chapter 2 section 1. objectives be able to define: science, scientific method, system, research,...

Chapter 2Section 1

Objectives

• Be able to define: science, scientific method, system, research, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, model, theory, variable, independent variable, dependent variable, control group, experimental group, validity, scientific ethics, technological design, solution design, implementation, evaluation, quantitative, qualitative.

• Be able to describe the purpose of the scientific method.

• Be able to describe the order of steps followed by scientists using the scientific method.

• Be able to distinguish between quantitative and qualitative observations.

• Be able to distinguish between the dependent and independent variables.

• Be able to describe the differences between hypotheses, theories, and models.

• Be able to identify errors in an experimental design.

Objectives

Section 1: Scientific Method

• _____________ is a process whose goal is to discover facts about the universe.

• Most scientific advances result form carefully planned ____________________.

• Science relies on observation, experimentation, and experience


• Science is a process whose goal is to discover facts about the universe.

• Most scientific advances result form carefully planned investigations.

• Science relies on observation, experimentation, and experience


• The process researches use to carry out their investigations is called the _________ ________ .

• This is a a logical approach to solving problems by ______________ and ______________ _______, ________________ ____________, _______________ hypotheses and formulating ________________ that are supported by data.

• The scientific method is ___________________, repeatable and testable.


• The process researches use to carry out their investigations is called the scientific method.

• This is a a logical approach to solving problems by ______________ and ______________ _______, ________________ ____________, _______________ hypotheses and formulating ________________ that are supported by data.




• This is a a logical approach to solving problems by observing and collecting data, formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses and formulating theories that are supported by data.




• This is a a logical approach to solving problems by observing and collecting data, formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses and formulating theories that are supported by data.

• The scientific method is systematic, repeatable and testable.


I. Observing and Collecting Data

• __________________ – the use of the senses to obtain information. Observation involves making measurements and collecting data.

• Two types of data:• ________________– descriptive in nature;

_____-_____________ information (ex. the sky is blue)

• _________________ - __________________ in nature; (ex. 5 meters long)



• Observing – the use of the senses to obtain information. Observation involves making measurements and collecting data.

• Two types of data:• ________________– descriptive in nature;

_____-_____________ information (ex. the sky is blue)

• _________________ - __________________ in nature; (ex. 5 meters long)




• Two types of data:• Qualitative– descriptive in nature; non-

numerical information (ex. the sky is blue) • _________________ - __________________ in

nature; (ex. 5 meters long)




• Two types of data:• Qualitative– descriptive in nature; non-

numerical information (ex. the sky is blue) • Quantitative – numerical in nature; (ex. 5

meters long)



• Experimenting involves carrying out a procedure under controlled __________________ to make observations and collect data.

• Chemists study ________________ – a specific portion of matter in a given region of space that has been selected for ___________ during an experiment or observation.



• Experimenting involves carrying out a procedure under controlled conditions to make observations and collect data.

• Chemists study ________________ – a specific portion of matter in a given region of space that has been selected for ___________ during an experiment or observation.



• Experimenting involves carrying out a procedure under controlled conditions to make observations and collect data.

• Chemists study systems – a specific portion of matter in a given region of space that has been selected for study during an experiment or observation.


II. Formulating Hypotheses

• Scientists examine and compare data from their experiments to attempt to find relationships and ______________ – they try to make generalizations based on the data.

• ___________________ - statements that apply to a ___________ of information. Data is sometimes organized into tables and analyzed using statistics/mathematical techniques.



• Scientists examine and compare data from their experiments to attempt to find relationships and patterns – they try to make generalizations based on the data.

• ___________________ - statements that apply to a ___________ of information. Data is sometimes organized into tables and analyzed using statistics/mathematical techniques.



• Scientists examine and compare data from their experiments to attempt to find relationships and patterns – they try to make generalizations based on the data.

• Generalizations- statements that apply to a range of information. Data is sometimes organized into tables and analyzed using statistics/mathematical techniques.



• Scientists then use these generalizations to formulate a ________________ – a testable statement; _________________ __________. The hypothesis serves as basis for making ________________ and for carrying out further experiments.

• Hypotheses are often “___ - _________” statements – the “then” part is a prediction that is the basis for testing by experiment.



• Scientists then use these generalizations to formulate a hypothesis – a testable statement; an educated guess. The hypothesis serves as basis for making predictions and for carrying out further experiments.

• Hypotheses are often “___ - _________” statements – the “then” part is a prediction that is the basis for testing by experiment.



• Scientists then use these generalizations to formulate a hypothesis – a testable statement; an educated guess. The hypothesis serves as basis for making predictions and for carrying out further experiments.

