chapter 2 section 1 mesopotamia. fertile crescent land between the persian gulf and mediterranean...
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 2 SECTION 1SECTION 1
MesopotamiaMesopotamia
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FERTILE CRESCENTFERTILE CRESCENT
Land between the Persian Land between the Persian Gulf and Mediterranean Gulf and Mediterranean Sea in SW AsiaSea in SW Asia
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MESOPOTAMIAMESOPOTAMIA
Means land between two Means land between two rivers (EUphrates & Tigris)rivers (EUphrates & Tigris)
Located in IraqLocated in Iraq
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TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVERS (SUMERIANS)RIVERS (SUMERIANS)
Region of rich soilRegion of rich soil
IrrigationIrrigation
Silt (rich soil)Silt (rich soil)
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LIMITED RESOURCES IN THE MESOPOTAMIALIMITED RESOURCES IN THE MESOPOTAMIA
4 DISADVANTAGES4 DISADVANTAGES
a. unpredictable riversa. unpredictable rivers
b. no natural barriersb. no natural barriers
c. limited natural resourcesc. limited natural resources
d. dependent upon traded. dependent upon trade
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SUMERIANSSUMERIANS
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CITY-STATESCITY-STATES
A city and it’s surrounding landA city and it’s surrounding land
Functions as an independent countryFunctions as an independent country
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5 CHARACTERISTICS OF A 5 CHARACTERISTICS OF A CIVILIZATIONCIVILIZATION
1. Advanced cities1. Advanced cities
2. specialized workers2. specialized workers
3. complex institution3. complex institution
4. record keeping4. record keeping
5. advanced technology5. advanced technology
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CULTURAL DIFFUSIONCULTURAL DIFFUSION
Sumerians absorbing new Sumerians absorbing new ideas with the interaction of ideas with the interaction of other peopleother people
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ZIGGURATZIGGURAT
Sumerian templeSumerian temple
Religious belief – polytheismReligious belief – polytheism
Sacrificed animals Sacrificed animals
Their gods were the same as humansTheir gods were the same as humanslove, bearing children, quarreling, etclove, bearing children, quarreling, etc
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SOCIAL CLASSES OF SOCIAL CLASSES OF SUMERIANSSUMERIANS
1. Priests and Kings1. Priests and Kings
2. Wealthy merchants2. Wealthy merchants
3. Working class3. Working class
4. Slaves (captured in war)4. Slaves (captured in war)
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INVENTIONSINVENTIONS WheelWheel PlowPlow SailSail First to use bronzeFirst to use bronze First system of writingFirst system of writing Number system based on 60Number system based on 60
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ARCHITECTURAL ARCHITECTURAL INNOVATIONSINNOVATIONS
ZigguratZiggurat
ArchesArches
ColumnsColumns
RampsRamps
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Sumerian Ziggurat
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Sumerian Arches
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Sumerian Columns
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Sumerian Ramp
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BABYLONIANSBABYLONIANS
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EMPIRE EMPIRE
Brings together several peoples, Brings together several peoples, nations, or previously nations, or previously independent states under the independent states under the control of one ruler.control of one ruler.
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BABYLONIAN EMPIRE’S RULERBABYLONIAN EMPIRE’S RULER
HammurabiHammurabi Hammurabi’s Code of LawsHammurabi’s Code of Laws 282 laws282 laws ““Eye for an eye, tooth for a Eye for an eye, tooth for a
tooth”tooth”
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If any one brings an accusation of any crime before the elders, and does not prove what he has charged, he shall, if a capital offense is charged, be put to death.
