CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 2

A Living PlanetA Living Planet

Earth

• Third planet from the sun• Distance from the sun= 93 million

miles

Our Solar SystemOur Solar System

Consists of nine known planets (Mercury, Consists of nine known planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune & Pluto). Uranus, Neptune & Pluto).

Pluto is now being termed a dwarf planet Pluto is now being termed a dwarf planet because it is so small compared to the because it is so small compared to the other eight planets.other eight planets.

There are other celestial bodies that orbit There are other celestial bodies that orbit the sun in our solar systemthe sun in our solar system

Celestial- of or related to the sky or visible Celestial- of or related to the sky or visible heavens.heavens.

In our solar system there are comets and In our solar system there are comets and asteroids that orbit space.asteroids that orbit space.

MercuryMercury

11stst planet ( One third the size of planet ( One third the size of earth)earth)

VenusVenus

22ndnd planet from the sun and hottest in planet from the sun and hottest in solar system.solar system.

EarthEarth

33rdrd planet from the sun. (Only planet planet from the sun. (Only planet that can support the human race).that can support the human race).

MarsMars

44thth planet (known as the “Red planet (known as the “Red Planet”)Planet”)

JupiterJupiter

55thth and largest planet in solar system and largest planet in solar system

SaturnSaturn

66thth planet (Could fit earth in this planet (Could fit earth in this planet over 9 times)planet over 9 times)

UranusUranus

77thth planet from the sun (Has the least planet from the sun (Has the least mass of all planets)mass of all planets)

NeptuneNeptune

88thth planet (This planet has eight planet (This planet has eight different moons).different moons).

PlutoPluto

99thth planet from the sun (Smallest of planet from the sun (Smallest of all the planets).all the planets).

The Earth’s StructureThe Earth’s Structure

• Core- the earth’s center, made up of iron and nickel.

• Mantel- a rock layer about 1,800 miles thick that is between the earth’s crust and the earth’s core.

• Crust- the thin rock layer making up the earth’s surface.

Lithosphere- the solid rock portion of Lithosphere- the solid rock portion of the earth’s surface.the earth’s surface.

Atmosphere- the layers of gases Atmosphere- the layers of gases immediately surrounding the earth.immediately surrounding the earth.

Hydrosphere- the waters comprising Hydrosphere- the waters comprising the earth’s surface (oceans, seas, the earth’s surface (oceans, seas, rivers & lakes). rivers & lakes).

Biosphere- the part of the earth Biosphere- the part of the earth where plants and animals live.where plants and animals live.

PangaeaPangaea

Comes from a Greek word meaning “allComes from a Greek word meaning “all

earth”.earth”.

Continental DriftContinental Drift

The hypothesis that all continents The hypothesis that all continents were once joined into a were once joined into a supercontinent that split apart over supercontinent that split apart over millions of years.millions of years.

Chapter 2 Section 2Chapter 2 Section 2

Bodies of Water & LandformsBodies of Water & Landforms

Anyone passing through our solar system Anyone passing through our solar system would be attracted to the blue planet. would be attracted to the blue planet. They would know that the blue color They would know that the blue color indicated water on Earth. They would indicated water on Earth. They would know that where there is water there is know that where there is water there is probably life. They might try to meet us. probably life. They might try to meet us. We, the blue planet stand out as a beacon We, the blue planet stand out as a beacon to all.to all.

James IrwinJames Irwin

WaterWater

Both fresh and salt water are Both fresh and salt water are required for life to exists on our required for life to exists on our planet. Water supports plants, planet. Water supports plants, animals and helps distribute heat on animals and helps distribute heat on the earth.the earth.

Oceans & SeasOceans & Seas

• Oceans, which are salt water Oceans, which are salt water sources, cover nearly 71 percent of sources, cover nearly 71 percent of our planet. our planet.

• The oceans are really just one large The oceans are really just one large body of water, but it has been body of water, but it has been divided into 4 parts. (Pacific, Atlantic, divided into 4 parts. (Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and Artic Oceans)Indian and Artic Oceans)

Circulation of Salt WaterCirculation of Salt Water

I.I. CurrentsCurrents

II.II. WavesWaves

III.III. TidesTides

The motion of the ocean helps The motion of the ocean helps distribute heat on the planet.distribute heat on the planet.

Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle

The continuous circulation of water The continuous circulation of water between the atmosphere, the oceans between the atmosphere, the oceans and the earth. and the earth.

LakesLakes

95% of all fresh water on earth is in lakes.95% of all fresh water on earth is in lakes.Lake Baikal in Russia is the largest Lake Baikal in Russia is the largest

freshwater lake, volume wise, in the world. freshwater lake, volume wise, in the world. Contains 18% of all the freshwater on Contains 18% of all the freshwater on earth.earth.

