Chapter 2Chapter 2Wright Brothers (1896-Wright Brothers (1896-

1914)1914)Section A – Heavier Than AirSection A – Heavier Than AirSection B – Wright Bros.Section B – Wright Bros.Section C – Wright PatentSection C – Wright PatentSection D – Wright AirplanesSection D – Wright Airplanes

Section ASection AHeavier Than AirHeavier Than Air

Two technologies that influenced Two technologies that influenced aviation were much older than aviation were much older than

their aeronautical application: the their aeronautical application: the kite, and the windmill. kite, and the windmill.

The Kite and The WindmillThe Kite and The Windmill

KiteKite Invented by the ChineseInvented by the Chinese Can be seen as a primitive airplane, or Can be seen as a primitive airplane, or

WingsWings

WindmillWindmill Invented by the RomansInvented by the Romans Form that influenced aviation appeared Form that influenced aviation appeared

in 12in 12thth century Europe century Europe Can be seen as a propeller, or “airscrew”Can be seen as a propeller, or “airscrew”

Sir George CayleySir George Cayley

Englishman who first conceived the modern Englishman who first conceived the modern airplane design, 1804.airplane design, 1804.

His model glider had…His model glider had… A paper kite for wingsA paper kite for wings An empennage, or tail assemblyAn empennage, or tail assembly

Rudder and ElevatorRudder and Elevator A pole that connected all parts, a fuselageA pole that connected all parts, a fuselage He shifted the Center of Gravity for controlHe shifted the Center of Gravity for control

Cayley built gliders that was able to carry Cayley built gliders that was able to carry peoplepeople

Henson and StringfellowHenson and Stringfellow

William Henson and John Stringfellow William Henson and John Stringfellow worked on several aviation projected worked on several aviation projected together from 1835 to 1847.together from 1835 to 1847.

Built and flew a model glider known Built and flew a model glider known as a monoplane.as a monoplane.

Unique about with wings were that Unique about with wings were that they were cambered, or curved.they were cambered, or curved.

Other InnovationsOther Innovations

Felix du TempleFelix du Temple French naval officerFrench naval officer Built a glider with powerplant consisting Built a glider with powerplant consisting

of a tractor propeller.of a tractor propeller.

Tractor – prop on front, pulls aircraftTractor – prop on front, pulls aircraft Pusher – prop on back, pushes aircraftPusher – prop on back, pushes aircraft

Otto LilienthalOtto Lilienthal

German Engineer who published an German Engineer who published an important book on bird flight.important book on bird flight.

Came up with the bat-wing designCame up with the bat-wing design Built glider where control was achieved Built glider where control was achieved

by the pilot shifting his weightby the pilot shifting his weight Died in a glider crash, last words were…Died in a glider crash, last words were…

““Sacrifices must be made.”Sacrifices must be made.”

Octave ChanuteOctave Chanute

Began building man-carrying gliders in Began building man-carrying gliders in 18961896

Improved Lilienthal’s design be scraping Improved Lilienthal’s design be scraping the “Bat-Wing”…thank God!!the “Bat-Wing”…thank God!!

Also used a Cayley-type tail unit.Also used a Cayley-type tail unit.

Wrote a book on the history on Wrote a book on the history on Progress Progress in Flying Machinesin Flying Machines

Nineteenth-Century Nineteenth-Century AeronauticsAeronautics

Cayley, Henson, Stringfellow, Lilienthal, Cayley, Henson, Stringfellow, Lilienthal, and Chanute were influential in the and Chanute were influential in the development of heavier-than-air development of heavier-than-air aviation.aviation.

