chapter 18 the last frontier. riches in the west gold strikes caused a huge migration westward each...
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Chapter 18
The Last Frontier
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Riches in the West
• Gold strikes caused a huge migration westward
• Each prospector was looking to find a rich lode, or deposit, of precious metal
• James Finney and Harry Comstock found one in Nevada and the Comstock Lode gave them more than $400 million worth or precious metals
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Riches in the West
• Two soldiers in South Dakota found an area with a huge amount of gold. This land had just been given to the Indians but the government took it back and the Homestake Mine became the world’s richest single gold mine
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Silver and the Currency System
• The government went on the gold system which caused the price of silver to plummet
• Due to complaints, Congress passed the Bland-Allison Act which made 16 ounces of silver equal to 1 ounce of gold
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Cattle Trails
• As the railroad expanded, it began to be used to ship cattle
• The Chisholm Trail became the busiest trail to bring cattle on. Indians charged a grazing tax and farmers put fences up
• The Goodnight-Loving Trail also became an important trail for western markets
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The Cattle Drive
• The trail boss was paid the most and was in charge of the men, equipment and animals
• About 8 cowboys were hired to ride in front of, beside, and behind the herd
• A cook was also hired to ride ahead and have food ready
• A wrangler was the youngest and was responsible for caring for the horses and equipment
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Meatpacking Industry
• Philip Armour and Gustavus Swift made this industry successful
• They came up with ways to get the most possible meat from the animals
• Armour used bones and hide as by-products. These were turned into soap, glue, buttons, fertilizer, shoes, and gloves
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The Homesteaders
• The government issued the Homestead Act to encourage settlement
• This gave 160 acres to settlers who would live on the land for 5 years
• The government hoped to improve the economy by doing this
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The Oklahoma Land Rush
• During the resettlement of the Indians, 5 tribes had been moved to Indian Territory in Oklahoma
• Many wanted this land for white settlers and they had a celebration to open the land for settlement
• Cannons signaled the opening of the land. • Sooners were settlers who had jumped the gun
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Overcoming Obstacles
• Trees were scarce so many the sod house became more practical. Objects often fell from the roof so nets were used to catch them
• The windmill began to be used to help settlers bring water to the surface and use this on crops
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Help for Farmers
• Farmers wanted to protect their land from cattle and were helped when Joseph Glidden created barbed wire
• Other areas of help were the windmill, the railroad and improved farming machinery
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Hardships
• Settlers had to deal with huge dust storms, prairie fires, hailstorms, tornadoes and clouds of locusts
• Communication with the outside world was difficult so the post office began rural free delivery to reduce the cost of mail
• The Grange also formed which promoted the interests of farmers
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War with Indians
• The US made treaties with the Indians but constantly violated them
• This caused the Indians to fight back and the US Army to destroy villages
• George Armstrong Custer attacked Sioux warriors led by Crazy Horse
• Sitting Bull prepared the Indians by telling of his visions
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Surrender
• Even peaceful tribes were forced onto different land
• Chief Joseph tried to flee to Canada but was captured and soon nearly all Indians were on reservations, land set aside for them
• Geronimo was one of the last holdouts• Indians who did not resist were made wards and
were paid and cared for by the government
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The Dawes Act
• The government passed the Dawes Act to Americanize the Indians
• They ended tribal unions and gave 160 acres to each head of a household
• This failed because the land that was given to them could not grow crops and the Indians were not farmers anyway