chapter 2 aircraft systems...飛行力学 chapter i-2 aircraft systems 12 glare shield 1. fd (flight...

飛行力学 Chapter I-2 Aircraft Systems

1

Chapter 2 Aircraft Systems

Boeing747


2

Boeing747-400

Aircraft Dimensions

TypeIssue

Wing Span (m)

Length (m)

Height (m)

Passengers (-)

Maximum Take Off Weight (kg)

Maximum Landing Weight (kg)

Maximum Zero Fuel Weight (kg)

Maximum Payload Weight (kg)

Maximum Fuel Weight (kg)

Maximum Operational Altitude (km)

Maximum Operational Speed (km/h)

Cruise Speed (km/h)

Cruise Time (h)

Flight Range (km)

Take Off Distance (m)

Landing Distance (m)

Engine

Engine

Manufacturer

General Electric

Thrust

Boeing


2.1 Aerodynamic Control Surfaces

3

Control Function Aerodynamic Surfaces

Primary

Control

Pitch Control

■Inboard Elevator

■IOutboard Elevator

■Variable-incidence

Horizontal Stabilizer

Roll Control

■Inboard Aileron

■Outboard Aileron

■Inboard Spoiler

■Outboard Spoiler

Yaw Control■Upper Rudder

■Lower Rudder

Secondary

Control Sy

High Lift Device

■Kruger Flap

■Variable-Camber

Leading Edge Flap

■Inboard Flap

■Outboard Flap

Ground Speed

Brake

■Inboard Spoiler

■Outboard Spoiler

Ground Spoiler

Flight Spoiler

Inboard Aileron

Triple Slotted Flap

High Speed Aileron

Low Speed Aileron

Outboard Flap


4

Pitching Control by Elevator

Elevator

+YB

XB

ZB


5

Rolling Control by Aileron

Aileron

+

+

YB

XB

ZB


6

Yawing Control by Rudder

Rudder

+

YB

XB

ZB


7

Mechanical Control System

(Irreversible)

Elevator Control System

Mechanical Cable

Control Wheel

Right

Inboard

Elevator

Right Outboard Elevator

Left Inboard Elevator

Right Outboard Elevator

Mechanical Control Unit

(Pneumatic Sys. No.1 & No.2)


(Pneumatic Sys. No.4)

Angle Sensor


(Pneumatic Sys. No.1 & No.2)


(Pneumatic Sys. No.1) Elevator Cable

Artificial Feel Unit

Pulley

Dynamic Pressure Sensor

Artificial Feel Computer

Elevator Cable

Control

Column

Mechanical Control System (Irreversible)

Bob Weight

Artificial Feel Spring

Pneumatic System

Return

Pressure


8

Boeing 747-100Boeing 747-400

Cockpit Evolution

from Analog to Digital

2.2 Flight Management

and Control

Systems


9

Boeing 777


10FMS (Flight Management System)

Pilot Control, Display

Computation System

Control

Surface

ILS: Instrumental Landing

System

MLS： Microwave Landing

System

MCP: Mode Control Panel

ADC: Air Data Computer

INS: Inertia Navigation

System

MCDU: Multi Purpose Display

and Control Unite

EFIS: Electric Flight

Instrument System

Pilot Stick

ILS/ MLS

MCP

ADS/ INS

MCDU

EFIS

Nav. Radio

Throttle

Stick Angle

Approach Path

Control Mode

Target

Velocity Position

Attitude

Flight Plan

Flight Inf.

Direction/ Distance

Lever Angle

Flight Inf.

Flig

ht

Co

ntr

ol

Co

mp

ute

r

Th

rust

Co

ntr

ol

Co

mp

ute

r

Flig

ht

Man

ag

em

en

t C

om

pu

ter

Optimal Velocity

Co

ntr

ol

Su

rfa

ce

Angle

Command

Thrust

Command

En

gin

e

Engine

System


11

（Electronic Flight

Instrument

System)

（Electronic Horizontal

Situation Indicator)

（Electronic

Attitude Director

Indicator)

（Engine Indication and

Crew Alerting System)


12

Glare Shield

1. FD (Flight Director) Switch 3. EFIS Brightness Control Panel

2. EFIS (Electronic Flight Instrument 4. System Control Panel

System) Control Panel ・A/P (Auto Pilot)

・PDF (Primary Flight Display) ・A/T (Auto Throttle)

・ND (Navigation Display)

Overhead Panel

1. Electric Engine 5. Center Panel (Upper) 10. Anti-Ice 15. ECS (Environmental

Control Panel 6. Fire Panel Panel Control System)

