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Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary

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Page 1: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary

Page 2: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by three tribes from the Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.

Page 3: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

These three tribes landed on the British coast, drove the Britons west and north and settled down on the island.

Page 4: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

These three three tribes merged into one people: the English people and the three dialects they spoke naturally grew into a single language: the English language.

Page 5: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

The world has nearly 3,000 languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar. The Indo-European is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the near East, and India.

Page 6: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Indo-European Language

Eastern Set Western Set

Page 7: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Armenian Albanian

Eastern Set

Balto-Slavic Indo-Irannian

Page 8: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Balto-Slavic

Czech Russian Prussian Polish

Slovenian Lithuanian Bulgarian

Page 9: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Indo-Iranian

Persian Bengali Hindi Romany

Derived from Sanskrit

Page 10: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Armenian Albanian

Armenian Albanian

Page 11: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Western Set

Celtic Italic Germanic Hellenic

Page 12: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Celtic

Scottish Irish Welsh Breton

Page 13: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Italic

Italian Portuguese Spanish

French Romanian

Page 14: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Norwegian Icelandic Danish Swedish

Germanic

German Dutch Flemish English

Page 15: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Hellenic

Greek

Page 16: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

A Historical Overview of the

English Vocabulary

Page 17: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

English can be roughly divided into:

Old English,

Middle English

Modern English.

Page 18: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Old English (450---1150)

Middle English ( 1150---1500)

Modern English (1500---Now)

Early: 1500---1700

Late :1700--- present

Page 19: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

After the Romans, the Germanic tribes called angles, Saxons, and Jutes came. Soon they took permanent control of the land, which was to be called England. Their language, historically known as Anglo-Saxon, dominated and almost totally blotted out the Celtic.

Page 20: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Celtic made only a small contribution to the English vocabulary with such words as crag and bin and some place names like Avon, Kent, London, Themes. Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English.

Page 21: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Two events in the Old English Period:

in the 6th century:Latin speaking Roman missionaries came to spread Christianity in Britain. The introduction of Christianity had a great impact on the English vocabulary. It brought many new ideas and customs and also many religious terms: abbot, candle, altar, amen, apostle.

Page 22: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

In the 9th century: the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. They came first to plunder, then to conquer. Finally they succeeded in placing a Danish king on the throne of England. With the invaders, many scandinavian words came into English.

Page 23: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

These new words did not identify new ideas and objects. They were everyday words for which the English had terms and expressions. Many words were exactly alike, such as father, husband, house, life, man,mother, summer and winter.Other words were so much alike that they were used interchangeably.

Page 24: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

It is estimated that at least 900 words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English, such as skirt, skill, window, leg, grasp, birth, they ,their, them and egg.

Page 25: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German. Therefore, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs ahs complex endings or vowel changes, or both.

Page 26: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Middle English

Old English began to undergo much change when the Normans invaded England from France in 1066.The Norman conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.

Page 27: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

The English were defeated, but not killed off, nor were they driven from their country. They were reduced to the status of an inferior people. Norman French became the polite speech.

Page 28: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

By the end of the 11th century, almost all of the people who held political or social power and many of those in powerful church positions were of Norman French origin.

Page 29: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

By the end of the 13th century, English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, and government and regained social status thanks to Wycliff translation of the Bible and the writings of Chaucer.

Page 30: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Between 1250 and 1500 about 9,000 words of French origin poured into English. We can find words relating to every aspect of human society, e.g. Government, social scales, law, religion, moral matters, military affairs, food ,fashion, etc.

Page 31: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

For example: state, power, prince, duke, judge, court, crime, angel, mercy, peace, battle, pork, bacon, fry, roast, dress, coat.

Page 32: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Middle English retained much fewer inflections. Endings of nouns and adjectives marking distinction of number, came and often of gender lost their distinctive forms. If we say old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of levelled endings.

Page 33: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England.

In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics. This is known in history as the

Renaissance.

Page 34: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world’s great literary heritage and of great scholarship, but translators were rapidly making great literary works available in English.

Page 35: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Translators and scholars borrowed heavily from the Latin vocabulary of their source materials during this period and many Latin words became part of English vocabulary.

Page 36: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

In the mid-seventeenth century, England experienced Bourgeois Revolution followed by the Industrial Revolution and rose to be a great economic power. With the growth of colonization. British tentacles began stretching out to every corner of the globe.

Page 37: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Since the beginning of the last century, esp, after World War II, the world has seen breathtaking advances in science and technology. Many new words have been created to express new ideas, etc. ,yet more words are created by means of word-formation.

Page 38: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

In modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions. English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.

Page 39: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Classification of words:

English words may fall into the basic word stock and non-basic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion and into native words and borrowed words by origin.

Page 40: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Basic Word Stock:

All national character: Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the language.

Page 41: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Stability:

As they denote the commonest things necessary to life, they are likely to remain unchanged. Stability, however, is only relative.

