chapter 2 nota sains

8/3/2019 Chapter 2 Nota Sains

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Chapter 2

What is cell?

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Home School Level Form 1 Subjects Back To Score A

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Summary

Topic 2.1

Topic 2.2

Topic 2.3

Topic 2.4

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Topic outline

Summary
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Photo source: http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov

This chapter is divided into four sub-chapters:

What is a cell? Unicellular and multicellular organisms Organisation of cells in the human body Human are complex organism

Sub-chapter Preview Resource

Cell is first introduce by Robert Hooke (1635- 1703). He used the word cell to refer a small room. The first time he came across cells is when he was using themicroscope he had invented to examine piece of cork.
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Corks

Cork cells under microscope Photo source : http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de

Cell is a basic unit of living things. Cell can function on its own. When cells worktogether, they can form complex structure and perform life process such asrespiration, excretion, reproduction and growth. Cells do not have a fix shape. It canexist in any size and shapes. In a living thing, chemical reactions occur in cells tokeep it alive. Cells can stay alive in laboratory for years if it is provided with essentialnutrients and a suitable environment. But, this does not mean cells can live forever.

Cells will die eventually. The new cells are formed by cell division of other cells. Mostof the cells cannot be seen with naked eye which is referred as microscopic. But, notall the cells are microscopic. Some of cells are huge such as ostrichs eggs. To seemicroscopic cells, we need to use microscopes.

Using a microscopes

A microscope magnifies an object to a specific magnifying power. It is used toobserve an object which cannot be seen by the naked eye.
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Structure of a microscope


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Technique in Using a Microscope

If a specimen is too small, we need a microscope to examine it. A microscope is verydelicate and expensive instrument. Thus, it must be used with care to prevent anydamaged.

Do and dont while using a microscope


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Technique in Mounting a Slide on a Microscope for Viewing Resource

Preparing a Slide
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a. Preparing a slide of human cheek cells

1. Scrape gently the inner part of the cheek with a toothpick.

2. Place the cheek cells on a glass slide.

3. Add a drop of water on to the specimen. Then, add a drop ofmethalylene blue on it to stain the cells.

4. Cover the specimen with a slip.


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5. Use a piece of filter paper to absorb any excess methalylene blue.

6. The specimen is ready to be observed under a microscope.

Human cheek cells


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b. Preparing a slide of onion cells

1. Cut and remove a square section of a big red onion. Peel off a thinepidermal layer from the surface of the section.

2. Place the onion cells on a slide. Add a drop of water on to the specimen.Then, add a drop of iodine solution on it.


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3. Cover the specimen with a slip.

4. Use a piece of filter paper to absorb any excess iodone.

5. The specimen is ready to be observed under a microscope.


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Onion cells form a thin piece of onion skin

Animal cells and plant cells

Generally, a cell consists of protoplasm that is surrounded by a cell membrane.Protoplasm is a living component consists of nucleus and cytoplasm.

Animal cells and plant cells are different in size and shape. The obvious difference

between animal cells and plant cells are the existence of cell wall and chloroplasts.Cell wall and chloroplasts only exist in plant cells. However, they still share commonfeatures like nuclei, cytoplasm, vacuoles and cell membranes.


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Characteristic and functions of the cell structure Resource

Comparison between animal cells and plant cells
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Example Question 2.1 What is a cell? Resource
http://www.scorea.net/iTeacher(ScoreA)/mod/resource/view.php?id=11653http://www.scorea.net/iTeacher(ScoreA)/course/view.php?id=201&topic=1http://www.scorea.net/iTeacher(ScoreA)/mod/resource/view.php?id=11653http://www.scorea.net/iTeacher(ScoreA)/course/view.php?id=201&topic=1http://www.scorea.net/iTeacher(ScoreA)/mod/resource/view.php?id=11653http://www.scorea.net/iTeacher(ScoreA)/mod/resource/view.php?id=11653


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Organism is a term that use to refer to living things (plants and animals).Microorganism is a term used for organism that cannot be seen with our naked eye.

The example of microorganism are bacteria, viruses, algae, yeast and amoeba.


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Examples of microorganisms

Unicellular Organism

Unicellular organism is an organism which consists of only one cell. Unicellularorganisms are easily found in water or in moist areas. They usually move veryactively. They can carry out the life process just like multicellular organisms.Unicellular organisms can be divided into two as shown in the table below

Examples of unicellular organisms

Multicellular Organisms

Organisms that consist of many cells are called multicellular organisms. Usually,

multicellular organisms are large in size such as tiger and rambutan tree. But, thereare still some multicellular organisms that are microscopic and they are known as


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multicellular microorganisms. The example of multi cellular microorganisms arehydra (animal) and spirogyra (plant).

Life Processes

Life processes are processes that carry out by all the living things in order to surviveand live. The life processes include movement, digestion, respiration, excretion,reproductive and others. However, life processes in unicellular organisms are not ascomplex as multicellular organisms.

Example Questions 2.2 Unicellular Organism and Multicellular Organism Resource

Our body consists of many types of cells. Every single cell has its own function. Agroup of similar cells built a tissue. And a group of similar tissues built organ. Whenseveral organs group together and perform a specific function, it is called a system.An organism is made up of several different systems. The organisation of theprevious situation is shown in figure below.
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The organisation of cells in organism

Cells

Human is a multicellular organism. This means that human is made up of millions ofdifferent type of cells. Cells are microscopic and only can be seen via microscope.Cells are different in shape, size, and structure and they may perform differentfunction.

Each cell has a specific function. To perform vital function, cells are organised intogroups based on its function. Here are the examples of types of cells that can befound in the human body

i. Red blood cells

ii. Skeletal muscle cells

iii. Epithelial cells

iv. Bone cells

v. White blood cells


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Different types of cell

The functions of various cells


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Tissues

As mentioned before, cells have specific functions. To perform vital function, cellsare organised into groups based on its function. When cells are organised into

groups they forms a tissue.

The formation of tissue

Four main groups of tissues in the human body

i. Muscle tissues

ii. Epithelial tissues

iii. Connective tissues

iv. Nerve tissue


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Organs

Organ is a group of different tissues which work together to carry out a particularfunction. Organ may carry out one or more functions.

Some major organs of the human body


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Systems

System form when a few different organs work together to coordinate a particularfunction on the body. The whole system in human body enables human to perform

life processes.

Human Body System Resource

Organisms

Different systems which work together to perform life processes form an organismsuch as a human being. These different systems in a body function and co-ordinatetheir activities to enable the body to function as one whole.

Example Questions 2.3 Organisation of Cell in the Human Body Resource

Human beings are complex organisms. In a complex organism, cell specialisation is

very important. The process of cell specialisation to perform specific function isknows as division of labour. This process in cells, tissues, organs, and systems areimportant to ensure a smooth and efficient functioning of body.

Example Question2.4 Human are Complex Organism Resource

Topical Quiz

Topical Quiz : Science Form 1 Chapter 2 SCORM/AICC

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chapter 2 nota sains

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