chapter 2 - ewu · how hardware and software ... fifth edition 6 common operating systems zdos ......
TRANSCRIPT
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A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PCFifth Edition
Chapter 2
How Hardware and Software Work Together
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2A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
You Will Learn…
About operating systems, what they are, and what they do
How an OS interfaces with users, applications, and hardware
How system resources help hardware and software communicate
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3A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Introducing Operating Systems
Software that controls a computer
Acts as a middleman between applications and hardware
Two main internal components
Shell
Kernel
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4A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
OS as a Middleman
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5A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
The Shell and the Kernel
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6A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Common Operating Systems
DOSWindows 9xWindows NT, Windows 2000, andWindows XPUnixLinuxOS/2Mac OS
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7A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
What an Operating System Does
Provides user interface
Stores, retrieves, and manipulates files and folders
Manages applications
Manages hardware
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8A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
How an OS Provides a User Interface
Command-driven interfaces
Menu-driven interfaces
Icon-driven interfaces
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9A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
A Menu-Driven Interface
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10A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
How an OS Manages Files and Folders
Uses file system (FAT or NTFS) to track how clusters are used for each stored file
Uses directories, subdirectories, and files
Uses partitions and logical drives on hard drive
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11A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Tracks, Sectors, and Clusters
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12A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Files and Directories
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13A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Partitions and Logical Drives
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14A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
How an OS Manages Applications
Provides access to hardware resources
Manages data in memory and in secondary storage
Performs other background tasks
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15A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Loading Application Software Using the Windows Desktop
Shortcut icon
Start menu
Run command
Windows Explorer or My Computer
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16A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Using a Shortcut Icon to Load Software
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17A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Real and Protected Operating Modes
Real (16-bit) operating modeCPU processes 16 bits of data at one timeSoftware has “real” access to hardware
Protected (32-bit) operating modeCPU processes 32 bits of data at one timeMore than one program can be running, each one “protected” from othersUses preemptive multitasking
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18A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
16-Bit and 32-Bit Software
16-bit software
Written for Windows 3.x
Accesses data 16 bits at a time
Programs should not infringe on resources of other programs that are running
32-bit software
Written for Windows 95 and later Windows OSs
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19A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
How an OS Manages Hardware
Uses device drivers or the BIOS (system BIOS, startup BIOS, or CMOS setup) to interface with hardware
Trend is to manage devices with device drivers rather than BIOS
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20A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
How an OS Manages Hardware (continued)
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21A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
How an OS Uses Device Drivers to Manage Hardware
Device drivers provide OS with software necessary to control devices
16-bit read-mode drivers
Supported by Windows 95/98
32-bit protected-mode drivers
Supported by Windows 95/98, Windows Me, and Windows NT/2000/XP
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22A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
How an OS Uses System BIOS to Manage Devices
To communicate with simple devices (eg, floppy drives or keyboards)
To access the hard drive
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23A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Using System BIOS
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24A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Using System BIOS (continued)
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25A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
System Resources
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26A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
System Resources (continued)
Depend on certain lines on a bus on motherboard
System bus componentsData bus carries data
Address bus communicates addresses (memory addresses and I/O addresses)
Control bus controls communication (IRQs and DMA channels)
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27A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
System Bus Components
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28A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Interrupt Request Number (IRQ)
Line on a bus that device needing service uses to alert the CPU
Managed by interrupt controller on motherboard
Early motherboards: eight IRQs
Second group of IRQs and second interrupt controller have been added to accommodate need for more devices
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29A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Common Assignments for First Eight IRQs
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30A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Second IRQ Controller
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31A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Viewing IRQ Assignments
Microsoft Diagnostic Utility (MSD) for DOS
Device Manager for Windows 2000/XP and Windows 9x
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32A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Viewing IRQ Assignments (continued)
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33A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Viewing IRQ Assignments (continued)
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34A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Memory Addresses
Hexadecimal numbers assigned to RAM and ROM so the CPU can access both
Used to access physical memory
Often written in segment:offset form(eg, C800:5)
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35A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Memory Addresses (continued)
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36A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
I/O Addresses
Numbers CPU can use to access hardware devices
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37A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
I/O Addresses (continued)
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38A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Common Assignments for I/O Addresses
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39A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Direct Memory Access (DMA) Channels
Shortcut method that lets an I/O device send data directly to memory, bypassing the CPU
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40A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
DMA Channels
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41A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
OS Tools to Examine a System
Device Manager
System Information utility
Microsoft Diagnostic Utility (MSD)
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42A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Device Manager
Primary tool used to manage hardware devices under Windows 2000/XP and Windows 9x
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43A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Device Manager ( continued)
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44A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
System Information Utility
Gives similar, but more, information than Device Manager
BIOS version in use
Directory where OS is installed
How system resources are used
Information about drivers and their status
Additional information about software
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45A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Using Windows System Information
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46A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Microsoft Diagnostic Utility (MSD)
Useful for viewing information about the system, including:
Memory
Video
Ports
Device drivers
System resources
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47A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Using MSD
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48A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
SummaryHow hardware and software work together
Different operating systems
What they do
How they work to control hardware devices
How an OS provides the interface that users and applications need to command and use hardware devices