chapter 2 basic building block
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Chapter 2
Basic Building Blocks in
Conducting CommunicationResearch
(Baxter / Babbie)
Prepared by:
AB!" RA!# $% R&'!A
#aculty o Communication and *edia +tudies
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+electing and arro,ing -our .opic Area
.he best research comes rom researchers ,ho seek
ans,ers to the uestions that hold high interest 0alue or
them1
.o get a better topic or some ideas you can reer rom other
communication research 3ournals and other reerences1
-ou must ha0e your basic purpose in doing your research
.o explore some phenomenon .o examine ,hy something occurs
.o understand ,hat something means
.hen you can decide ,hich method to be used4 either
uantitati0e ualitati0e or mix method1
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Conducting a "iterature Re0ie, A re0ie, o literature is a comprehensi0e sur0ey o ,hat
researchers ha0e already done in your topic area1
!sually the research rele0ant to your literature re0ie, is
published in scholarly 3ournal (primary sources)1
5ccasionally an author summari6es a large number o
studies in a book chapter or in entire book (secondary
sources)
$o,e0er a good re0ie, o literature ,orks ,ith primary
sources 7 original research studies published in scholarly
3ournals1
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-ou can use a pre0ious researcher8s method or e0en
replicate an earlier study1 .he independent replication o
research pro3ect is a standard procedure in the physical
sciences and it8s 3ust as important in communication1 .he use o se0eral dierent research methods to test the
same inding is sometimes called triangulation1
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Reading Communication Research
Reports
Proprietary research is generally ocused on pro0iding a
narro, ans,er to a uestion pro0ided by the parties (sponsors)
that contracted the research1
9orking paper is a orm o research reporting1 &t presents
some indings o the research (proceeding)
.he most popular research report is the article published in a
scholarly 3ournal1
+ome researchers present the results o the study in a bookchapter that appears in edited 0olume1
A book represents the most complex orm o research report1 &t
is more polished document1
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5rgani6ation o the
uantitati0e Research Report .he .itle
.he Byline
.he Abstract
.he &ntroduction
*ethod
Results
iscussion
Reerences
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5rgani6ation o the
ualitati0e Research Report &ntroduction *ethod Results iscussion and Reerences ;
,ill oten be used by ualitati0e researchers to present theirresearch study1
ualitati0e research generally studies the details o meaning
making in particular situations or groups1
ualitati0e researchers typically start the research process
using inducti0e reasoning 7 that is mo0ing rom speciicobser0ations to iner more general patterns or principles1
.he primary research instrument is the researcher1
.he presentation o indings is a narrati0e tale1
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< basic genres o narrati0e tales
1) The Realist Tale: &s the most common in ualitati0e
research1 .he researcher 0ie,s the narrati0e as an accurate
representation o the phenomenon1 .he narrati0e ideally is a
mirror that relects the reality o ,hat ,as obser0ed1 =g: !sed
,ords an employee the super0isor the C=5 but not we or the
researchers.
2) The Confessional Tale: &s contra ,ith the realist tale1 &teatures >personali6ed author8 and the 0oice o the narrati0e is
irst person1 =g: .he researchers ound that?1 9e belie0ed?11
3) The Impressionist Tale: &s supplanted by the more
disorderly nature o a chronology1 &t tells the story e0ent bye0ent1 .he reader experiences the narrati0e as a story1 $a0e
dramatic control ,hich make the readers eel as i they are
there1 (@st person story)1
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etermining -our Purpose@1 Exploration: &s conducted to explore a topic or to pro0ide a
beginning amiliarity ,ith that topic1 +omething ,hich is a ne,interest or the sub3ect is relati0ely ne,1
21 Description: .o describe something about the communication
process1 .he researcher obser0es and then describes ,hat ,as
obser0ed1
<1 Causal / #unctional =xplanation
!sed to explain things1 =g: 9hy ads on e, *edia are more
persuasi0e than traditional media1
1 Understanding
+imilar to explanation;reason;based1 9hen you understand
a human communicati0e action you kno, ,hat it means
and the rules that guide its enactment1
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etermining -our !nit o Analysis!nits o analysis in a study are typically also the units o obser0ation1 Are those
things ,e examine in order to create summary descriptions and to explain or
understand dierences among them1
@1 Indiiduals: .he most typical units o analysis1 9e tend to describe explain
and understand social groups by aggregating the descriptions o indi0iduals1
=g: +peciic groups: students gays consumers1
21 !roups: +ocial groups themsel0es may also be the units o analysis or
comm research1 #amily rom rural + urban area1 =g: =thnomethodology1
<1 "rgani#ations: #ormal social organi6ations can be the units o analysis1 A
population o all corporations1 =g: *A+ Astro *edia Prima case studies1
1 $ocial %rtifacts: Any product or social beings or their beha0ior1 #ocus on
nonreacti0e research or uno&trusie research (una,are o being studied)1 =g:
Research on di0orce through archi0al records ads on +aturday morning
children cartoons and etc1
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#ormulating -our Research esignThe Time Dimension
.ime plays many roles in the design and execution o research
uite aside rom the time it takes to do research1 Research
design as a process or deciding ,hat aspects ,e shall obser0e
o ,hom and or ,hat purpose1
Cross ' $ectional $tudies
*any research pro3ects are designed to study some
phenomenon by taking a cross section o it at one time and
analy6ing that cross section careully1 =g: A single public opinion
poll (PR!) is a study aimed at describing the *alaysian
population at a gi0en time1
(ongitudinal $tudies
Are designed to permit obser0ations o0er an extended period1
=g: A researcher can participate in and obser0e the
communicati0e acti0ities o a radical political group rom its
inception to its demise1
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< types o longitudinal studies
Trend studies: 9hen ,e study changes ,ithin some general
population o0er time1 =g: A study on a comparison o tele0ised0iolence or each se0eral decades and a study o deinition o
ne,s ,hich the deinition keeps changing1
Cohort studies: 9hen ,e examine relati0ely speciic
subpopulations or cohorts as they change o0er time1 A cohort is anage group such as those people born during >Merdeka8 but it can
also be based on some other time grouping such as people born
in late D8s (Y generation)1 A sample o people 2@ 7 2E years o
age might be sur0eyed in @FD another sample o those <@ 7 <E
years o age in @D1 =ach ,ill present the sur0i0ors o the cohort
,ho reach adulthood1
anel studies: =xamine the same set o people each time1 =g:
9e could inter0ie, the same sample o 0oters e0ery month during
an election campaign asking or ,hom they intended to 0ote1
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.he +pace imension Researcher also need to think the issue o space4 ho, the
physical setting matters in your research1
*ield Dependent Research: Researchers ,ho conduct
naturalistic field research are interested in ho, people
communicate in the natural surroundings o their e0erydayli0es1 =g: -ou study about your college roommates personal
space Gomed8s blog and etc1
*ield ' Independent Research: Researchers are also
interested in a 0ariety o topics that are independent o thesetting1 =g: #ill out a uestionnaire or complete an inter0ie,
the setting in ,hich the responses are elicited doesn8t
matter1
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9riting !p -our Research Proposal .itle
Byline
An abstract
An &ntroduction (H"R)
Problem +tatement
Research uestions
*ethods
A list o reerences
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- The End -
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++2
A c
t i 0 i t y i n C l a s s
Please prepare your ownresearch proposal. You can
refer from previous research journal for your guidelines.