2. IRS (Inertial Reference 7. Engine Start 11. Timer Air Conditioning Panel

System) Panel Panel 12. Cabin Oxygen Panel 16. Bleed Air Panel

3. Power System Panel 8. Fuel Jettisoning Panel 13. Yaw Damper 17. Light Switch Panel

4. Hydraulic System Panel 9. Fuel Panel 14. Cabin Altitude Panel

Main Panel

1. Source Select Panel 7. Ground Proximity Warn. Panel 12. EICAS (Engine Indication 14. RMI (Radio Magnetic

2. Clock 8. Alternate Flap and Crew Alerting System) Indicator)

3. CRT Select Panel and Gear E I U Selector 15. ADI (Attitude Director

4. Flight Number 9. Landing Gear Lever Display Computer Indicator)

Reminder 10. FMC Master Switch 13. Primary EICAS 16. Air Speed Indicator

5. PFD (Primary Flt. Disp.) 11. Heading (Engine Indication and 17. Pressure Altimeter

6. ND (Navigation Display) Reference Switch Crew Alerting System) 18. Brake Pneumatic Meter

Center Pedestal (Center Panel)

1. CDU 4. Parking Brake 8. Flap Lever 13. Weather Radar Panel

(Control Display Unit) Lever 9. Trim Cut-out 14. Trim Panel

2. EICAS (Engine 5. Speed Brake Switch 15. Transponder

Indication and Crew 6. Thrust Lever 10. Radio Panel 16. Auto Brake

Alerting System) ・TO/ GA (Go Around) Switch 11. Audio Panel 17. ACARS Printer

3. Stabilizer Trim Indicator 7. Fuel Control Switch 12. Cabin Signal Panel


13

IDS（Integrated Display System）

■EFIS

（Electronic Flight Instrument System）

・PFD（Primary Flight Display）

EADI（Electronic Attitude

Director Indicator）

EHSI（Electronic Horizontal

Situation Indicator）

・ND（Navigation Display）

■EICAS

(Engine Indication Crew Alerting System)

■FMS-CDU

(Flight Management System-Control Display Unit)

IDS（Integrated Display System)

Weather

Radar

Air Data Computer

Anti-Ice Unit

ECS

Door

Landing Gear

Pneumatic Sys.

Flt Cont. Sys.

Radio Nav.

Stall Warn. Comp.

Elec. Sys.

Fuel Sys.

Fire Sys.

Engine


14

（Engine Indication and

Crew Alerting System)EICAS

Air Conditioning System Pneumatic System Fuel System

Door System Gear System Power System


15

Primary Flight Display Navigation Display

PDF

Velocity

Limit, Wind Sher

Attitude

Direct. of Velocity Inc.

Auto Pilot Mode

Altitude.

Ascent/ Decent Rate

Nose Heading

Ground Speed

Wind Direct. and Speed

Nose Heading

Weather Radar

Radio Station

Aircraft Positon

Radio Station Name

Distance from Radio Station

Distance and Time to Way Point

Flight Direction

Flight Cource

Time to Planned Altitude

Way Point

Turn Direction and Point in 90 Sec.

ND of 747-400 (Map Mode)


16

Air C

raft

Co

mm

un

ica

tion

HF

（2.5～22ＭＨｚ）・Over Sea Long Range Communication

ＶＨＦ

（117.975～

137.000ＭＨｚ）

・Air Traffic Communication

・Company Communication

Satellite Communication＊

・Telecommunication, Facsimile

・ADS （Automatic Dependent Surveillance)

Navig

atio

n a

nd

Gu

ida

nc

e

Radio Navigation System

・ADF（Automatic Direction Finder）

・VOR(VHF Omnidirectional Range)

・DME(Distance Measuring Equipment)

・TACAN (Tactical Air Navigation System)＊

・Loran＊

・Omega＊

・GPS(Global Positioning System)＊

Autonomous Navigation System

・Doppler Navigation System＊

・INS(Inertial Navigation System)

・IRS（Inertial Reference System)

Landing Guidance System

・ILS(Instrumental Landing System)

・MLS(Microwave Landing System)

・Radio Altimeter

＊not equipped in Boeing 747-400

Communication and Radio

Navigation Antenna

ATC (Air Traffic Control)