• Hypotheses are often “if - then” statements – the “then” part is a prediction that is the basis for testing by experiment.


III. Testing Hypotheses

• Testing a hypothesis requires _____________________ that provides data to ____________ or ___________ a hypothesis or theory.

• If testing reveals that predictions were NOT correct, the hypothesis must be ______________ or _____________.

• Hypotheses can be proven ______________ and they can be supported/proven ______________, but they CANNOT be proven correct.



• Testing a hypothesis requires experimentation that provides data to support or refute a hypothesis or theory.

• If testing reveals that predictions were NOT correct, the hypothesis must be ______________ or _____________.





• If testing reveals that predictions were NOT correct, the hypothesis must be discarded or modified.





• If testing reveals that predictions were NOT correct, the hypothesis must be discarded or modified.

• Hypotheses can be proven incorrect and they can be supported/proven successful, but they CANNOT be proven correct.



• ____________ – Experimental conditions that remain ______________ during testing.

• ______________ – any conditions that __________ during testing. • Any changes observed are

due to the effects of the variable.

• Might affect the outcome of the experiment



• Controls – Experimental conditions that remain constant during testing.

• ______________ – any conditions that __________ during testing. • Any changes observed are





• Controls – Experimental conditions that remain constant during testing.

• Variables – any conditions that change during testing. • Any changes observed are





Two types of variables:• _______________ - the variable

that is manipulated by the experimenter. There should only be ______ in an experiment.

• _______________ - variable that is studied. It is expected to change as a result of changes in the ________________ variable. There may be more than one dependent variable.


III. Testing Hypotheses Two types of variables:• Independent - the variable

that is manipulated by the experimenter. There should only be ONE in an experiment.

• _______________ - variable that is studied. It is expected to change as a result of changes in the ________________ variable. There may be more than one dependent variable.


III. Testing Hypotheses Two types of variables:• Independent - the variable

that is manipulated by the experimenter. There should only be ONE in an experiment.

• Dependent - variable that is studied. It is expected to change as a result of changes in the independent variable. There may be more than one dependent variable.


III. Testing Hypotheses Two groups:1. Control group - allows you

to observe what is considered “normal” under a specific set of conditions, so comparisons can be made with the experimental group.

2. Experimental group – this group experiences a change in one variable. Only one variable should be changed at a time


IV. Theorizing

• When data shows that the predictions of a hypothesis are successful, scientist then typically try to explain the phenomena they are studying by constructing a ___________– more than just a physical object, it is often an ____________________ of how phenomena occur and how data or events are _____________.

• Models may be _____________, verbal or _____________________.


IV. Theorizing

• When data shows that the predictions of a hypothesis are successful, scientist then typically try to explain the phenomena they are studying by constructing a model – more than just a physical object, it is often an explanation of how phenomena occur and how data or events are related.

• Models may be _____________, verbal or _____________________.


IV. Theorizing

• When data shows that the predictions of a hypothesis are successful, scientist then typically try to explain the phenomena they are studying by constructing a model – more than just a physical object, it is often an explanation of how phenomena occur and how data or events are related.

• Models may be visual, verbal or mathematical. • Ex. Atomic model of matter – states that matter

is composed of tiny particles – atoms


IV. Theorizing

• ______________– a broad generalization that explains a body of facts or phenomena.

• If a model successfully explains many phenomena, it may become part of a theory.

• Theories are considered successful if they can ___________ the ___________ of many new experiments.


IV. Theorizing

• Theory– a broad generalization that explains a body of facts or phenomena.


• Theories are considered successful if they can ___________ the ___________ of many new experiments.


IV. Theorizing

• Theory– a broad generalization that explains a body of facts or phenomena.


• Theories are considered successful if they can predict the results of many new experiments.


IV. Theorizing

• Theory– a broad generalization that explains a body of facts or phenomena. • Ex. Kinetic-Molecular Theory – Theory that

explains that the behavior of physical systems depends on the combined actions of the molecules constituting the system

• Ex. Collision Theory – Theory that states that the number of new compounds formed in a chemical reaction is = to the number of molecules that collide


IV. Theorizing

• ___________________ gives scientists an opportunity to ______________ the work of others and see if they get the _________ _______________.

• Others will be able to duplicate valid work.


IV. Theorizing

• Publication gives scientists an opportunity to repeat the work of others and see if they get the same results.

• Others will be able to duplicate valid work.


Conclusion

Question

Research

Hypothesis

Experiment

Analysis

chapter 2 section 1. objectives be able to define: science, scientific method, system, research,...

Documents

scientific method science

scientific ethics

experience section

process researches

types of data

testing hypotheses

formulating theories

objectivesbe able