strategy. It was thought that theRepublican Party would always be a minorityparty in the South if it continued to supportAfrican American rights. All across the South,the more popular Democratic Party had beenpassing laws discriminating against AfricanAmericans. These statutes were known as JimCrow laws.

One important Jim Crow law required thesegregation of public facilities. Hotels, restau-rants, and entertainment events were closed toAfrican Americans. Blacks were required to sit inthe backs of streetcars and buses and in the bal-conies of public theaters. African Americanswere also forced to use separate water fountains,restrooms, railway cars, and waiting rooms.

Discrimination was present in housing andeducation. African Americans lived in sections

of town that had inadequate paving, lighting,sewage, and police protection. African Americanchildren attended separate, poorly equippedschools. African American teachers receivedlower salaries than did white teachers with thesame qualifications.

Sometimes racial unrest led to violence.African American soldiers and local citizensclashed in riots that occurred in Brownsville(1906) and in Houston (1917). Lives were lostand property was damaged. A riot in Long-view (1919) resulted in the death of one AfricanAmerican. During this period, blacks whowere accused of even minor crimes were some-times lynched, or hanged, by white mobs.

African Americans were active in politicsuntil about 1900. Their participation began todecline after that. In 1902, Texas adopted a con-stitutional amendment establishing a poll tax, afee for voting. The $1.50 cost kept many poorand minority citizens from voting. In addition,the primary elections in the Democratic Partysoon were restricted to white people. In thisway, African Americans were denied the chanceto take a meaningful part in politics.

Many African Americans in Texas participatedin Texas politics until Jim Crow laws restrictedtheir rights. What were Jim Crow laws?

History

CHAPTER 20 A New Century

Austin★Austin★

During the first decades of the 1900s, manyAfrican Americans left farms and moved to thecities. Segregated neighborhoods, such as AcresHomes in Houston, became springboards forAfrican American achievement in business, edu-cation, religion, and cultural affairs. AfricanAmerican businesses provided services to theblack community. Hobart Taylor, Sr., started ataxi business and expanded into insurance. Hebecame a millionaire. A. Maceo Smith receivedhis education at Fisk University and New YorkUniversity. He then moved to Dallas and organ-ized an insurance company.

African Americans such as Charles N. Loveand W.E. King both founded newspapers in1893 to serve the African American community.Love’s paper, the Texas Freeman, eventuallymerged with the Houston Informer. The HoustonInformer & Texas Freeman, still published today, isthe oldest African American newspaper west ofthe Mississippi River. Both it and King’s DallasExpress fought segregation and lynching.

African Americans also created organizationsto work for racial equality. Efforts to organizethe first Texas chapter of the National Asso-ciation for the Advancement of ColoredPeople (NAACP) began in Houston in 1912. A chapter was founded in El Paso in 1915. By1918 four more Texas chapters had beenformed, and by 1930 there were more than 30chapters in the state.

Perhaps the most important African Americaninstitution was the church. The influence ofAfrican American ministers often extended farbeyond the church walls.They gave advice onpolitical and communityaffairs. Church confer-ences and conventionssearched for commonsolutions to problems.Private church colleges,such as Mary Allen Junior College in Crockett,Wiley and Bishop Colleges in Marshall, and Paul


Blue Bell Creameries Few Texans today would not be able to identify

the Blue Bell ice cream label (below center). The company had its

beginnings in the early 1900s. It began in 1907 as the Brenham

Creamery Company. Originally a butter manufacturer, the

company began to make ice cream in 1911, delivering it by

horse and wagon to local residents. In 1936, the company—

now named Blue Bell Creameries—bought its first

refrigerated truck and began delivering wider afield

(left). Blue Bell Ice Cream was a special treat enjoyed

by this Johnson Space Center crew (right) during

a docking mission with the Mir space station.

Waco

Crockett

Marshall

Quinn College in Waco, trained generations ofAfrican Americans for leadership positions.Black doctors, dentists, and lawyers had totravel out of state for training, because Texasuniversities at that time admitted only whites.

Other African American Texans resisted discrimination by leaving Texas and the South.During the early 1900s many went to the indus-trial cities of the North, where they found jobs.

Inferring How did Republican Party

strategy change by the 1890s?

Cultures Clash in South Texas

South Texas also experienced dramaticchanges in the early 1900s. Completion of theSt. Louis, Brownsville, and Mexico Railway in1904 resulted in a wave of immigration.

