chapter 19 study guide

Lucero Castaneda AP US History Ms.Lampley

Chapter 19“Civilization’s Inferno”: The Rise and

Reform of Industrial Cities, 1880-1917I. The New Metropolis

A. The Shape Of The Industrial City1. Mass Transit And The Suburb2. Skyscrapers3. The Electric City

B. Newcomers And Neighborhoods

C. City Cultures1. Urban Amusements2. Ragtime3. Sex And The City4. Urban High Culture 5. Investigative Journalism

II. Governing the Great CityA. Urban Machines

B. The Limits Of Machine Government

III. Cities as Crucibles of ReformA. Public Health

B. Campaigns Against Urban Prostitution

C. The Movement For Social Settlements

D. Cities And National Politics

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I. The New MetropolisA. The Shape Of The Industrial City

Manufacturing sprang mostly in the countryside because mill owners could draw waterpower from steams, find plentiful fuel and raw materials, and they could recruit workers from farms and villages. As time progresses, the steam engines played a central role in Industrialization because with them mill operators no longer had to depend on less reliable water-driven power.

1. Mass Transit And The Suburba) Steam-driven cable cars appeared in the 1870s.

b) By 1887, engineer Frank Sprague designed an electric trolley system for Richmond, Virginia. The trolley became the primary mode of transportation in most American cities, but congestion and frequent accidents let to demands of removal.

c) Boston opened a short underground line in 1897; by 1904, completion of a subway running the length of Manhattan demonstrated the full potential of high-speed underground trains.

d) The arrival of railroads led to the growth of Suburbs: an outlying district of a city, especially a residential one.

e) Businessmen and professionals built homes on large, beautifully landscaped lots in outlying towns.

f) Los Angeles entrepreneur Henry Huntington expanded the suburban ideal as he pitched the benefits of Southern California sunshine. He subdivided properly into lots and built rows of bungalows, planting the tidy yards with lush trees and tropical fruits. Huntington had invented Southern California sprawl.

g) Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone (1876) gave rise of the suburbs. The telephone was originally invented for business use on local exchanges; however, it was adopted by residential customers.

2. Skyscrapersa) Architects invented the skyscraper, a building that was supported by its

steel skeleton while its walls bore little weight, serving instead as curtains to enclose structure.

b) By investing in a skyscraper, a landlord could collect rent for ten or more floors of space.

c) The first skyscraper built on the new design principles was William Le Baron Jenney’s ten-story Home Insurance Building (1885) in Chicago. The building inspired the creativity of American architects.

d) The fifty-five-story Woolworth Building, completed in 1913, marked the beginning of the modern Manhattan skyline.

3. The Electric Citya) In the 1870s, as generating technology became commercially viable, the

first use of electricity was for better urban lighting.

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b) Charles F. Brush’s electric arc lamp created a sensation with their brilliant illumination after it was installed in Wanamaker’s department store in Philadelphia in 1878.

c) Electric streetlights soon replaced gaslight on city streets across the country. Thomas Edison’s invention of a serviceable incandescent bulb in 1879 entered the homes of Americans.

B. Newcomers And Neighborhoodsa) Patterns of settlement varied by ethnic group.

b) More and more Italian immigrants arrived in the United States.

c) After the San Francisco earthquake in 1906, Amadeo Peter Giannina Banca d’Italia was the first financial institution to reopen in the Bay area. Expanding steadily across the West, it became the Bank Of America.

d) Sharply defined ethnic neighborhoods grew up in every major city; driven both by discrimination and by immigrants desire to stick together.

e) At the turn of the 20th century, 90% of American blacks still lived in the South, but increasing numbers moved to urban areas, all of whose populations were more than 50% African American.

f) Since many black women and men were turned away from manufacturing jobs, most worked in service sector, becoming porters, laundrywomen, and domestic servants. Additionally, most blacks face race riot urban danger, an attack by white mobs triggered by street altercations or rumor of crime.

g) In 1906 Atlanta, Georgia, there was the Atlanta Race riot that left at least twenty-four blacks and wounded more than a hundred.

C. City Cultures1. Urban Amusements

a) Vaudeville arose in the 1880s and 1890s and it was a major attraction for city dwellers. Vaudeville theaters invited costumers to walk in anytime and watch a continuous sequence of musical acts, skits, juggling, magic shows, and other entertainment.

b) The great amusement parks that appeared around 1900, most famously at New York’s Coney Island. The parks had their origins in World Fairs, whose free educational exhibits proved less popular than their paid entertainment areas.

c) The amusement parks were big businesses and between 1895 and 1904, they installed them permanently at a group or rival amusement parks near Coney Island’s popular beaches.

