chapter 18 principles of corporate finance tenth edition how much should a corporation borrow?...

Chapter 18Principles of

Corporate FinanceTenth Edition

How Much Should a Corporation

Borrow?

Slides by

Matthew Will

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2011 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

18-2

Topics Covered

Corporate TaxesCorporate and Personal TaxesCost of Financial DistressPecking Order of Financial Choices

18-3

Capital Structure & Corporate Taxes

Financial Risk - Risk to shareholders resulting from the use of debt.

Financial Leverage - Increase in the variability of shareholder returns that comes from the use of debt.

Interest Tax Shield- Tax savings resulting from deductibility of interest payments.

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Income Statement of

Firm U

Income Statement of

Firm L

Earnings before interest and taxes $1,000 $1,000Interest paid to bondholders - 80 Pretax income 1,000 920 Tax at 35% 350 322 Net income to stockholders 650 598

Total income to both bondholders and stockholders $0+650=$650 $80+598=$678

Interest tax shield (.35 x interest) $0 $28

The tax deductibility of interest increases the total distributed income to both bondholders and shareholders.

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DrD

borrowedamount Xdebt on return payment Interest

350$08.

28 shield)(tax PV

DTr

DrTC

D

DC

)(

debton return expected

paymentinterest X rate tax rcorporate shield)(tax PV

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Example - You own all the equity of Space Babies Diaper Co. The company has no debt. The company’s annual cash flow is $900,000 before interest and taxes. The corporate tax rate is 35% You have the option to exchange 1/2 of your equity position for 5% bonds with a face value of $2,000,000.

Should you do this and why?

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Example - You own all the equity of Space Babies Diaper Co. The company has no debt. The company’s annual cash flow is $900,000 before interest and taxes. The corporate tax rate is 35% You have the option to exchange 1/2 of your equity position for 5% bonds with a face value of $2,000,000.

Should you do this and why?

($ 1,000 s) All Equity

EBIT 900Interest Pmt 0Pretax Income 900Taxes @ 35% 315Net Cash Flow 585

1/2 Debt

900100800280520

Total Cash Flow

All Equity = 585

*1/2 Debt = 620*1/2 Debt = 620

(520 + 100)

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PV of Tax Shield = (assume perpetuity) D x rD x Tc

rD

= D x Tc

Example:

Tax benefit = 2,000,000 x (.05) x (.35) = $35,000

PV of $35,000 in perpetuity = 35,000 / .05 = $700,000

PV Tax Shield = $2,000,000 x .35 = $700,000

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Firm Value =

Value of All Equity Firm + PV Tax Shield

Example

All Equity Value = 585 / .05 = 11,700,000

PV Tax Shield = 700,000

Firm Value with 1/2 Debt = $12,400,000

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Net working capital 4,986.2 3,943.3 Long-term debt10,175.4 Other long-term liabilities

Long-term assets 27,890.8 18,758.3 EquityTotal assets 32,877.0 32,877.0 Total value

Net working capital 4,986.2 3,943.3 Long-term debtPV interest tax shield 1,380.2 10,175.4 Other long-term liabilitiesLong-term assests 72,680.6 64,928.3 EquityTotal assets 79,047.0 79,047.0 Total value

Book values

Market values

Merck Balance Sheet, December 2008 (figures in $millions)

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Net working capital 4,986.2 4,943.3 Long-term debt10,175.4 Other long-term liabilities

Long-term assets 27,890.8 17,758.3 EquityTotal assets 32,877.0 32,877.0 Total value

Net working capital 4,986.2 4,943.3 Long-term debtPV interest tax shield 1,730.2 10,175.4 Other long-term liabilitiesLong-term assests 72,680.6 64,278.3 EquityTotal assets 79,397.0 79,397.0 Total value

Book values

Market values

Merck Balance Sheet, December 2008 (figures in $millions)

(w/ $1 billion Debt for Equity Swap)

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C.S. & Taxes (Personal & Corp)

Corporate Tax

Income after Corp Taxes

$1.00

Tp

$1.00 – Tp

Personal Taxes .

