CHAPTER 18INDUSTRY & URBAN GROWTH

CHAPTER 18 I CAN STATEMENT

I CAN UNDERSTAND HOW INDUSTRIALIZATION INCREASED THE SPEED OF CHANGE IN THE

UNITED STATES

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Bullet points p. 637 Read pgs. 608-613

Section1A New Industrial Revolution

I CAN UNDERSTAND HOW CONDITIONS IN THE U.S. SPURRED THE GROWTH OF INDUSTRY

ASSIGNMENT

•Do Time Line of inventions From 1851 – 1913. Due Thursday. At least 15 items.

TIME LINE EXAMPLE

NEW INVENTIONS & DISCOVERIES• Bessemer Process – Steel – 1851• Oil in Pennsylvania – 1859• Sholes’ typewriter - 1868• Transcontinental RR – 1869• Bell’s telephone - 1876• Edison’s phonograph – 1877• Edison light bulb – 1879• Edison power plant – 1882• Matzeliger’s shoe making machine – 1883• 1st practical auto – Benz – 1885 - Germany• Eastman’s camera – 1888• 1st U.S. production car – Duryea – 1893• 1st motion picture camera – Louis Lumiere – France - 1895• 1st powered flight – Wright brothers – 1903• Assembly line perfected – Henry Ford 1913

Bessemer Process - 1851

Oil in Pennsylvania - 1859

Sholes’ typewriter - 1868

Transcontinental RR – 1869

Bell’s telephone - 1876

Edison’s phonograph – 1877

Edison light bulb – 1879

Edison power plant – 1882

Matzeliger’s shoe making machine – 1883

1st practical auto – Benz – 1885 - Germany

Eastman’s camera – 1888

1st U.S. production car – Duryea – 1893

Charles – born Canton, IL 1861

Louis Lumiere – Movie CameraFrance - 1895

1st powered flight – Wright brothers – 1903

Assembly line perfected – Henry Ford 1913

Bullet points p. 637 Read pgs. 625- 629

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Ch 18 Sec 4The New Immigrants

• I can understand how the experience of immigrants was both positive and negative

Statistics

• Between 1865 and 1915 – 25 million immigrants to U.S.

• This is more than the U.S. population in 1850

Reasons

• LANDAmount of European

farmland shrinking while populations grew

• RELIGIOUS FREEDOMJews from RussiaChristians from Turkey

Reasons

• POLITICAL UNREST1910 Mexican

Revolution• JOBS

U.S. companies recruited from overseas

Reasons

• FREEDOMDrew people

who wanted democracy and liberty

Immigrant Divisions

Early 1800’s• Most from

Northern and Western Europe

• Most Protestant• Spoke English• Knew some

democracy

Late 1800’s• From Southern or

Eastern Europe• Most Catholic or

Jewish• Few spoke English• Little knowledge

of democracy

A New Life

• Difficult decision to leave

• Miserable trip• Most took trip in

steerage – large compartments that usually held cattle

Difficult Trip

• Crowded conditions

• Little ventilation• Sea sick• Easy to catch

diseases

Ellis Island

• Arrivals from Europe through Ellis Island

• Physical examinations

• Disabled or sick sent back

Who Came 1865 - 1915

Where Did They Go• 2/3 stayed in cities

Mulberry St.Little Italy

ASSIMILATION

• Immigration Societies helped• Older people clung with traditions• Younger people adapted easily• Education

EDUCATION

“The essence of American opportunity, the treasure that no thief can touch . . . Surer, safer than bread or

butter.”

Naturalization

• 5 year wait (unless joined military – then 1 year)

• Speak English• Give up previous citizenship• Law abiding

Naturalization

• 2 witnesses• Not a polygamist• Not an anarchist• Minor children citizens when

parents are

Contributions

Contributions

Contributions

NEW FOODS• Spaghetti• Chow Mein• Bagels

Famous Immigrants

• Alexander Graham Bell – Scotland• Samuel Goldwyn – Poland• Louis Mayer – Ukraine• Arturo Toscanini – Italy• Leo Baekeland - Belgium

Nativism

• The policy of protecting the interests of native inhabitants against those of immigrants.

• Political thought against immigrants

BECAUSE

Nativism1. Different languages2. “ religions3. “ customs4. Immigrants are violent5. “ are criminals6. “ are anarchists

WHAT DOES THIS SOUND LIKE?

Response1. Chinese Exclusion

Act – 18822. Immigrants

required to read and write – 1917

3. Violence against immigrants

4. Discrimination

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Bullet Points p. 637 Read pgs. 614-619

Ch 18 Sec 2Big Business & Organized Labor

I CAN UNDERSTAND HOW BIG BUSINESS CHANGED

THE WORKPLACE AND GAVE RISE TO

ORGANIZED LABOR

Ch 18 Sec 2

• Business were no longer small shops producing goods

• Now business was factories, employing many and producing goods

How did they do it?

• Corporations – Businesses owned by many people, investors.

EXAMPLE

THE MADDOX WIDGET FACTORY

BANKING

• Banks loaned money to corporations

• Corporations paid it back with interest

What is interest?

Growth of Big Business

• MonopoliesBusinesses that controlled all of the business

• Example – The Maddox Widget business owns the factory, the supplies to make the widgets, the shipping of the widgets and the sale of the widgets.

ExamplesAndrew Carnegie

• Started in RR’s• Gained control of

steel making industry

• Made more steel than all steel mills in England

• WHAT DID HE OWN?

EXAMPLESJOHN D. ROCKEFELLER

• Age 23, invested in an oil refinery

• Profits bought other oil companies

• Created many corporations controlled by one board of directors

• This is called a trust• Standard Oil Co.