2. Ragtimea) Popular music also became a booming business in the industrial cities.

b) African American musicians brought a syncopated beat that, by the 1890s, began to work its way into mainstream.

c) Black performers soon became starts in their own tight with the rise of ragtime music. Ragtime was apparently named for its “ragged rhythm”.

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d) Scott Joplin, the son of former slaves, grew up along the Texas-Arkansas border and took piano lessons as a boy from a German teacher. Seeking to elevate African American music and secure a broad national audience, Joplin warned pianists, “It is never right to play ‘Ragtime’ fast”.

e) By 1910, New York alone had more than five hundred dance halls.

f) By the 1910s, black music was achieving a central place in American popular culture.

g) W.C. Handy created the music of the blues. The blues featured banjo or guitar and rasping vocal style. Though it first emerged in the rural South, blues music won fame in the city.

h) Ragtime and Blues helped forge new collective experiences in a world of strangers.

3. Sex And The Citya) For young people, dating opened a new world of pleasure, sexual adventure,

and danger.

b) Dating and casual sex hallmarks or an urban world in which large numbers of residents were young and single.

4. Urban High Culture a) For elites, the rise of great cities offered an opportunity to build museums,

libraries, and other institutions that could flourish only in major metropolitan centers.

b) Symphony orchestras emerged in Boston and New York in the early 1870s.

c) By the 1890s, the Metropolitan Opera drew enthusiastic crowds to hear the work of Richard Wagner: went on to become one of the world's most influential and controversial composers.

d) American composers began looking for folk music for inspiration.

e) Art museums and natural history museums also emerged as prominent new institutions in this era, the nation’s first art museum, the Corcoran Gallery of Art, opened in Washington, D.C., in 1869, while New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art settled into its permanent home in 1880.

f) Andre Carnegie by 1907 had spent more than $32.7 million to establish about a thousand libraries in the United States.

5. Investigative Journalisma) Patrons of Carnegie’s libraries could read not only books but also an

increasing array of mass-market newspapers.

b) Joseph Pulitzer led the way in building his sales base with sensational investigation human-interest stories.

c) William Randolph Hearst transformed himself to one of the nation’s leading news barons.

d) Both Hearts and Pulitzer exposed many scandals and injustices. They believed their papers should challenge the powerful by speaking for, and to, ordinary Americans.

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e) Making innovative use of the invention of flash photography, Danish-born journalist Jacob Riis included photographs of tenement interiors. Riis had profound influence on Theodore Roosevelt when the future president served as New York City’s police commissioner.

f) President Roosevelt dismissed journalist that usually lived and worked in big cities as Muckrakers because they focused too much on the negative side of American life. However, their influence was profound and it inspired thousands of readers to get involved in reform movements and tackle the problems caused by industrialization.

II. Governing the Great CityA. Urban Machines

a) In the United States, cities relied largely on private developers build streetcar lines and provide urgently needed water, gas, and electricity.

b) When contactors sought city business, or saloonkeepers needed licenses, they turned to the Political Machines: party organizations that remained in office, year after year, on the strength of their political clout and popularity among urban voters.

c) George Washington Plunkitt in The Gilded Age (1842-1924): was an influential leader in Tammany Hall, New York's Democratic political machine. He served as a state senator and a representative to the New York Assembly. But he exercised greater political influence through his work as a ward boss in New York's Fifteenth Assembly District

d) William Marcy Tweed (1823–1878): American politician and Tammany leader, New York City. By 1857 he was a power in Tammany. As chairman of the Tammany general committee and later as grand sachem, "Boss" Tweed gained absolute power in the city Democratic Party, controlling party nominations and party patronage. He also became a state senator in 1868 and extended his influence into state politics

e) Middle-class reformers condemned immigrants for supporting machines. Machines were hardly perfect, but immigrants could rely on them for jobs. Emergency aid, and the only public service they could hope to obtain.

f) Despite breakneck urban development and widespread corruption, machine-style government achieved notable success in the building of extensive public parks and markets.

g) In the following decades, city governance improved impressively. Municipal agencies became far better organized and more expansive in the functions they undertook. Nowhere in the world were there more massive public projects than in American cities.

h) As cities continued to expand, the limits of machine governments became increasingly clear

i) Tammany Hall could not achieve systematic solutions to poverty, pollution, and unemployment, all of which were direct consequences of industrialization.

j) Working-class voters knew that the cleanest sidewalk, newest electric lights, and most convenient trolley lines served affluent neighborhoods and suburbs, where citizens had the most clout.

