chapter 2 study guide

Lucero Castaneda AP US History Ms.Lampley

CHAPTER 2 STUDY GUIDE

Part I: Vocabulary Terms: Define the following terms toughly. This means that each term must be defined using the five W’s at a minimum. What are the five W’s?

What is it?When did it occur?Where was it?Who was it or who was influenced by it?Why is this term important to the time or what is its lasting impact?

Terms1. Jesuit2. New Netherlands3. Jamestown4. Common Law5. Freeholds6. Indentured Servitude7. Bacons Rebellion8. Joint-Stock Corporation9. Puritans10. Town Meetings

Part 2: Short Answers1. What were the colonial goals of the Spanish, French and Dutch? How successful were

they in achieving those goals? 2. What happened to the Five Nations between 1600 and 1700? Was the Iroquois better off

the beginning of the period or the end? Why?3. What were the various systems of bound labor that took hold in the Chesapeake colonies?

What accounts for their appearance?4. Compare the Indians uprising in Virginia with Bacon’s Rebellion in 1675. What were the

consequences of each for Virginia’s development?5. Why did the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay create an established church and persecute

dissenters when they had fled England to escape those things?6. What was the social and political structure of the New England colonies? Why did they

develop in that fashion?7. Compare the causes of the uprisings led by Pope in New Mexico and the Metacom in

New England. Which rebellion was more successful? Why?8. What were the major social and environmental changes that made America a New World

for Indians?

Part 3: Summary Questions1. Outline the goals of the directors of the Virginia Company and the leaders of the

Massachusetts Bay Company. Where did they succeed? In what ways did the fall short?2. Why were there no major witchcraft scares in the Chesapeake colonies and no uprising

like Bacon’s Rebellion in New England? Consider the possible social, economic and religious causes of both phenomena.

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TERMS

JesuitJesuits are members of a Society Of Jesus & It was a Catholic religious order founded to

combat the Protestant Reformation. The Jesuits did not exploit the Indian labor & won

converts by adapting to Christian beliefs to the Indians’ needs.

Between 1625& 1763, but founded around 1534

There was people of the Jesuits in the Americas & England

Founded by the Spanish priest Saint Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) with the aims of

defending the papacy & Catholicism against the Reformation & to undertake missionary

work among the heathen

The Jesuits were important because after the protestant revolt started breaking out in

Europe, the Jesuits brought over half of the protestant converts back to the Christianity.

Therefore they impacted in the Christians religion by making more believers that the

creator is Jesus.

New Netherlands

The Netherlands is the State’s General of the United Provinces chartered the United East

India Company with the mission of exploring for a passage to the Indies & claiming any

territories for the United Provinces.

1609-1621

New Netherland was located where New York is now & became part of New York in

colonial times.

West India company

The New Netherlands was important because Hudson found a lovely landscape, sufficient

harbors, fertile valleys &, most important, plenty of fur-bearing animals. The New World

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offered riches of its own. Additionally, The New Netherlands offered products for trade

with the powerful Iroquois.

Jamestown

Jamestown is the America’s first permanent English colony that sparked a series of

cultural encounters that helped form the nation & the world. The government, language,

customs, beliefs & aspirations of these early Virginians are all part of the United States’

heritage today.

The colonists arrived at Jamestown on May 13, 160713 years before the Pilgrims

landed at Plymouth in Massachusetts

Virginia

The colony was supported by the Virginia Company of London, a group of stockholders

who wanted to profit from the venture. The name taken by King James I.

Jamestown is important because it was the first permanent English settlement in North

America & is like the America’s birthplace. The Virginia Company of London also

reinforced English nationwide objectives of balancing the expansion of other European

nations abroad, seeking a northwest passage to the Orient, & converting the Virginia

Indians to the Anglican religion.

Common Law

Common Law is a system of law in place in England & its colonies. Common Law was

based on the principle that the rulings made by the King's courts were made according to

the common custom of the realm, as opposed to decisions made in local & manorial

courts which judged by provincial laws & customs.

During the 18th & 19th centuries

Almost everywhere in the United States

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The crafting of English Common Law was begun in the reign of Henry II, who had

foreign legal learning & founded legal reform in England. It established by Parliament,

the Crown, & the judiciary.

The English Common Law is important because is the basis of the current legal systems

in most English speaking countries. The US followed it until the Constitution was

established& it continues to be referenced whenever there are no specific laws passed on

a subject.

Freeholds

Freeholds were plantations owned & farmed by families or male planters. Today

Freeholds had many meanings, but from history, it was tobacco plantations that after

1650 it was owned by wealthy migrants from gentry or nobles families that established

along the Coastal Rivers.

Freehold Township was formally established by an act of the Legislature on October 31,

1693

One of the three original townships in Monmouth County. Most of the people came from

Southern England to buy in the Chesapeake region.

