chapter 2
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Chapter 2. Minerals. Section 2.1 Matter. Matter – anything that has volume and mass On Earth exists in 3 states: Solid - has definite shape and volume Rocks and minerals Liquid – has definite volume, but no definite shape Earth’s oceans, rivers and lakes - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 2Minerals
Section 2.1 Matter
Matter – anything that has volume and mass
On Earth exists in 3 states: Solid - has definite shape and volume
Rocks and mineralsLiquid – has definite volume, but no definite shape
Earth’s oceans, rivers and lakesGas - has neither definite shape or volume
Earth’s atmosphere
Section 2.1 Matter
Elements – a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means.
The basic building blocks of minerals.Organized by their properties in the Periodic Table.More than 112 know elements.92 occur naturally, others are produced in labs.
Section 2.1 Matter
Periodic Table – chart of all elements organized by their properties
Rows are called periodsColumns are called groupsElements – Name is abbreviated with 1-3 letters
Atomic number – elements in order according to this number which is located over the elements abbreviationMass number – the total mass of the atom is located below the abreviation
Periodic Table
Section 2.1 Matter
Atoms - the smallest particle of matter that contains the characteristics of an element.
Nucleus – central region of an atomContains protons and neutrons
Protons – positively chargedNeutrons – no charge, neutral
Electrons – negatively chargedSurround the atom’s nucleusSmallest particle in an atom
Section 2.1 Matter
Atomic number – the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Electrons are equal to the number of protons
Atomic Mass – protons and neutrons together
Neutrons = Atomic Mass – Protons (Atomic Number)
Section 2.1 Matter
22
TiTitanium
47.90
22 – Atomic Number47.90 – Atomic Mass
Protons = 22Electrons = 22Neutrons = 48-22 = 26
Section 2.1 Matter
Energy Levels – shells Surround the nucleusContain electrons
Section 2.1 Matter
Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but varying numbers of neutrons
Have different mass numbers: the sum of the neutrons plus protonsMany Isotopes are radioactive and emit energy and particlesMass number is the total mass of the atom (protons plus neutrons)
Section 2.1 Matter
Why Atoms BondWhen an atom’s outermost energy level does not contain the maximum number of electrons, the atom is likely to form a chemical bond with one or more atoms.
A compound consists of two or more elements that are chemically combined in specific proportions.An ion is an atom that gains or loses electrons.
Sections 2.1 Matter
Types of Chemical BondsIonic Bonds form between positive and negative ions.Covalent Bonds form when atoms share electrons.Metallic Bonds form when metal ions share electrons.