Page 42: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Productivity:

Words of the basic word stock are most root words or monosyllabic words; They can form new words with other roots and affixes

Page 43: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Waterline waterhead waterfall waterfront waterlocks waterman waterside waterskin waterway waterproof water-sic water-ski

watermanship watered-down watercart water-rate water-police water-fast

见： 23 页

Page 44: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Footage, football, footpath, footer,

footfall, footed, footloose, footling,

footman, footing, footprint

Page 45: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

doglike, doghood, dogcart, dog-

cheap, dog-ear, dog-fall, dogfight,

doghole, dog-paddle, dogsleep

Page 46: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Polysemy:

Words belonging to the basic word stock often possess more than one meaning because most of them have undergone semantic changes in the course of use and become polysemous. 见 21 页

Page 47: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Collocability:

Many words of the basic word stock have strong collocability:

见 22 页

Page 48: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

A change of heart,

after one’s heart,

cry one’s heart out,

eat one’s heart out,

a heart of gold,

Page 49: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

at heart,

break one’s heart,

cross one’s heart,

have one’s heart in one’s mouth,

heart and hand,

Page 50: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

heart and soul,

take sth to heart,

wear one’s heart upon one’s sleeve,

with all one’s heart.

Page 51: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Non-basic word stock:

1) usu. Words technical in sense:

arthritis

cerebritis

algebra

calculus

Page 52: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

2. Slang

It belongs to the sub-standard language:

cancer stick: cigarette

dish the dirt: gossip or spread rumours about others

feel no pain: be drunk

in the soup: in serious trouble

bring down: disappoint

Page 53: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Native words and Borrowed words

Native words are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the German tribes: the Angles, the saxons, and the Jutes.

Page 54: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Native words denote the commonest things in human society, they are used by all people, in all places on all occasions, and at all times.They are not stylistically specific.

Page 55: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

They are neutral in style:

Begin (E)--- commence (French)

brotherly(E)--- fraternal (F)

answer (E) --- replay (F)

fall (E) --- autumn (F)

Page 56: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Borrowed words ( loan words or borrowings)

It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary.

见 25 页

Page 57: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Borrowed words are divided into four kinds:

denizens: they are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language.

Change: changier(F)

pork: porc(F) 见 25 页

Page 58: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Aliens: they are words which have retained their original pronounciation and spelling. These words are immediately recognisable as foreign in origin.

Page 59: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Decor: 装饰

blitzkrieg 闪电战

kowtow 磕头

bazaar 集市

status quo 现状

intermezzo 幕间剧

Page 60: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Translation-loans: translation loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language.

Page 61: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

mother tongue: lingua materna (L)

long time no see(CH)

surplus value:mehrwert(G)

masterpiece: meisterstuck (G)

black humour:humour noir

Page 62: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Semantic loans:

Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form, but their meanings.

Semantic borrowings also refer to words which have acquired a new meaning under the influence of other languages.

Page 63: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

“Pioneer” once signifying” explorer” only or “ person doing pioneering work” has now taken on the new meaning of “ a member of the Young Pioneer” from Russian

Page 64: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

“Fresh” has adopted the meaning of “ impertinent, sassy, cheeky” under the influence of the German word “ frech”.

Page 65: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

The Foreign Elements

in the English vocabulary

见 27 页

Page 66: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

The Scandinavian element in English

An interesting feature of the language is a number of Danish forms existing side by side with the English forms in the English vocabulary

见 28 页

Page 67: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

The Scandinavian words into English were not only nouns, adjectives, but also pronouns, prepositions, adverbs, and verbs.

见 29 页

Page 68: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Words from French can be divided into two groups:

1. French loan words in the middle English period

2. French loan words after the middle English period

见 32 页

Page 69: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

1. French loan words in the middle English period

connected with government:

government, administration, state, crown, authority, court

Page 70: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

connected with religion:

religion, theology, prayer, dean, lesson, clerk, devotion

Page 71: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Words connected with Law

Justice, judgment, crime, evidence, proof, blame, arrest,

Page 72: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Words connected with army:

Army, peace, enemy, arms, captain, defence, soldier, guard,

Page 73: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Words connected with fashion and food

Dress,cloak, collar, button, boots, diamond, beef, pork, mutton, bacon, biscuit, cream, sugar, orange, lemon.

Page 74: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

Words connected with arts, literature

Art, painting, learning, beauty, colour, figure, image, tragedy, title, story, pen

Page 75: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

2. French loan words after the Middle English period:

The words are connected chiefly with arts, with food and drink, with fashion and with diplomacy.

见 33 页

Page 76: Chapter 2 The sources of the English Vocabulary. The English people are of a mixed blood. At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by

The Latin Element in the English Vocabulary

1) The First period of Latin influence:

There was no opportunity for direct contact between Latin and Old English in England, so many words came in through Celtic transmission.

见 35 页


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