Chesapeake people (families & male planters that had a farm)

Freeholds were important because it kept the Chesapeake business going on by selling

tobacco to the English people.

Indentured Servitude

Indentured Servitude was the method of choice employed by many planters before the

1680s. This system provided encouragements for both the master & servant to increase

the working population of the Chesapeake colonies. The servants signs & is bounded by

agreements to work for specified time particularly in return for payment of travel

expenses & care.

Is stated about 1607 & ended around the early 1900’s

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The Chesapeake Colonies

The Chesapeake people

The Indentured Servitude was important because it affected economy & it was good for

the people that worked for them. It had mutual benefits. In contrast, slaves worked until

they died & didn’t receive any benefits.

Bacons Rebellion

The Bacons Rebellion is a popular revolt in colonial Virginia in which the lower class of

farmers & the poor peasants rose up against the wealthy land owners & the corrupt House

of Burgesses. It was a rebellion of Virginian settlers against the rule of Governor William

Berkeley.

1676

Virginia

Nathaniel Bacon

Bacons Rebellion was important because it was the first rebellion of the American

colonies. Is historically significant because, at the time, it affected all the inhabitants of

the Eastern shore of Virginia. The rebellion led to the elimination of the hated governor,

Sir William Berkeley & most importantly, it also marked the beginning of America's

journey for independence.

Joint-Stock Corporation

The Joint-Stock Corporation was an economic arrangement by which a number of

investors pool their capital for investment. It was a financial organization devised by

English merchants that subsequently facilitated the colonization of North America. In

these companies, a number of investors pooled their capital &, in return, received shares

of stock in the enterprise in proportion to their share of the total investment.

Around 1550.

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General court of Shareholders of the New England Colonies

It was organized by a governor, councils, & assembly. The company is owned by

shareholders, & the shares are freely traded on the open market, but the shareholders'

liability is not limited to the price they paid for the stock.

The Joint-Stock Corporation was important because many of the early settlements in the

United States were established by joint stock companies. Like Jamestown was funded by

the Virginia Company, which was a joint stock company.

Puritans

The Puritans wanted to totally reform (purify) the Anglican Church of England & they

grew impatient with the slow process of Protestant Reformation back in England. The

Puritans were some of the earliest settlers in America.

Initiated in the 1530’s & then in the late 16th century (1620-1640)

The Puritans created colonies in New England in America seeking land & freedom.

The Christianity faith & were under the siege from church & crown

The Puritans are important because they basically shaped our nation & were the first

people in America to introduce an early form of democracy & somewhat were

responsible for our Nation’s successful economy. They started the New England

shipbuilding industry that is still prominent today. They also founded two of the best

colleges in the country & among the best in the world, Harvard & Yale.

Town Meetings

Town Meetings are town-wide meeting that was used to decide the issues facing the

village & choose a group of people to govern the town for the coming year.

1630-1700, but was also practice later on

New England Colonies

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New England town proprietors awarded the largest plots to men of high social status who

often became selectmen & justices of peace.

Town meetings were & are still important because it was the only way the Town people

could have a say in what was going on in the town & it was an opportunity for Politicians

& elected officials to meet face to face with their constituents & hear first-hand the

people concerns without those concerns passing through the filters.

PART 2: SHORT ANSWERS

1. What were the colonial goals of the Spanish, French and Dutch? How successful were they in achieving those goals?

Spanish French Dutch All Europe

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Lucero Castaneda AP US History Ms.LampleyC

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GO

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Defend their EmpireChristianize the Indian peopleSmashed Indian religious idols & punished those who worshiped traditional gods.Cultural assimilationForced laborSignificant settlement in Mesoamerica, SW USA, Florida & the CaribbeanGold

When they arrived they stated to build shelters & quickly plant crops.Have a larger French population.To convert Indians to Catholics & force them to mine gold & farm large estates.Fur TradingMajor settlement in Quebec, Canada, Mississippi River ValleyWanted gold

Fur Trading coloniesMajor settlement in New York & HudsonWanted trade & CommerceSmall population to begin with, so they wanted to increase it

Fur tradingWanted to own territory & expandThey wanted to settle

HO

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Since they had Spanish treasure ships, they were doing well for themselves.Spain established a fort at St. Augustine in 1565, & made it the first permanent European settlement for the future of the US.They learned Indian Language & That gave them a good advantage to communicate with the Natives.With the forced labor they could extract goodThey seized corn & clothing from the NativesThey were looking for gold & didn’t need to settle coloniesBlew money on forts & their large armadaDisease- small poxForced conversionFranciscans, tried to end N.A. culturePope revolt

The French people were immune to the Diseases they brought & the Natives weren’t, therefore it killed them.Christianity religionWeapons gave them an advantage over everythingDisease- small poxJesuitsAdaptive