Example of Hammurabi’s Code of Laws
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Babylonian innovationsBabylonian innovations
AstrologyAstrology
System of numbersSystem of numbers
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CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 2SECTION 2SECTION 2
EgyptiansEgyptians
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NILE RIVERNILE RIVER
Longest river in the worldLongest river in the world
4100 miles long4100 miles long
Flows northFlows north
Cataracts effects travelCataracts effects travel
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NILE DELTANILE DELTA
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DESCRIBE THE SEASONAL DESCRIBE THE SEASONAL CYCLE OF FLOODINGCYCLE OF FLOODING
July – rains and melting snow from the July – rains and melting snow from the mountains of east and central Africa cause the mountains of east and central Africa cause the Nile to floodNile to flood
October – Nile recedes and leaves behind a October – Nile recedes and leaves behind a rich deposit of soilrich deposit of soil
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HERODOTUSHERODOTUS
Ancient Greek historian – wrote about ancient Ancient Greek historian – wrote about ancient EgyptEgypt
““All Egypt is the gift of the Nile”All Egypt is the gift of the Nile”
Importance of floodingImportance of flooding
Worshipping the NileWorshipping the Nile
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ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES OF THE NILECHALLENGES OF THE NILE
Nile River was predictableNile River was predictable
If the Nile floodwaters were short, the people If the Nile floodwaters were short, the people could starvecould starve
If the Nile floodwaters were excessive it could If the Nile floodwaters were excessive it could ruin their villagesruin their villages
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MENES – UNITED EGYPT MENES – UNITED EGYPT INTO A KINGDOMINTO A KINGDOM
King of EgyptKing of Egypt
United lower and upper EgyptUnited lower and upper Egypt
Capital was Memphis Capital was Memphis
3100 B.C.3100 B.C.
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DYNASTYDYNASTY
Series of rulers from a single familySeries of rulers from a single family
Created by MenesCreated by Menes
31 dynasties over 2800 years (90 years per 31 dynasties over 2800 years (90 years per dynasty)dynasty)
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5th Dynasty
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PHARAOHSPHARAOHS
Kings of Egypt are know as PharaohsKings of Egypt are know as Pharaohs
Political leaders and representatives of the Political leaders and representatives of the godsgods
Caused the sun to rise, Nile to flood, crops to Caused the sun to rise, Nile to flood, crops to grow, good things in life came from the grow, good things in life came from the PharaohsPharaohs
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PYRAMIDSPYRAMIDS
The home after death of a PharaohThe home after death of a Pharaoh
Built by the peasantsBuilt by the peasants
Worked for the glory of their god-kingWorked for the glory of their god-king
80 pyramids stand today80 pyramids stand today
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THEOCRACYTHEOCRACY
Pharaohs were the head of the government and Pharaohs were the head of the government and religionreligion
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KA (eternal spirit)KA (eternal spirit)
Egyptian believed that their king ruled even Egyptian believed that their king ruled even after his deathafter his death
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PYRAMIDSPYRAMIDS
Resting place after death of the King/QueenResting place after death of the King/Queen
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GREAT PYRAMID AT GIZAGREAT PYRAMID AT GIZA
2 million stone blocks (each block weighed 2 2 million stone blocks (each block weighed 2 ½ tons)½ tons)
Stacked with precision to a height of 481 feetStacked with precision to a height of 481 feet
Structure covers 13 acresStructure covers 13 acres
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KING TUTANKHAMONKING TUTANKHAMON(most famous pyramid)(most famous pyramid)
Boy King of EgyptBoy King of Egypt
Came to the throne at age 8 and died at 17Came to the throne at age 8 and died at 17
Tomb was uncovered in 1922 by British Tomb was uncovered in 1922 by British archaeologist, Howard Carterarchaeologist, Howard Carter
Wealth of gold in his tombWealth of gold in his tomb
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Recreated picture of King Tutankhamon
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MUMMIFICATIONMUMMIFICATION
Egyptians believed that their Pharaohs ruled Egyptians believed that their Pharaohs ruled even after deatheven after death
He had an eternal spirit called the kaHe had an eternal spirit called the ka
Description of preserving the bodyDescription of preserving the body
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SOCIAL CLASSESSOCIAL CLASSES Royal familyRoyal family
UpperUpper
MiddleMiddle
LowerLower
SlavesSlaves
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HIEROGLYPHICSHIEROGLYPHICS
Means sacred carvingMeans sacred carving
Pictures represented thingsPictures represented things
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PAPYRUSPAPYRUS
A reed that grew in the marshy delta of the A reed that grew in the marshy delta of the NileNile
