Chapter 2: Human Body Systems Work Independently and Together

2.1 Body Systems

Body systems…

• Are made up of __________ parts that work together as a whole

• Are connected to one or more other ___________

• Will not function well (or at all) if one part of the system is

________ or ___________.

Eleven Body (Organ) Systems

Tissues: _________ working together

Organs: several types of _________, working together to perform a task.

Organ system: _______ working together to perform vital body functions.

2.2 Digestive and Excretory Systems

Nutrient

• material taken in by the body that has a _________ function.

• Come from what we ______ and __________ (our ‘diet’)

• 5 groups: Carbohydrates, ________, Fats, Minerals, _________

• Although not nutrients, ________ and _________ are also essential to

good nutrition.

Carbohydrates

• Main source of __________ for body (50-60%).

• Two Types of Carbohydrates

a) _________ sugars

– glucose, fructose, lactose

- _________ energy

b) __________ sugars (starches)

- chains of glucose molecules.

- _______ term energy

Fats

• ______ energy for future use

• insulate ______

• __________ internal organs

• build cell ____________

a) Unsaturated Fats:

• usually ________ at room temperature

• comes from __________

• ‘good’ for you

b) Saturated Fats:

• __________ at room temperature

• usually from ___________

• may promote the buildup of ‘________’ in blood vessels, blocking

blood flow

Proteins  

• _______ and ________ of body tissue.

• form __________, skin, ________ and nails.

• help nerves, organs and brain ____________

• repair cuts: ________ or thickens blood.

• form ____________ for reactions.

• Proteins are made up of 20 different __________________.

• Eight amino acids are ___________ must be consumed in diet.

• The rest can be ______________ by your body from other foods.

_______ Proteins: contain all 8 essential amino acids i.e., animal proteins _________ Proteins: missing some of the essential amino acids (i.e,

nuts, cereals, peas, and beans); combinations of these foods can provide

complete protein nutrition

Vitamins and Minerals

Small amounts of vitamins and minerals are required by the body to perform

various body functions.

Water

Not a _________, but is essential to life (would die in days without water)

• Carries _________ to body cells and _______ products away from cells

• Needed for _________ reactions (solvent)

• Regulates body _______________

• _____________ joints

• Main components of cells (_______ of the body)

Fibre A mixture of __________ and complex carbohydrates found in whole-grain

flours, cereals, fruits and vegetables.

• Increases ___________ of elimination of waste (prevents constipation)

• Reduces _____________ levels.

• Prevents _____________ of intestines.

Nutrition - the study of ___________ in foods and the effects of nutrients on health.

Four Food Groups:

Vegetables and __________

_______ Products

_______ Products

______ and Alternatives

Food Pyramid

- _______ food groups - _________ of band shows how much you should eat from each

food group.

Provide examples of food with each of the following nutrients:

Simple Carbohydrates Complex Carbohydrates

Unsaturated Fats Saturated Fats

Protein Vitamins and Minerals

Water Fibre

Digestive System

• Changes _______ into smaller usable components

• Digestive ________ - 10 m long tube from mouth to anus

2 Types of Digestion

____________ Digestion – physical break up of food into smaller usable components.

____________ Digestion – Break down of food into smaller usable components by chemical means (enzymes)

Four Stages of Digestion:

Ingestion

Digestion

Absorption

Elimination

Ingestion and Digestion in the Mouth

Teeth • cut and _________ food.

Tongue • mixes food (taste), helps _____________.

Salivary Glands • produce saliva to __________ food. • produces Salivary Amylase, an __________that chemically breaks down carbohydrates.

Epiglottis • located in the __________ (where your airway passage and esophagus

meet) • flap covers __________when you swallow • __________– mouthful of food that is swallowed

Esophagus • tube connecting the mouth to the __________ • peristalsis (_________ contractions) force bolus down the tube.

Digestion in the Stomach

• like a muscular __________

• holding _______for food

• mechanical digestion - muscular walls ________ and churns food.

• chemical digestion - wall of the stomach secretes ________ juices.

Gastric juice contains:

1. pepsin - an enzyme to breakdown __________.

2. hydrochloric acid - allows pepsin to work.

3. mucus - __________the lining of the stomach.

• Bolus of food breaks down into a liquid called chyme

Digestion in the Small Intestines

• 6 metres long and 2.5 cm in diameter

• __________moves food through the intestine

• thick mucus coating

• Two functions: chemical __________of nutrients and __________ of

nutrients.

Walls of the Intestine secrete: 1) Sucrase - enzyme to breakdown __________into glucose

2) Protease - enzyme to breakdown __________into amino acids

3) Lypase - enzyme to breakdown __________ into fatty acids

Pancreas • Sends fluids to small intestine to __________stomach acids.

• Sends enzymes, protease and amylase, to small intestine.

Liver • Storage of useful substances for blood.

• Breaks down dangerous substances.

• Secretes __________, green fluid that emulsifies fat, into small

intestine. Bile is stored in the gall bladder.

Absorption of Nutrients In Small Intestines

• substances are taken __________to the cells.

Small Intestine

• small folds inside the small intestine called ________ increase surface

area.

• cells of the small intestine are able to absorb amino acids and ________.

• __________enter the blood stream through the villi and are carried to

all the cells of the body.

Large Intestine

• 1.2m long (no ________)

• stores and concentrates the __________remains of your food.

• large amounts of _________ absorbed producing feces.

• __________ extracts minerals from the left over food and manufacture

vitamins that your body absorbs.

• __________, made up of dead bacteria, fibre and water, is stored in

the __________until elimination through the ________.