Two groups of immigrants met in the LowerRio Grande Valley. Midwestern farmers fromIowa, Wisconsin, and the Dakotas developedfarms to produce fruit, vegetables, cotton, andsugarcane. The other immigrants came fromMexico. Many Mexicans fled to Texas to escape

the Mexican Revolution of 1910–1920. Theytook jobs on the newly established farms.

The heavy migrations strained the relation-ships between the Anglo and Mexican ethnicgroups. People of Mexican descent made upalmost half the population in South Texas.Anglo farmers from the Midwest often heldanti-Mexican prejudices. Discrimination andfriction became common.

Such conflict became much more serious andlife threatening during the years of the MexicanRevolution. Some of the violence was causedby bandits who abused Mexicans, MexicanAmericans, and Anglos. Some of it was thework of Mexican revolutionary leaders seekingsupport or supplies. Some of it was the resultof fear caused by rumors of a great conspiracyto take Texas and other nearby states awayfrom the U.S. Much of the violence simplyreflected the hostility, distrust, resentment, andfear that Anglo and Mexican ethnic groups felttoward one another. At times, particularlybetween 1915 and 1918, violence along the RioGrande was common, with many innocent citi-zens killed or wounded.


Some Mexican immigrants, such as these at Fort Bliss, came to the U.S. to escapethe Mexican Revolution. As the sign fromelsewhere in Texas demonstrates, bothMexican Americans and AfricanAmericans experienced discriminationthroughout the state at this time. Howdoes this sign show that segregationwas allowed by the government?

History

Citizens, seeking revenge or protection,organized vigilante groups. State officialsincreased the number of Texas Rangersstationed in the Valley and eventually sent thestate militia to the area. Mexican officials alsoincreased military patrols along the Rio Grande.In time, these efforts were effective, but theysometimes added to the hostile feelings amongthe people in the Valley. Mexican Americansclaimed that Texas Rangers abused and killedinnocent members of their communities. A laterinvestigation by the state legislature revealedseveral instances of brutality, mistreatment, andmurder involving the Rangers.

It is difficult to determine with certainty howmany people died in the conflicts along the RioGrande. Untold numbers of Anglos, Mexicans,and Mexican Americans were killed, but most ofthe victims were Mexican Americans or newlyarrived refugees from Mexico.

Native-born Tejanos and Mexicans trying to escape the violence of the Mexican Revolutionencountered the poll tax and other votingrestrictions. Mexican Americans also experi-enced segregation. Plans for towns in the Valleyincluded different residential sections forAnglos and Mexican Americans. Often thedividing line between the areas was the railroadtrack or some other readily visible landmark.

Mexican American andAnglo children gener-ally went to differentschools and played inseparate parks.

Mexican Americansfought discriminationand ill treatment by join-ing labor unions andself-help organizations.Railroad, mining, con-struction, and laundry workers at times partici-pated in strikes for better wages and workingconditions during the early 1900s. Agriculturalworkers found it more difficult to organize.

Ethnic self-help organizations, such as theGrán Circulo de Obreros Mexicanos, providedassistance with weddings, baptisms, andfunerals. Families often formed associations tohelp maintain Mexican culture. Women andmen founded mutualistas (mutual aid societies)to provide help and community service,including low-cost funerals, low-interestloans, and aid to the poor. Groups wereformed to give drought assistance or offer pro-tection from abusive conditions.

Explaining How did Mexican

Americans fight discrimination?



1. Using Key Terms Write a para-graph in which you explain thefollowing key terms: Jim Crowlaws, segregation, lynch.

2. Reviewing Facts What group wascreated to work for racial equalityfor African Americans?

Reviewing Themes

3. Continuity and Change Give anexample of discrimination and how the group affected by it confronted the discrimination.

Organizing to Learn

4. Analyzing Draw a chart as shown,listing examples of discriminationfaced by African Americans in theareas listed below.

Critical Thinking

5. Analyzing The “poll tax” was away of keeping African Americansand Mexican Americans from regis-tering to vote. Why was this so?

6. Identifying In what ways didMexican Americans maintain theircultural values?

Area Examples of

Discrimination

Education

Housing

Public services

Politics

TEXASHISTORY

Student Web

Activity Visit thetexans.glencoe.comWeb site and click on Chapter 20—Student

Web Activity to learnmore about Mexicanimmigration to Texas.