Split the reeds into narrow strips, soak them, Split the reeds into narrow strips, soak them, and press them into sheets of papylike materialand press them into sheets of papylike material
The English word paper comes from papyrusThe English word paper comes from papyrus
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Number systemNumber system Geometry – for surveying and measuring areasGeometry – for surveying and measuring areas Origin of geometryOrigin of geometry Calendar – 12 months, 30 days per month, 5 Calendar – 12 months, 30 days per month, 5
days for holidays and feastingdays for holidays and feasting Medicine –worked with heart rate, broken Medicine –worked with heart rate, broken
bones, wounds, and feversbones, wounds, and fevers
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Number System
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Geometry was used to build the pyramids
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Calendar
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SECTION 3SECTION 3
Planned Cities on the IndusPlanned Cities on the Indus
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MOUNTAINSMOUNTAINS
Hindu Kush Mountains – north of IndiaHindu Kush Mountains – north of India
Karakoram Mountains – north of IndiaKarakoram Mountains – north of India
Himalayas Mountains – northwest of IndiaHimalayas Mountains – northwest of India
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Indus River: northwest of India Indus River: northwest of India
Ganges River: northeast of IndiaGanges River: northeast of India
RIVERSRIVERS
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PLAINSPLAINS
Indus-Ganges Plain Indus-Ganges Plain
( northwest of India)( northwest of India)
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PLATEAUPLATEAU
Deccan – central part of IndiaDeccan – central part of India
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MONSOONSMONSOONS
Seasonal windsSeasonal winds
October to May: winter monsoons blow in October to May: winter monsoons blow in from the northeast with dry airfrom the northeast with dry air
June: spring monsoons from the southwest June: spring monsoons from the southwest carries moisture from the Arabian Sea and carries moisture from the Arabian Sea and Indian OceanIndian Ocean
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SETTLEMENT/BUILDINGSSETTLEMENT/BUILDINGS(Planned Cities)(Planned Cities)
Mohenjo-Daro and HarrappaMohenjo-Daro and Harrappa
Featured a fortified area call a citadelFeatured a fortified area call a citadel
Uniform housing using a grid systemUniform housing using a grid system
Brick buildings with plumbing and sewer systemsBrick buildings with plumbing and sewer systems
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RELIGIOUS BELIEFSRELIGIOUS BELIEFS
Worshipped major Indian god Shiva Worshipped major Indian god Shiva –”destroyer” –”destroyer”
Mother goddess (figure that they worship)Mother goddess (figure that they worship)
Fertility images (figure that they worship)Fertility images (figure that they worship)
Cattle (figure that they worship)Cattle (figure that they worship)
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End of the Indus Valley cultureEnd of the Indus Valley culture
Civilization declinedCivilization declined
Invaded by other groups of peopleInvaded by other groups of people Wore out their natural resourcesWore out their natural resources river changed it’s courseriver changed it’s course
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SECTION 4SECTION 4
CHINACHINA
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GEOGRAPHIC FEATURESGEOGRAPHIC FEATURES
Huang He and Yangtze Rivers Huang He and Yangtze Rivers (loess – fertile soil)(loess – fertile soil)
Plateau of TibetPlateau of Tibet
Gobi DesertGobi Desert
Mongolian PlateauMongolian Plateau
Himalaya MountainsHimalaya Mountains
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ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGESCHALLENGES
Flooding of the Huang HeFlooding of the Huang He
Geographic isolationGeographic isolation
MonsoonsMonsoons
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SETTLEMENTSSETTLEMENTS
Walled citiesWalled cities
Elaborate palacesElaborate palaces
TombsTombs
Timber-framed homesTimber-framed homes
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SOCIAL CLASSESSOCIAL CLASSES
Warrior-NoblesWarrior-Nobles
PeasantsPeasants
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ROLE OF THE FAMILYROLE OF THE FAMILY
Central authority in Chinese societyCentral authority in Chinese society
Elderly had special privilegesElderly had special privileges
Women treated as inferiorWomen treated as inferior
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RELIGIOUS BELIEFSRELIGIOUS BELIEFS
Worshipped spirits of family Worshipped spirits of family members, supreme god, and members, supreme god, and lesser godslesser gods
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WRITING SYSTEMWRITING SYSTEM
Over 10,000 charactersOver 10,000 characters
Each represented an ideaEach represented an idea
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TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCESTECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES
Manufactured weapons and religious itemsManufactured weapons and religious items
bronzeworkbronzework
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ARTISTRYARTISTRY
Embroidered silk clothingEmbroidered silk clothing