They sparked deadly warsThey owned guns & goods that gave them benefits over the IndiansNo motivation to move there because they could make money from the NetherlandsTheir Diseases like small pox decreased the Native populationGuns were given to the Iroquois who used the Mohawk languageIroquois in war with AlgonquiansThe Republic were the powerhouse of the 17th century EuropeDominated European banking, insurance, & textile industriesHad ships & sailors that managed much of the world’s commerce

English people were a threat to the Natives & the Natives were scared

Most of the French, Spanish & Dutch were successful but they brought devastating wars & diseases that impacted the life of the Natives in a horrible way. Some of the settlers had to leave because of the wars that they had, but overall they had a tremendous impact on the New World, both positive & most, but not all, negative.

2. What happened to the Five Nations between 1600 and 1700? Was the Iroquois better off the beginning of the period or the end? Why?

They Five Nations of the Iroquois had a strategic location in the central of New York, where they

obtained guns & goods from the Dutch. They were along the Mohawk River & traveled North

via Lake Champlain & the Richelieu River to Quebec & also went by the West via the Great

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Lakes to exploit the rich fur-bearing lands by the Mississippi River Valley. During 1600 & 1700

the Five Nations had a civil war & suffered through war & sickness. The Five Nations were:

Senacas, Cayugas, Onondagas, Oneidas, & Mohawks. The Iroquois waged series of devastating

wars around the 1630’s & 1660’s against the Huron’s (1649), Neutrals(1651), Erie’s(1657), &

Susquehannocks(1660). The infighting made them vulnerable to attacks from the surrounding

Algonquian tribes. This period, known in the Iroquois oral tradition as the "dark times," reached

a nadir during the reign, but in this terrible era, though, two heroic figures entered. Additionally,

I believe that it was better for them at the end of the period after the wars ended because all that

they have to care is about being safe & being protected.

3. What were the various systems of bound labor that took hold in the Chesapeake colonies? What accounts for their appearance?

The Chesapeake colonies brought wealth to planters & religious freedom to Catholics in

Maryland, but then again European settlement demolished Native American communities &

subjected European indentured servants, African & immigrant work slaves to cruel exploitation

for the sake of profit. For the rich & poor, their lives were cruel in the Chesapeake colonies.

Families were scare because of the lack of females, marriages didn’t last because the spouse died

fast, & pregnant women had a bagger chance of getting malaria. Most children of about 13 years

or less lost their parents in Middlesex Country, Virginia. In conclusion, there were two major

systems of forced labor that took hold in the Chesapeake colonies: indentured servitude &

slavery. In both systems, people were forced to work for others for no pay & had their lives

completely controlled by those who owned their labor. The major difference was that indentured

servitude was a contractual agreement that lasted a specific amount of time & after that, the

servant became free. In the other hand, a slave was enslaved for life & the law came to say that

the offspring of a slave would also be enslaved for life.

4. Compare the Indians uprising in Virginia with Bacon’s Rebellion in 1675. What were the consequences of each for Virginia’s development?

The Indian Uprising in Virginia is a conflict that happened in 1622 between the Powhatan

Confederation of native Indian tribes in Virginia & their colonial masters, the English under the

Virginia Company. Powhatans’ way of life was endangered for damage by the settlers hence

they had to act. After the demise of the friendly Chief Powhatan in 1617, the more aggressive

Chief Opechancanough came to power & ordered the assault on the Virginia settlements on

March 22, 1622. The Indians burned down houses, killed livestock & scattered property. In

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contrast, the Bacon’s rebellion in 1675 was in the colony of Virginia pitting small farmers &

frontier men led by Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia governor William Berkeley. The governor

was unpopular to the settlers due to several reasons like restraint on right to vote, high taxes &

low tobacco prices. Though, the main reason for the uprising was the governor’s welcoming

rules to the Native Indians, particularly his refusal to react for a series of Indian attacks on the

settlements. The Bacon’s rebellion started after Indians killed a laborer on Nathaniel Bacon’s

plantation. He then led the men to the capital, Jamestown, & demanded that Governor Berkeley

give him commission to clear Indians from their reservations to which Berkeley refused. Bacon

issued a Declaration of the people & led his men to destroy the capital & force Berkeley out.

Some of the consequences were that after the Indian uprisings, the Virginia Company

administration came to an end. The colony was left in total disarray & the company itself

declared bankrupt. In 1624, Virginia was put under the royal government colonial administration

& remained so until its independence. Bacon’s rebellion saw him take charge of the General

Assembly & pass several liberal laws alongside attacking innocent native tribes. Most of the

liberal laws passed by Bacon were repealed, with Berkeley responding harshly by hanging nearly

two-thirds of the rebels & seizing their plantations.

5. Why did the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay create an established church and persecute dissenters when they had fled England to escape those things?

