chapter 2
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Chapter 2. Susan Solomon: O 3 is ________ which filters ___________ light. Chapter 2. Susan Solomon: O 3 is ozone which filters ultraviolet light. CFCs are _______ _______by upper atmospheric _________ releasing Cl, which ___________ breaks down ________. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 2Susan Solomon:
O3 is ________ which filters ___________ light
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Chapter 2Susan Solomon:
O3 is ozone which filters ultraviolet light
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CFCs are _______ _______by upper atmospheric _________ releasing Cl, which ___________ breaks down ________.
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CFCs are broken down by upper atmospheric radiation releasing Cl, which catalytically breaks down ozone
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CO2 and methane are ___________ gasses
CO2 is also absorbed by the ocean forming ________ acid
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CO2 and methane are greenhouse gasses
CO2 is also absorbed by the ocean forming carbonic acid
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IPCC
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IntergovernmentalPanel onClimate Change
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4 major elements in the human body:1234
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4 major elements in the human body:1. Oxygen _____%2. Carbon _____%3. Hydrogen _____%4. Nitrogen _____%
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4 major elements in the human body:1. Oxygen 65%2. Carbon 18.5%3. Hydrogen 9.5%4. Nitrogen 3.3%
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7 minor elements in the human body:1. _________2. _________3. _________4. _________5. _________6. _________7. _________
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7 minor elements in the human body:1. Calcium ____ % ____2. Phosphorus ____ % ____3. Potassium ____ % ____4. Sulfur ____ % ____5. Sodium ____ % ____6. Chlorine ____ % ____7. Magnesium ____ % ____
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7 minor elements in the human body:1. Calcium 1.5% Ca2. Phosphorus 1.0% P3. Potassium 0.4% K4. Sulfur 0.3% S5. Sodium 0.2% Na6. Chlorine 0.2% Cl7. Magnesium 0.1% Mg
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What are some of the toxic elements contained in serpentine rocks1. ________2. ________3. ________
What is unique about the Tiburon Mariposa lily?
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What are some of the toxic elements contained in serpentine rocksChromiumCobaltNickel
What is unique about the Tiburon Mariposa lily?It grows in serpentine soils
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An amu is an ______ ______ ________, also called a _______
Neutron ~ ___ _________Proton ~ ___ _________Electron ~ 0 daltons (0.0005 Dalton)
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An amu is an atomic mass unit, also called a Dalton
Neutron ~ 1 daltonProton ~ 1 daltonElectron ~ 0 daltons (0.0005 Dalton)
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What is the stable isotope of Na? ___/___ Na – ___ extra neutron
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What is the stable isotope of Na? 23/11 Na means 1 extra neutron
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What is the stable isotope of H? _/_ H – ____ neutrons
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What is the stable isotope of H? 1/1 H – no neutrons
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A radioactive _________spontaneously releases neutrons and sometimes protons from the nucleus
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A radioactive isotope spontaneously releases neutrons and sometimes protons from the nucleus
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Up, charm top are all +2/3
Down, strange, and bottom are all -1/3
Proton is uud net +1Neutron is udd net 0
There are actually 6 quarks and 6 anti-quarksAnd 6 leptons and 6 anti-leptons
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Common biological elements – memorize and see next slide• Oxygen 8, valence 2 (10-8) – 65%• Carbon 6, valence 4 (10-6) – 18.5%• Hydrogen 1, valence 1 (2-1) – 9.5%• Nitrogen 7, valence 3 (10-7) – 3.3%
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Common biological elements – memorize and see next slide• Oxygen ___, valence 2 (10-8) – 65%• Carbon ___, valence 4 (10-6) – 18.5%• Hydrogen ___, valence 1 (2-1) – 9.5%• Nitrogen ___, valence 3 (10-7) – 3.3%
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Common biological elements – memorize and see next slide• Oxygen ___, valence ___ – 65%• Carbon ___, valence ___ – 18.5%• Hydrogen ___, valence ___ – 9.5%• Nitrogen ___, valence ___ – 3.3%
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Common biological elements• Oxygen ___, valence ___ – ___%• Carbon ___, valence ___ – ___%• Hydrogen ___, valence ___ – ___%• Nitrogen ___, valence ___ – ___%
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1st shell ___ orbital with ____ electrons2nd shell ___ orbital and 3 ____ orbitals with ____ electrons each
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1st shell 1s orbital with 2 electrons2nd shell 2s orbital and 3 2p orbitals with 2 electrons each
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1st 3 rows of periodic table1st row ____ shells2nd row ____ shells3rd row ____ shells
Each columns has the same number of ________ _________
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1st 3 rows of periodic table1st row 1 shells2nd row 2 shells3rd row 3 shells
Each columns has the same number of valence electrons
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Covalent bonds• Single bonds share _____valence electrons (i.e. H2)• Double bonds share _____valence electrons (i.e. O2)• H2 and O2 are _____ _________ – not compounds• Attraction of an atom for the covalent electrons is called __________• H2 and O2 are ________ – equal electronegativity• H2O is _______ – O and H differ in electronegativity
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Covalent bonds• Single bonds share one valence electrons (i.e. H2)• Double bonds share 2 valence electrons (i.e. O2)• H2 and O2 are pure elements – not compounds• Attraction of an atom for the covalent electrons is called
electronegativity• H2 and O2 are nonpolar – equal electronegativity• H2O is polar – O and H differ in electronegativity
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Ionic Bonds• When a very electronegative atom encounters a not so
electronegative atom it can strip off an ______ like Na and Cl• Na becomes a positive _______ and Cl becomes a negative ______• Then they are attracted to each other’s charge and form an _____
______• Called ______• Examples Na___ and ___Cl2
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Ionic Bonds• When a very electronegative atom encounters a not so
electronegative atom it can strip off an electron like Na and Cl• Na becomes a positive cation and Cl becomes a negative anion• Then they are attracted to each other’s charge and form an ionic bond• Called salts• Examples NaCl and MgCl2
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Weak Chemical Bonds• _________ bonds:
• _____ _____ _____ interactions: Large shared ______ _____ and random minor _________
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Weak Chemical Bonds• Hydrogen bonds:
• Van der Waals interactions: Large shared surface area and random minor polarization
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Molecular shape• Except for simplest of molecules _______bonds cause _______ to
take new shapes
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Molecular shape• Except for simplest of molecules covalent bonds cause orbitals to take
new shapes
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Molecular __________ is crucial in biology because it determines how biological molecules __________ and __________ to one another with specificity.
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Molecular shape is crucial in biology because it determines how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another with specificity.
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__________ drives the plant reaction:
6____ + 6_____ C6H12O6 + 6_______
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Photosynthesis drives the plant reaction:
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 (glucose)
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The point at which ________ offset one another exactly is called ________ ________ .
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The point at which reactions offset one another exactly is called chemical equilibrium.
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Cellular respirationTakes ________ and ________ and produces ________ and ________ ________
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Cellular respirationTakes glucose and oxygen and produces water and carbon dioxide
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End of Chapter 2