EXAMPLES

•Meatpacking•Sugar refining•Copper wire

Trusts and MonopoliesThe Debate

GOOD• Builds the economy• Creates jobs• Keeps prices low• Consumers can afford products

BAD• Threat to free enterprise• Unfairly eliminates competition• Corrupts politicians

SOCIAL DARWINISM

• DARWINISM – Only the strongest and best survive – Survival of the fittest

• SOCIAL DARWINISM – Only the strongest and fittest companies survive

HOW DOES THIS AFFECT WORKERS?

The Workplace

• Before the war, business owners knew their employees

• In big factories, a worker was just a number

WORKERS

Women and Children• Textile (clothes and garments)

industry• Tobacco factories• Bottle factories• Mines

Dangerous Conditions

• Breathing dust from factories and mines

• Molten metal burned and killed steel workers• NO WORKERS COMPENSATION

• Social Darwinism says survival of the fittest keep prices down

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

• March 25, 1911, Fire• Exit doors locked to prevent

sneaking off the job• Firetruck ladders too short• 150 dead – mostly women

Workers Organize

• Attempts to organize Unions often failed

• Companies hired security guards to attack union organizers

• Some state law prohibited strikes

Knights of Labor

• 1869 – Philadelphia – Small secret Union

• 1879 – New leader does not use strikes – uses public rallies

• Admits women, African Americans, immigrants, unskilled laborers

Haymarket Square• May 4, 1886 – Bomb explosion at a

rally• 1 police officer dead• Police fire on Union members but kill

7 other police officers, wound 60 cops and unknown number of civilians

• Knights of Labor lose influence

AFL

• 1886 – Samuel Gompers organizes the American Federation of Labor

• Skilled workers only – No African Americans or immigrants

WHY SKILLED WORKERS ONLY?• SKILLED WORKERS ARE HARD TO

REPLACE

Collective Bargaining

• Union negotiates with management

• Strikes only as a last resort

• By 1904, 1 million members

Depression

• 1893 – Depression- Production cut- Workers fired- Wages cut

• Pullman workers had pay cut 25% but still charged the same for housing

Pullman

• Workers go on strike

• RR’s crippled• President

Cleveland sends troops to force workers back to work

Backlash

• Most Americans see Unions as radical and violent

• Only 3% of Americans in Unions

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Bullet Points p. 6137 Read pgs. 620 - 624

Ch 18 Sec 3Cities Grow and Change

I CAN UNDERSTAND THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE RAPID GROWTH OF CITIES

Why it matters

• The new Industrial Revolution changed the way Americans worked and lived

• It also changed where they worked and lived

Urbanization• 1860 – 1 in five Americans

lived in cities• 1890 – 1 in 3 lived in cities• Cities attracted industry• Industry attracted people• Fastest growing cities

near water

Growing up and out• New Technology

1. Elevated trains

2. Electric street cars

3. Public

transportation4. Steel bridges5. Skyscrapers

Living Patterns

• Poor families lived in oldest sections

• Middle class lived farther out, row houses – apartment buildings

• Upper class on edge of city

Problems• Fire – 1871 – Great

Chicago Fire• Tenement life

Few windows, heat or plumbingGarbage

• ½ of babies died before age 1

Improvements• Streetlights• Police and Fire Departments• Public Health Departments• Hospital – clinics• Salvation Army

Settlement Houses• Jane Addams – Hull House – Chicago –

1889• Helping urban poor

1. English lessons2. Nurseries3. Music4. Sports5. Sponsored legislation to outlaw child labor

EXCITEMENT

• Farm Life – The work is never done

• City Life – Work for the boss then you’re off

HOW DOES THIS FEEL??

Up every mornin’ just to keep a jobI gotta fight my way through the

hustling mobSounds of the city poundin’ in my

brainWhile another day goes down the

drain

Tradin’ my time for the pay I getLivin’ on money that I ain’t made

yetI’ve been goin’ tryin’ to make my

wayWhile I live for the end of the day

IF THIS IS YOU, WHAT WOULD YOU WANT?

Shopping

•Department stores

Leisure• Museums – Museum of Natural History

Leisure• Orchestras• Art

Galleries• Theatre• Circuses

New York’s Central Park

Sports• Baseball

1st Professional baseball team – 1869 – Cincinnati Red Stockings

Sports• Basketball – 1891 – James Naismith

Sports

• Football

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Ch 18 Sec 5Education and Culture

I can understand the causes and effects of an expanded educational system

Assignment

1. Read pages 632 – 6352. Do Ch 18 Sec 5 Key Terms and

People – pg. 6323. Do Ch 18 Sec 5 Graphic

Organizer4. Quiz Tuesday

Ch 18 Sec 5Education and Culture

• Before 1870, < ½ of children went to school• 1852 – Mass. 1st compulsory education law• Most Northern states required education• Many Southern states did not require

educationWHY??

• An industrialized society needs educated workers

High School• LOOK AT CHART

ON PAGE 633• Most states

required 10th grade education

• Not until 1950 did over ½ of students graduate

Writers

• Dime novels – Wild West stories

• Realists – Show life as it is

Jack LondonStephen

Crane

Mark Twain• Real Name –

Samuel Clemens

Huckleberry FinnTom Sawyer

Newspapers

• By 1900 ½ of worlds papers were printed in U.S.

• Newspapers linked to Urbanization• Joseph Pulitzer created first modern

newspaper• Cut price of New York World –

WHY??

Newspapers

• Sensational headlines• Crime – scandal• Pictures• Faked interviews• Full color comics