2.3 Flight Communication, Navigation and Guidance

Systems

1. Weather Radar Parabola Antenna

2. Localizer Receiver

3. Glide Slope Receiver

4. ATC Transponder Transmitter/ Receiver

5. DME Transmission/ Receiver

6. Radio Altimeter Transmitter

7. Radio Altimeter Receiver

8. Direction Finder Receiver (Loop Antenna)

9. Marker Beacon Receiver

10. VHF Transmitter/ Receiver

11. Direction Finder Transmitter

12. HF Transmitter/ Receiver

13. VOR Receiver


Direction of

Signal

Fixed Loop

Antenna

Induced Voltage

Between B-D (Loop 2)

Between H-F (Loop 1)

17

ADF （Automatic Direction Finder）

Relation between Phase and Intensity of Induced Voltage


18

VOR (VHF Omnidirectional Range)

VHF Carrier Wave

9.960 Hz Sub-

Carrier Wave

30 Hz Reference

Signal

9.960 Hz Signal FM

Modulated by 30Hz

Reference Phase

Signal

Phase Variable

Signal

VOR Signal

VOR Antenna

Variable 30 Hz

Reference Signal Phase Variable Signal in

terms of Direction

Synthesizer

Pre-selector Mixer Detector Filter

Variabl30Hz

Detec-tor

Filter

Control Panel

FM

Discriminator

PhaseDetec-

tor

Indicator

DriverIndicator

Navigation System or

Other Avionics

Digital DataA/D

Converter

System Block Diagram of VOR Receiver


19

DME (Distance Measuring Equipment)Antenna

Duplexer

Pre-selector

IF Amplifier

Video Amplifier Decoder

Encoder

Power Amp. Modulator Synthesizer

Transmission

Tunable Voltage

Dist. Calc.

InterfaceOnboard DME

FMS etc.

Onboard DME Block Diagram

Measurement Principle of Onboard DME

Pulse Transmission

Decoder Output

Distance Gate

Distance Gate Response

Self Response

Response to Other Aircraft

Scatter Pulse

Discrimination Pulse


20

INS (Inertial Navigation System)

Platform

Aircraft Aircraft

Accelerometer

Gyro

Platform

Accelerometer

Gyro Accelerometer

Gyro

Gimbal Servo

Att

itu

de

∫ｄｔ

∫ｄｔ

Gravity Acc.

and

Coriolis

Corrections

Processor

Ve

loc

ity

Po

sit

ion

Aircraft Basement

Strap-down Sensor Block

Processor

Coord.Trans.

Calculation of Trans.

Matrix

∫ｄｔ

∫ｄｔ

Gravity Acc.

and

Coriolis

Corrections

Attitude

Ve

loc

ity

Po

sit

ion

Platform System Strap-down System


21

Platform System Strap-down System


22

ILS (Instrumental Landing System)

LOC : Localizer

GS : Glide Slope

V 150 Hz : Amplitude of 150 Hz Modulation

V 90 Hz : Amplitude of 90 Hz Modulation

ILS Indicator

Motion of Onboard ILS Indicator


23

MLS（Microwave Landing System）(1) Scanning Beam from

Direction and High-Low Guidance Unit

(2) Time Profile of Scanning Beam Angle

(3) Signal Received

(Directional Guidance Signal)

Aircraft ①

Aircraft ②

Aircraft ③

Aircraft ①

Aircraft ②

Aircraft ③

“FRO” Scan

“FRO” Scan“TO” Scan

“FRO” Scan

“TO” Scan

Be

am

S

can

nin

g

An

gle

Time

MLS Angle Measurement


24

RA（Radio Altimeter）

Indicator

Altitude Signal

Video SignalTransmission Trigger Signal

ReceptorDistance

Calc.Trans-mitter

Transmission Antenna

Receiver Antenna

Transmission Pulse

Received Video Signal

Altitude Time

Fre

q.

Dif

fere

nc

eF

req

uen

cy

Modulation Cycle

Diff. Freq.

Trans. Freq.

Received Freq. Radio To-Fro

Time

Ground

Alt

itu

de

Time

Time

IndicatorDiff. Freq. Processor

Receiver Sig. Amp.

Receiver Antenna

Trans. Sig. Amp.

FM Modulation Generator

Block Diagram of FM-Type Radio Altimeter

System Diagram of

Radio AltimeterRelation between Transmission,

Receiver and Diffencial Frequency


25

R-NAV（Area Navigation）Magnetic

NorthVOR/ DME

Aircraft

Route

R-NAV Route

Radio

Station

VOR/DME RNAV Roude

chapter 2 aircraft systems...飛行力学 chapter i-2 aircraft systems 12 glare shield 1. fd (flight...

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