Contrasting Did African Americansuse various methods to resist discrimina-tion? Explain and give examples.

http://www.glencoe.com/qe/qe31.php?&st=676&pt=2&bk=20

Reviewing Key Terms

1. Make illustrated flash cards for the following vocabularyterms. On the front side of each card, write the term andmake an illustration to help you remember it. On the backof the card, write the definition.

a. derrick, conservationist, scrip

b. retail, progressivism, primary election

c. Jim Crow laws, segregation, lynch

Reviewing Key Facts

2. What happened on September 8, 1900?

3. What types of jobs were available in Dallas in the early1900s, and why?

4. How did Houston benefit from the oil discoveries?

5. How did the lumber business benefit from the oil industry?

6. What arguments were given for and against woman suffrage?

7. What arguments were given for and against prohibition?

8. Why were African American churches so important?

Critical Thinking

9. Analyzing How did the oil industry affect the develop-ment of Texas?

10. Making Comparisons Create a chart like the one below.Use your text to list early uses of oil, and then think ofways oil is used today all over the world.

11. Making Comparisons Do you think rural life or urban lifechanged more during the early 1900s? Explain your answer.

12. Identifying Central Issues What conditions led to therise of the Progressive Movement?

13. Synthesizing Information In what area—taxes, workers'safety, election procedures, or civil rights—did TexasProgressives make the strongest reforms? Explain.

14. Analyzing In what ways did Texas women work toimprove their lives and society in general?

15. Making Generalizations What methods did the suffrageand the temperance movements use to achieve their goals?

16. Identifying What specific measures were taken in theearly 1900s to prevent African Americans from voting?


Early Uses Uses Worldwide Today

A New Century1900• Galveston hurricane destroys the city.

The city establishes a commission form

of government.

1901• The Spindletop gusher

erupts. An oil boom begins.

1902• Texas establishes a poll tax,

which discriminates against the poor and minorities.

1903• The Terrell Election Law

creates campaign reform.

• The Equal Suffrage League of Houston is established to

fight for women's right to vote.

1912• The NAACP establishes a chapter

in Houston.

1914• The Houston Ship Channel opens.

1916• Oil is discovered at Goose Creek field.

Wells are drilled in Galveston Bay.

1918• Women are allowed to vote in Texas

primary elections.

• A statewide prohibition law goes into effect.

1919• Prohibition (the Eighteenth Amendment)

is ratified.

1920• Women gain the right to vote nationwide

through the Nineteenth Amendment.★

★

★

★

★

Geography and History Activity

17. Study the Major Petroleum Discoveries map found onpage 461. Compare this map with the Texas Land Usemap on page RA21. According to the land use map,which of the major oil discoveries are probably still pro-ducing? You will have to transfer information from theland use map to the petroleum map.

Portfolio/TAKS Writing Activity

18. Writing a Résumé Find a copy of a résumé and becomefamiliar with the parts so that you will know the impor-tant facts to find concerning the person you will research.Many individuals were important to Texas during the Ageof Reform. Choose one of the individuals mentioned inthis chapter. Find several sources of information andwrite a résumé for that person.

Cooperative Learning Activity

19. Writing a Response Organize into groups of four. Doadditional reading about the growth and development ofthe oil industry in Texas. Your school or public librariancan help you find books on the subject. You may alsofind valuable information on the Internet. Then, write ashort report on one of the following topics or a relatedtopic that your group chooses.

• the beginning of the oil industry in Texas

• the effects of the oil industry on another Texasindustry

• life in a Texas town during the oil boom

Include in your report original artwork, maps, or diagrams.

Practicing Skills

20. Making Inferences Read the paragraph and thenanswer the question that follows.

Woman suffrage groups in Texas made limited progress inthe early 1900s. They often spoke to politicians and organizedpublic parades. Most suffragists were white women, althoughAfrican Americans and Mexican Americans also participated in suffrage efforts.

How might the suffragists have been more effective as apolitical force?

Building Technology Skills

21. Internet Research Do an Internet search on the words“Texas Oil Museums.” Try more than one search engine

to compare your results. Write a brief explanation of eachsite (limit of 10 sites). Finally, decide which of the sitesare the best and rate the top 5 sites.


Self-Check Quiz

Visit the texans.glencoe.com Web site and click onChapter 20—Self-Check Quizzes to prepare for thechapter test.

TEXAS HISTORY

Use the graph to answer the following question.

Which city grew the fastest between 1900 and 1920?

F Dallas

G Fort Worth

H Houston

J Galveston

Test-Taking Tip:

Do not just pick the city with the largest population.

Instead, look at the legend. Pay attention to the rate of

growth or the slope of the line between 1900 and 1920.

Pop

ula

tio

n (

in t

ho

usa

nd

s)

50

0

100

150

200

250

Year1900 1910 1920

Population of Major Urban Areasin Texas, 1900–1920

Dallas Fort Worth Houston

http://www.glencoe.com/qe/qe31.php?&st=676&pt=3&bk=20

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