Income after All Taxes

$1.00–Tc-TpE (1.00-Tc) =(1.00-TpE)(1.00-Tc)

TpE (1.00-Tc)

$1.00 – Tc

TcNone

To bondholders To stockholders

Operating Income ($1.00)

Paid out as interest

Or paid out as equity income

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Relative Advantage Formula

( Debt vs Equity )

1-Tp

(1-TpE) (1-Tc)

RAF > 1 Debt

RAF < 1 Equity

Advantage

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Example


Interest Equity Income

Income before tax $1 $1

Less corporate tax at Tc =.35 0 0.35

Income after corpotare tax 1 0.65

Personal tax at Tp = .35 and TpE = .125 0.35 0.081

Income after all taxes $0.650 $0.569

Advantage to debt= $ .081

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Another Example


Interest Equity Income

Income before tax $1 $1Less corporate tax at Tc =.35 0 0.35Income after corpotare tax 1 0.65Personal tax at Tp = .35 and Tpe = .105 0.35 0.068Income after all taxes $0.675 $0.582

Advantage to debt= $ .068

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Today’s RAF & Debt vs Equity preference.

1-.33

(1-.16) (1-.35)= 1.23RAF =

Why are companies not all debt?

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Capital Structure

Structure of Bond Yield Rates

D

E

Bond

Yield

r

18-18

r

DV

rD

rE

Includes Bankruptcy Risk

WACC

WACC w/o taxes (traditional view)

18-19

Financial Distress

Costs of Financial Distress - Costs arising from bankruptcy or distorted business decisions before bankruptcy.

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Financial Distress

Costs of Financial Distress - Costs arising from bankruptcy or distorted business decisions before bankruptcy.

Market Value = Value if all Equity Financed

+ PV Tax Shield

- PV Costs of Financial Distress

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Financial Distress

Debt

Mar

ket V

alue

of

The

Fir

m

Value ofunlevered

firm

PV of interesttax shields

Costs offinancial distress

Value of levered firm

Optimal amount of debt

Maximum value of firm

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Default Payoff Scenarios

18-23

Ace Limited ExampleTotal payoff to Ace Limited security holders. There is a $200 bankruptcy cost in the event of default (shaded area).

18-24

Conflicts of Interest

Circular File Company has $50 of 1-year debt.

Circular File Company (Book Values)Net W.C. 20 50 Bonds outstandingFixed assets 80 50 Common stockTotal assets 100 100 Total liabilities

Circular File Company (Book Values)Net W.C. 20 50 Bonds outstandingFixed assets 80 50 Common stockTotal assets 100 100 Total liabilities

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Circular File Company has $50 of 1-year debt.

Why does the equity have any value ? Shareholders have an option -- they can obtain the

rights to the assets by paying off the $50 debt.

Circular File Company (Market Values)Net W.C. 20 25 Bonds outstandingFixed assets 10 5 Common stockTotal assets 30 30 Total liabilities


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Circular File Company has may invest $10 as follows.

y)probabilit (90% $0

$10Invest

y)probabilit (10% $120

Next Year PayoffsPossibleNow

Assume the NPV of the project is (-$2). What is the effect on the market values?

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Circular File Company value (post project)

Firm value falls by $2, but equity holder gains $3



18-28


Circular File Company value (assumes a safe project with NPV = $5)

While firm value rises, the lack of a high potential payoff for shareholders causes a decrease in equity value.



18-29

Financial Distress Games

Cash In and Run

Playing for Time

Bait and Switch

18-30

Financial Choices

Trade-off Theory - Theory that capital structure is based on a trade-off between tax savings and distress costs of debt.

Pecking Order Theory - Theory stating that firms prefer to issue debt rather than equity if internal finance is insufficient.

18-31

Trade Off Theory & Prices

1. Stock-for-debt Stock price

exchange offers falls

Debt-for-stock Stock price

exchange offers rises

2. Issuing common stock drives down stock prices; repurchase increases stock prices.

3. Issuing straight debt has a small negative impact.

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Issues and Stock Prices

Why do security issues affect stock price? The demand for a firm’s securities ought to be flat.

Any firm is a drop in the bucket.

Plenty of close substitutes.

Large debt issues don’t significantly depress the stock price.

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Pecking Order Theory

Consider the following story:

The announcement of a stock issue drives down the stock price because investors believe managers are more likely to issue when shares are overpriced.

Therefore firms prefer internal finance since funds can be raised without sending adverse signals.

If external finance is required, firms issue debt first and equity as a last resort.

The most profitable firms borrow less not because they have lower target debt ratios but because they don't need external finance.

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Pecking Order Theory

Some Implications:

Internal equity may be better than external equity.

Financial slack is valuable.

If external capital is required, debt is better. (There is less room for difference in opinions about what debt is worth).

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Web Resources

Click to access web sitesClick to access web sites

Internet connection requiredInternet connection required

http://astro.temple.edu/~tub06197/Wk1Myers1984.pdf

chapter 18 principles of corporate finance tenth edition how much should a corporation borrow?...

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