Saltwater lakes develop due to changes in Saltwater lakes develop due to changes in the earth’s surface that cut off outlets to the earth’s surface that cut off outlets to the sea.the sea.

Rivers & StreamsRivers & Streams

Move water to or from larger bodies Move water to or from larger bodies of water. of water.

Connect into drainage systems.Connect into drainage systems. Drainage basin- an area drained by a Drainage basin- an area drained by a

major river and its tributaries.major river and its tributaries.

Body of Water FactsBody of Water Facts

Mariana Trench- Deepest spot in the Pacific Ocean. Mariana Trench- Deepest spot in the Pacific Ocean. (35,797 ft. deep)(35,797 ft. deep)

Lake Titicaca in Peru is over 12,000 ft. above sea level. Lake Titicaca in Peru is over 12,000 ft. above sea level. Highest Navigable LakeHighest Navigable Lake

Dead Sea, considered a lake but called a sea. 1,370 ft. Dead Sea, considered a lake but called a sea. 1,370 ft. below sea level. below sea level.

Largest Freshwater Lake area wise is Lake Superior.Largest Freshwater Lake area wise is Lake Superior. Largest Freshwater Lake volume wise is Lake Baikal. Largest Freshwater Lake volume wise is Lake Baikal.

Over 5,300 ft. deepOver 5,300 ft. deep

Facts ContinuedFacts Continued

Pacific Ocean- Largest Ocean (Nearly 1/3 of earth’s Pacific Ocean- Largest Ocean (Nearly 1/3 of earth’s surface).surface).

Artic Ocean- Smallest Ocean (10 times smaller than the Artic Ocean- Smallest Ocean (10 times smaller than the Pacific Ocean).Pacific Ocean).

Nile River- Longest River (4,125 miles)Nile River- Longest River (4,125 miles) Amazon River- Largest River with water flowAmazon River- Largest River with water flow Roe River- Shortest River (200 ft.)Roe River- Shortest River (200 ft.) Angel Falls- Highest Waterfall (3,212 ft.)Angel Falls- Highest Waterfall (3,212 ft.)

LandformsLandforms

Natural features on the earth’s Natural features on the earth’s surface.surface.

Examples include: Valley, glacier, Examples include: Valley, glacier, mountain,mountain,

canyon, cliff, plateau, volcano, mesa, canyon, cliff, plateau, volcano, mesa, etc.etc.

Chapter 2 Section 3Chapter 2 Section 3

Tectonic Plates- enormous moving Tectonic Plates- enormous moving plates of the earth’s lithosphere. plates of the earth’s lithosphere.

Volcanoes and earthquakes occur Volcanoes and earthquakes occur due to shifting/moving of tectonic due to shifting/moving of tectonic plates. plates.

Internal forces that shape the earth’s Internal forces that shape the earth’s surface begin beneath the surface begin beneath the lithosphere.lithosphere.

Movement of Tectonic PlatesMovement of Tectonic Plates

1.1. Spread or move apartSpread or move apart

2.2. Subduction, or diving under another Subduction, or diving under another plateplate

3.3. Collision, or crashing into other Collision, or crashing into other platesplates

4.4. Sliding past each otherSliding past each other

Boundaries of plate movementBoundaries of plate movement

DivergentDivergent ConvergentConvergent TransformTransform

EarthquakesEarthquakes

Earthquakes are violent movements Earthquakes are violent movements of the earth.of the earth.

Fault- fracture in the earth’s crustFault- fracture in the earth’s crust Seismograph- device used to detect Seismograph- device used to detect

earthquakes.earthquakes.

Damage of EarthquakesDamage of Earthquakes

1.1. LandslidesLandslides

2.2. FiresFires

3.3. Collapsed buildingsCollapsed buildings

Richter ScaleRichter Scale

C.F. Richter developed this scale to C.F. Richter developed this scale to measure the amount of energy measure the amount of energy released by an earthquake.released by an earthquake.

TsunamiTsunami

Earthquakes can cause tsunamis, Earthquakes can cause tsunamis, giant wave in the ocean, to occur. giant wave in the ocean, to occur.

Can travel as fast as 450 mph. Can travel as fast as 450 mph. Waves can be as high as 50 to 100 ft. Waves can be as high as 50 to 100 ft. high.high.

VolcanoesVolcanoes

VolcanoVolcano- a natural event formed - a natural event formed when magma, gases, and water from when magma, gases, and water from the lower part of the crust or mantle the lower part of the crust or mantle collect in underground chambers and collect in underground chambers and eventually erupt and pour out of eventually erupt and pour out of cracks in the earth’s surface.cracks in the earth’s surface.

Ring of FireRing of Fire

A zone around the rim of the Pacific A zone around the rim of the Pacific Ocean.Ocean.

In some parts of the world volcanic In some parts of the world volcanic activity is used for heating and hot activity is used for heating and hot water.water.