chapter 18 review the development of labor what is an organization of workers formed to improve...
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Chapter 18
ReviewThe Development of Labor
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What is an organization of workers formed to improve working
conditions?
Labor union
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The struggle between coal operators and what group
greatly influenced the national union movement?
United Mine Workers of America
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Where did the miners live?
Company houses
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What were three conditions that drove miners to unionize?
• Long hours• Low pay• Dangerous working conditions• No job security • No benefits• No voice in operating the mine
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List five of the conditions in early coal mines that
made it unsafe?1. Explosions2. Cave-ins and Slate falls3. Gas filled mines4. Water seepage5. Small working areas
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Where did the miners have to shop?
Company stores
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How were miners paid?
Company scrip
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Before being hired, all miners had to sign this, which pledged him not to join a union and if this pledge was broken, the miner was automatically fired.
Yellow-dog contract
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contains the names of individuals or companies to
be avoided or punished
blacklist
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Why was it necessary to pass child labor laws preventing the employment of anyone under 16 years of age in the mines?
Working conditions were dangerous, and many children
were dropping out of school to go to work.
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When workers joined together and stopped working until the employer treated them
fairly is called what?
Strike
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a person who is willing to work for a company while its
regular employees are on strike
scab
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What kind of workers led the first major strike in West
Virginia?
Railroad
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What is a sever, continued downturn in the economy marked by
decreased business activity, unemployment, and falling
prices and wages?
Depression
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Why was it especially difficult for women and
minorities to gain entrance into the craft unions?
The Unions controlled who could become members. Men had to
have a father or uncle in the union before they could become
apprentices.
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By law, this governor was required to protect the companies property.
Governor Henry
Mathews
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What president sent in federal troops to stop the
strikers.
President Rutherford B. Hayes
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What was the first national federation of workers?
Nobel and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor
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Who took over as Grand Master Workman of the Knights of Labor and increased membership and led a successful strike against the railroad?
Terrence Powderly
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What new federation of trade union began as a loose
alliance of other unions?
American Federation of Labor (AF of L)
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an order issued by a judge stating that something must or must not be done, such as an order forbidding picketing
by a labor union on strike
injunction
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Who was the founder of the AF of L?
Samuel Gompers
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What did Samuel Gompers do to help stabilize
American unionism?
He helped unions obtain a stronger bargaining
position and developed policies and financing that led to successful
strikes
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Who was the “Steel Drivin Man”?
John Henr
y
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John Henry Memorial
At the Big Bend
Tunnel near Talcott
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Who had the job of using a sledgehammer to drive the steel drill?
Driver
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Who had the job of holding and rotating the drill?
Shaker
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Who had the job of placing the explosives?
Powder monke
y
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Where was the tunnel that John Henry was working
in?
Big Bend Tunnel near Talcott
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What where The State Militia, Injunctions, Companies Private Armed Guards, and Scabs, known as?
“unholy four”
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The National Miners’ Union and The Knights of Labor
were merged to form what union?
United Mine Workers of America
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These agreements were negotiated in what contract? Wages would be 2.25 cents for every bushel of 1 inch
screened coal 2. Union workers would be returned to their old jobs Discrimination against employees because of their connections with any organization was forbidden Interference in the mines by members of the Ku Klux Klan was prohibited The company was required to hire a check weighmen
Harewood contract
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Who was called the “miners angel”?
Mary “Mother”
Jones
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Mary Mother Jones
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What was an unwritten law based on earlier court
decisions?
Common Law
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Because some of the labor groups believed they needed a greater political voice to address their
common concerns, what organization was formed?
West Virginia Federation of Labor
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Where was the worst disaster in coal mining history?
Monongah, in Marion County
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In 1910 the U.S. Congress created what governmental organization?
Bureau of Mines
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What changes in industry brought about a reduction in the number of skilled craftsmen?
• Larger factories• More mechanization• The use of immigrants
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Replacing craftsmen with machines that require little skill to operate is known as
what?
Mechanization
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What group of people came into West Virginia and took the
worst jobs and competed for the new ones?
immigrants
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Where was a tent colony set up?
Holly Grove
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The miners who marched wore red bandanas around
their necks for identification.This is where what term
originated?
“red-neck”
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What detective agency was hired to protect company
property?
Baldwin-Felts
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What did Governor William Glasscock do to keep order at Paint Creek ?
Declared martial
law
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This type of warfare refers to harassment or attacks by
small independent groups?
Guerrilla warfare
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What new governor inherited the responsibility for
ending the violent strike?
Henry Hatfiel
d
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a final statement of terms offered by one party to
another, with the threat of force if the offer is not
acceptedultimatum
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What is the process when union and company negotiate with
each other for wages and working conditions?
Collective bargaining
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What conflict in Mingo County resulted in nine deaths and murder charges against Sheriff Sid Hatfield?
Matewan Massacre
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What was Mingo County known as because of the open
warfare between miners and mine owners?
Bloody Mingo
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The shootout scene at Matewan
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Who was killed on the courthouse steps when his trial was moved to Welch in
McDowell County?
Sid Hatfield
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Many of the miners refuse to fight here because they had
served in WW I and refused to fight the US Army.
Blair Mountain
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What squadron did President Harding send to Blair
Mountain?
Martin Bombers
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What was the problem with building a tunnel through
Gauley Mountain?
Pure silica
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Power plant in which water flows through Gauley Mt.
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The dam formsA lake so that water flows throughThe Hawks Nest Tunnel
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Hawks Nest generatingplant
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What company never admitted responsibility for
the tragedy?
Union Carbide
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What President created the “New Deal” to help bring America out of the Great
Depression?
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
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What President of the UMW best understood the Wagner Act and formed a new labor organization?
John L. Lewis
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refers to the programs proposed by President
Roosevelt to fight the Great Depression.
New Deal
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What is insurance for workers who become disabled on the job or who suffer from job related illness?
Workers compensation
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law permits workers to get and keep jobs without having
to join a union.
Right-to-work
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What law restricted the power of the labor union?
Taft-Hartley Act
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Under the guidance of this West Virginian the AF of L and the CIO was reunited?
Walter Reuther
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In 1995 who became the 15th president of the UMW?
Cecil E.
Roberts
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What are some reasons why the future of labor unions is not as bright as it was twenty-five years ago?• Some unions have made business
less competitive • Many companies have moved
overseas• Some companies violate laws to
prevent unionization