Nutritional Disorders:

• __________is having an excess amount of fat

• __________nervosa is a disorder where a person severely restricts

what he or she eats

• __________nervosa is a disorder where large amounts of food are

eaten and then ‘purged’ either through vomiting or the use of laxatives,

so that the food is not digested.

Excretory System

Excretion: removal of _________ and _______ wastes from the body

• Liquid wastes are removed through the _________ tract

• Urinary tract contains:

• __________– two organs that filter blood and remove any wastes,

forming urine.

• __________– two tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the

bladder

• __________- storage for urine

• __________– tube where urine passes from the bladder out of the

body

 

 

 

 

 

Section 2.3 The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

Circulatory System

- The transportation network for __________and __________dioxide to and from the cells.

Made up of three components: Blood, Vessels and the Heart

Blood – about 5 L in the human body 55% __________

45% __________

__________– clear, yellowish fluid

-made up of:

a) water

b) proteins and minerals

c) dissolved salts

Blood Cells

1. ______ Blood Cells

- contain iron (gives blood its red colour)

- hemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and carbon

dioxide from body cells to lungs.

- disc-shaped for increased surface area

- manufactured in bone marrow, the liver, and spleen.

2. __________ Blood Cells  

- guard fight infections and foreign substances.

- work with the immune system

3. __________  

- important for blood clotting

- stop bleeding and seal wounds by thickening blood so a scab forms.

The Heart: The Pump

- ________ chambers.  

• Two atria - __________receiving chambers.

• Two ventricles- lower pumping chambers.

Right Atrium - receives ______________blood from the body and empties into the right ventricle.

Right Ventricle - receives __________blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the __________.

Left Atrium - receives __________blood from the lungs and empties into the left ventricle

Left Ventricle - receives __________blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the _____________.

Valves - control the __________ of blood movement in the heart, preventing backflow.

Vessels: The Transportation Network

Major Blood Vessels

• __________- transports oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to

body tissues.

• Superior ______________ - transports deoxygenated blood from the

upper parts of the body to the right atrium.

• Inferior ______________ - transports deoxygenated blood from the

lower parts of the body to the right atrium.

• Pulmonary __________- transports deoxygenated blood from the right

ventricle to the lungs.

• Pulmonary __________- transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

Smaller Blood Vessels

Arteries

-carry blood _______from the heart to the body’s cells

- ________-walled and elastic

- most carry __________ blood (exception: pulmonary artery).

Veins

-carry blood _____the heart

-most carry _______________blood (exception: pulmonary vein).

Capillaries

-network of ________ blood vessels that travel to each of the cells.

-walls are _______ to allow exchange of gases and nutrients.

 

Respiratory System

• organs and tissue that exchange _________ into and out of your body.

Respiration

• process of ____________

Cellular Respiration

• process by which your cells use __________ to release energy from food.

Enzymes

glucose + oxygen ---> energy + CO2 + H2O

Energy - used by cells to do work

CO2 - removed by circulatory and respiratory systems

H2O - removed by excretion

Breathing Rate

• the __________ of times you breathe in a minute • determined by the levels of _________dioxide in the blood

stream. • increased CO2 results in a __________ breathing rate,

removing CO2 from the body quickly.

Path of Air

Nose and Mouth

• __________ (tiny hairs) in nasal cavity filter dust from air. • air is cleaned, warmed and moistened in the _________ cavity.

Pharynx

• opening to the __________ (throat)

Larynx

• _____________; • contains vocal cords which __________ as air passes them.

Epiglottis

• controls what enters the __________

Trachea

• tube entering the __________

• __________bands keep tube open

• tube is lined with __________and __________to filter air.

Bronchi

• 2 tubes, each leading to a __________.

• lined with __________to filter dust.

Bronchioles

• smaller air tubes branching from bronchi to __________

Alveoli

• tiny air _____ surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange takes place.

Diaphragm

• thin, strong, dome-shaped __________that forms the bottom of the chest cavity

Breathing

Inhaling

• ribs move up and outwards.

• diaphragm pulls down and flattens (contracts)

• air moves in (21% oxygen, 0.04% CO2)

Exhaling

• ribs move down and inwards.

• diaphragm relaxes

• air moves out

Gas Exchange

• exchange of oyxgen and carbon dioxide gases occur in the:

a) __________

b) __________

• diffusion - net movement of molecules from an area of _______concentration to an area of _______concentration, until a state of equilibrium is reached.

Diffusion in the Alveoli

• oxygen enters the alveoli at a ________concentration (21%)

• oxygen will diffuse from alveoli to the ________where there is a low concentration of oxygen.

• there is a high concentration of _______ in the blood

• there is a low concentration of CO2 (0.04%) in the __________

• CO2 will diffuse from the blood to the __________and is expelled by the lungs.  

Diffusion in the Cells

• there is a __________concentration of CO2 in the cells due to cellular respiration.

• CO2 will diffuse from the __________to the blood.

• O2 will diffuse from the __________to the cells.

Caring for the Respiratory System

Caring for your respiratory system has two parts: fitness and protection.

Like any body part that contains muscle, your respiratory system benefits from __________. Regular exercise helps make breathing more __________.

Protecting your respiratory system requires preventing dangerous substances from entering your __________by avoiding poorly ventilated areas and by wearing breathing masks when necessary.

Smoking

- smoking can be quite harmful to your __________system. - smoking can result in:

o lung _________(cigarettes contain up to 50 carcinogens) o ____________(hardening of alveoli making breathing

difficulties) o __________disease o damage to cilia so that dirt trapped in mucus becomes

difficult to remove (__________cough)