Another was Alphonse PenaudAnother was Alphonse Penaud Planophore – rubber band powerPlanophore – rubber band power Dihedral – upward angle of the wingDihedral – upward angle of the wing

End of Section AEnd of Section A

Section BSection BWright BrothersWright Brothers

Wright Bros.Wright Bros. Lived in Dayton, OhioLived in Dayton, Ohio Handcrafted bicycle makersHandcrafted bicycle makers Death of Lilienthal sparked Wilbur’s Death of Lilienthal sparked Wilbur’s

interest in aviation, later spread to Orvilleinterest in aviation, later spread to Orville Constructed first biplane kite, August Constructed first biplane kite, August

18991899 Kite had aeronautical controlsKite had aeronautical controls

Fixed horizontal rear stabilizerFixed horizontal rear stabilizer Wings could move back and forth to adjust CGWings could move back and forth to adjust CG Cords allowed with wings to be warped for lateral Cords allowed with wings to be warped for lateral

stability, “Wing-Warping”stability, “Wing-Warping”

The Problem of Mechanical The Problem of Mechanical FlightFlight

The Wrights recognized the whole problem The Wrights recognized the whole problem of mechanical flight.of mechanical flight.

Plane and pilot, stability and Plane and pilot, stability and maneuverabilitymaneuverability

Stability- tendency to return to equilibriumStability- tendency to return to equilibrium Maneuverability – ability to turn, climb, Maneuverability – ability to turn, climb,

descend, roll, and yawdescend, roll, and yaw

The Problem of Mechanical The Problem of Mechanical FlightFlight

A Plane too stable is hard to maneuverA Plane too stable is hard to maneuver Unmanned gliders need to be stable, Unmanned gliders need to be stable,

but manned gliders need to be controlbut manned gliders need to be control Many glider pilots had to be athletically fitMany glider pilots had to be athletically fit

As a result, the Wrights intended to built As a result, the Wrights intended to built an unstable airplane so the pilot could an unstable airplane so the pilot could controlcontrol and maneuver the aircraft. and maneuver the aircraft.

GlidersGliders

Wrights’ first full-size glider built in Wrights’ first full-size glider built in 19001900 Unstable, required a pilot to flyUnstable, required a pilot to fly ““Wing Warping”Wing Warping”

The winds in Dayton were too mild for The winds in Dayton were too mild for the bros.the bros.

The moved to Kitty Hawk, NCThe moved to Kitty Hawk, NC Known for strong steady windsKnown for strong steady winds

GlidersGliders

While most problems faced by the bros. While most problems faced by the bros. were fixed, they didn’t know about one.were fixed, they didn’t know about one.

Adverse Yaw – Tendency for an aircraft to Adverse Yaw – Tendency for an aircraft to yaw in the opposite direction to a turnyaw in the opposite direction to a turn

The solution was the rudder!!The solution was the rudder!!

ControlControl

The bros. made almost a thousand The bros. made almost a thousand glides at Kitty Hawkglides at Kitty Hawk

They had “wing-warping for turnsThey had “wing-warping for turns A Rudder for Adverse YawA Rudder for Adverse Yaw Now they added a Canard, French for Now they added a Canard, French for

Duck, for pitchDuck, for pitch

They have solved the problem of They have solved the problem of control.control.

EngineEngine

The next issue was an engine.The next issue was an engine. EngineEngine

200 lb, 4 cylinder, 12-hp gasoline engine200 lb, 4 cylinder, 12-hp gasoline engine Water cooledWater cooled

More reliable than air cooledMore reliable than air cooled The Bros. went with reliability over lightnessThe Bros. went with reliability over lightness

PropellersPropellers Counter-rotating, to counter torqueCounter-rotating, to counter torque Driven by same engineDriven by same engine

Airplane FlightAirplane Flight

First flight scheduled on Dec 14, 1903First flight scheduled on Dec 14, 1903 Wilbur climbed too steeply and crashWilbur climbed too steeply and crash Airplane was repairedAirplane was repaired

DECEMBER 17, 1903DECEMBER 17, 1903 Orville made the first manned, powered, Orville made the first manned, powered,

controlled, sustained flight ever!controlled, sustained flight ever! Three more flights followedThree more flights followed Flight ended on ground at or higher than Flight ended on ground at or higher than

starting point.starting point.

End of Section A & BEnd of Section A & B