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B. The Limits Of Machine Governmenta) The crisis of the 1890s radicalized many urban voters, who proved none too

loyal to the machines when better alternatives arose.

b) The city’s Labor Union, dissatisfied with Democrats’ failure, worked with middle-class allies to build a thriving local branch of the People’s Party.

c) To recapture support form working-class Clevelanders, Democrats made a dramatic change in 1901, nominating Tom Johnson for major.

d) Johnson’s comfortable victory transformed Democrats into Cleveland’s chief reform party. Like Johnson, other reform majors began to oust machines and launch ambitious programs

III. Cities as Crucibles of ReformThe challenges that arose in the industrial city presented rich opportunities for experimentation and reform.

A. Public Healtha) On of the most urgent problems of the big city was disease. However, by the late

19th century, scientists in Europe came to understand the role of germs and bacteria.

b) Following up on New York City’s victory against Cholera in 1866, city and state officials began to champion more public health projects.

c) Clean-water initiative for its industrial cities in the late 19th century, Massachusetts demonstrated that it could largely eliminate typhoid fever.

d) By 1913, a nationwide survey of 190 cities found that they were spending an average of $1.28 per resident for public health measures.

e) Outrages, urban reformers mobilized to demand safe water and better garbage collection. Hygiene reformers taught hand-washing and other techniques to fight the spread of Tuberculosis.

f) At the end of the Civil War, federal and state governments provided no regulation of food or medical products.

g) With constituent up in arms, Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Act and created the Food and Drug Administration (1906) to oversee compliance with the new law.

B. Campaigns Against Urban Prostitutiona) Reformers launched a nationwide campaign against prostitution.

b) Congress passed the Mann Act (1970) to prohibit the transportation of prostitutes across state lines.

c) The crusade against prostitution accomplished its main goal, but in the long run it worsened the conditions under which many prostitutes worked.

C. The Movement For Social Settlementsa) The most celebrated urban reform institution of the industrial era emerged out

of Christian urban missions, educational and social welfare centers that were founded in the 1870s and 1880s.

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b) In Davenport, Iowa, professional women and dozens of female clerks and wageworkers joined together to create a comfortable suite in the downtown business district where its members could rest, change clothes, or share lunch.

c) Social Settlement: the project was an idea they borrowed not only from American missions but also from Toynbee Hall, a London settlement they had visited while touring Europe.

d) Hull House serve as a community center and a spark plug for neighborhood betterment and political reform

e) Jane Adams struggled to keep Hull House open during the depression if the 1890s. Addams’s views were also reshaped by her conversation with fellow Hull House worked Florence Kelley, who had studies in Europe and returned to the United States as a committed socialist.

f) Addams and her colleagues came to believe that immigrants already knew that what they needed and what they lacked were the resources to fulfill those needs, as well as a strong political voice.

g) Addams encouraged local women to inspect the neighborhood and bring back a list of dangers to health and safety.

h) Whatever their origins, social settlements sought to serve poor urban neighborhoods.

i) Social settlements opened libraries and gymnasiums for working men and women; operated employment bureaus, penny saving banks, and cooperative kitchens where tired families could purchase a mean ay the end of the day.

j) Julia Lathrop: In 1893 Lathrop was appointed as the first woman member of the Illinois State Board of Charities. She helped introduce reforms such as the appointment of female doctors in state hospitals and the removal of the insane from the state workhouses.

k) The women at Hull House were active in the campaign to persuade Congress to pass legislation to protect children. In 1912 President William Taft appointed Lathrop as the first head of the newly created Children's Bureau.

l) Jane Addams and Florence Kelley of Hull House became two of American’s most famous advocated for children, labor, women’s rights, and international peace.

m) Social workers defined themselves as caseworkers who served as advocated of social justice. By 1920, women made up 62% of U.S. social workers.

D. Cities And National Politicsa) To overcome the ills of Industrialization city governments needed allies in state

and national politics.

b) In New York City, March 25, 1911, a fire broke out at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company. Dozens of Triangle workers, mostly young immigrant women, were trapped in the flames.

c) New Yorkers responded across lines of class, religion and ethnicity.

d) Facing public demands for action. New York appointed a factory commission that developed a remarkable program of labor reforms: fifty-six laws dealing

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with such issues as fire hazards, unsafe machines, and wages and working hours for women and children.

e) Robert F. Wagner and Alfred E. Smith, both Tammany Hall politicians, established the commission, participated fully in its work, and marshaled party regulars to pass proposal into law.

f) Wagner and Smith saw that Tammany had to change or die.

g) The political aftermath of the Triangle fire demonstrated how challenged posed by Industrial cities pushed politics in new directions, not only by transforming urban government but also by helping to build broader movements for reform.

h) The people helped build America into a global industrial power.

i) Urban political leaders defended cultural pluralism, expressing their appreciation for Southern and Eastern European immigrants, Catholics and Jews who sought a better life in the United States.

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chapter 19 study guide

Education