Puritans of Massachusetts Bay create an established church because they wanted to create their

own type of society. They only had each other in the New World, so disagreement was a worry

of theirs as it posed numerous challenges which could tear their newly found freedom apart. The

Massachusetts Bay had legally established churches, an elected governor, assembly, & it granted

voting rights to most property-owning men, not just the church members as in the original

Puritans colony. Additionally, the Puritans established to protect themselves from persecution

from rival groups & fulfill a divine mission to serve as a “City upon a Hill,” the Puritans of

North America sought to remove dissenters from their midst.

6. What was the social and political structure of the New England colonies? Why did they develop in that fashion?

The political structures in the New England colonies were different in colonial history. In the

bottom level, the New England government was concentrated on town governments. These

kinds of governments tended to be very carefully tied to the Puritan church leadership. The

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native administrations wanted to preserve their freedom from the larger colonial government. On

the colonial level, the governments had a habit of to be partly appointed. They had a legislature

with one house that was appointed by the governor & one that was elected by the people. The

New England colonies were founded by people who left England to escape religious persecution,

mostly called Puritans who also had strict beliefs of their own about proper conduct, & they

disapproved of many customs & behaviors that their English people appreciated. The English

were cheerful for the Puritans to leave, regardless of the sufferings they would face, to stop

hearing them complain they encompassed the chance to start new in their own place.

7. Compare the causes of the uprisings led by Pope in New Mexico and the Metacom in New England. Which rebellion was more successful? Why?

8. What were the major social and environmental changes that made America a New World for Indians?

Disease outbreaks diminished the Indian population & the ability of Indians to resist territorial

takeover. The fur trade brought new goods to Indian communities, fostering dependence by

Indians on European technology. Also, the Christian Church attempted to convert Indians.

Though, the fur trade decreased animal populations of North America, but the arrival of

Europeans brought new plants & animals that forever altered the environment of North America.

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Pope in New Mexico Metacom in New England1680Killed more than 400 Spaniards & forced 1,500 colonists to flee 300 miles to El PasoBurned “the seeds which the Spaniards sowed & plantedDesecrated churched & rebuilt the sacred KivasWas seeking to restore the traditional way of their lifeConcluded that Europeans had to be expelled

1675-1676Known as King PhilipWhen his people copied English ways by rising hogs & selling pork in Boston, Puritans officials accused them of selling at “an under rate” & restricted their trade.Was a deadly affairIndians destroyed one-fifth of the English towns in Massachusetts & Rhode Island & killed 1,000 settlerAbout 4,500 Indians diedConcluded that Europeans had to be expelled

Pope’s revolt was more successful because of the comparative absence of losses, the driving out

of the Spanish for over a decade, the lack of Indian refugees reducing from the conflict, & the

minor improvement of conditions for Pueblo Indians after the Spanish returned. In the other hand,

Metacom’s rebellion did not halt English advancement & was met with brutal retaliation in the

form of executions & enslavement, leading to a 25 percent population loss. Refugees fled the

community & lost their culture.


PART 3: SUMMARY QUESTIONS

1. Outline the goals of the directors of the Virginia Company and the leaders of the Massachusetts Bay Company. Where did they succeed? In what ways did the fall short?

The Virginia’s Company main goals involved supply extraction over a formation of a permanent

colony that would increase in population over time under direct control of the company’s

directors. The Company controlled all of the land & became established & successful as a

tobacco colony, but suffered population losses from disease, starvation, & Indian attacks that

challenged any real territorial or population expansion for 50 years. In the Massachusetts Bay

Company, their goals included an establishment of a Self-controlled religious colony as a moral

example to purify the Catholic Church. Colony’s freemen elected governor & colonial

legislature. Experiment was largely successful, though religious dissenters increased over time as

did Indian attacks due to territorial acquisition

2. Why were there no major witchcraft scares in the Chesapeake colonies and no uprising like Bacon’s Rebellion in New England? Consider the possible social, economic and religious causes of both phenomena.

No witchcraft frights in the Chesapeake colonies principally due to the lack of strong family

formation, the expansion of towns & cities, & established religion. High death rate & low

population of women led to a male-orientated & orphan colony based more on secular economic

hunts than religious inspirations as motivated the witchcraft scares in New England. No uprisings

like Bacon’s Rebellion in New England mainly due to the more steady nature of family

formation in New England, where a more healthy climate & the existence of enough land for

sons & daughters to maintain freedom. In Virginia not enough land existed to provide prosperity

to the lower classes because due the surplus of landless laborers & indentured servants, leading

to rebellion. The strong control of the Puritan church & the imposition of hierarchical control by

local church authorities over towns & congregations met with relative acceptance by the Puritan

population as part of the patriarchal family model of obedience, hence no widespread revolts.

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chapter 2 study guide

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