chapter 2 theoretical explanations of delinquency
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 2
Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency
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Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton
Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Schools of Thought
1. Classical School of Thought2. Positivist School of Thought
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Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton
Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classical School of Thought Human beings are rational and are
capable of free-will Cost-benefit analysis Individuals are self-serving Punish the offense rather than the
offender
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Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton
Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Positivist School of Thought Look for multiple factors to
explain crime Punish offenders rather than the
offense3 Explanations:
1) Biological2) Sociological3) Psychological
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Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton
Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
3 Positivist Explanations
1) Biological2) Sociological3) Psychological
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Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton
Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Biological Explanations Seeks to explain crime on the basis of
form follows function Caesar Lombroso (1876)—considered
Father of Criminology Criminals are evolutionary throwbacks Stigmata 3 Groups of Criminals
1. Born Criminal2. Insane Criminal3. Criminaloid
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Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton
Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Biological Explanations, cont’d. William Sheldon (1949)
Somatyping 3 Body Types
1. Endomorphs2. Ectomorphs3. Mesomorphs
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Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton
Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Biological Explanations, cont’d. Feeblemindedness and crime
began to be used. Increased use of IQ testing was
begun. Recent research suggests that IQ
may be linked to delinquency.
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Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton
Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Biological Explanations, cont’d.
Twin Studies Assessed delinquency patterns of
twins separated at birth 60-70% of identical twins had similar
delinquency patterns 15-30% of fraternal twins had similar
delinquency patterns
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Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton
Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Biological Explanations, cont’d. Other Biological Explanations
XYY Chromosomal Patterns Delivery Complications Frontal Lobe Dysfunction Reduced Spinal Fluid Levels Reduced Levels of Autonomic Reactiveness
and Poor Conditioning of Autonomic Responses
Nutrition
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Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton
Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Psychological Explanations Based on the Medical Model Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic
Explanations Understand the relationship
between personality and crime 3 Distinct elements of personality
1. Id2. Ego3. Superego
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Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton
Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Psychological Explanations, cont’d.
Yochelson and Samenow (1977) Cognitive Based Theories Identified 52 Thinking Errors
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Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton
Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sociological Explanations Look to the environment for
explanations of crime6 Theoretical Explanations
1) Anomie Theory2) Anomie/Strain Theory3) Labeling Theory4) Social Bonding/Control Theory5) Differential Association6) Developmental Perspectives
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Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton
Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anomie Theory Emile Durkeim—”Father of
Sociology” Argued that crime is normal Normlessness/Anomie
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Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton
Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mertonian Anomie/Strain Robert Merton Crime occurs when there is a
disjuncture between societally-approved goals and means to achieve those goals. Humans develop 5 Modes of
Adaptation when they are unable to meet both the goals and means.
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Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton
Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
5 Modes of Adaptation
1) Conformity2) Innovation3) Ritualism4) Retreatism5) Rebellion
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Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton
Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Labeling Theory
The theory holds that if one is part of a group that is deemed undesirable, then regardless of the honesty or “goodness” of one or several of the members, all can be labeled with the same stigmatizing tag.
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Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton
Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Edwin Lemert (1952) The act of being labeled does not
occur with one label. 2 Forms of Deviation
1. Primary Deviance2. Secondary Deviance
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Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton
Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Social Bonding/Control Theory
Travis Hirschi (1969) Juveniles become free to commit
delinquent acts when their ties to the conventional social order are severed.
There are 4 dimensions which bond an individual to society. The stronger the bonds, the less likely crime/delinquency will occur.
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Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton
Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
4 Social Bonds/Dimensions
1) Attachment2) Commitment3) Involvement4) Belief
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Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton
Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Differential Association
Edwin Sutherland His theory posits that delinquent
values are transmitted from one person to another or from one group to another.
Sutherland put forth 9 Propositions
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Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton
Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Developmental Perspective This perspective addresses the
existence and persistence of delinquent behavior over the life course
Pittsburgh Youth Study Identified 3 major pathways to
identifying chronic & serious delinquency
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Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton
Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
3 Pathways to Crime
1) Overt Pathway2) Covert Pathway3) Authority Conflict Pathway Difference between persisters
and experimenters
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Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton
Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
3 Distinct Characteristics of Prevention and Treatment Programs
1) Early Intervention2) Comprehensive Interventions3) Long-term Interventions
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Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton
Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
3 Areas That Need to Be Addressed by a Comprehensive Program
1) Programs should address the multiple risk factors of youth.
2) Chronic offenders appear to have co-occurring problem behaviors, therefore, programs should address multiple problems.
3) Programs must address protective factors.
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Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton
Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Drugs and Crime The issue of drugs and crime permeates
the criminal justice system. The Drug Use Forecasting Program
(1996) indicated that 79% of all arrestees showed a positive for any drug.
In 1998 11 % of all juvenile offenses were for a drug-related offense.
In 2002 ADAM found that 60% of male and 45.9% of female juvenile detainees tested positive for drugs.
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Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton
Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Connection Between Drugs & Crime
According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics the following report committing crimes for drugs: 10% of federal prisoners 17% of state prisoners 13% all convicted jail inmates
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Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton
Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Implications for Tax Dollars It is important to understand the
connection between theory and delinquency.
We must understand programs that work to diminish the possibility of investing in programs that don’t work.