Chapter 18:Chapter 18:

EndocrineEndocrine and and

ReproductiveReproductive

SystemsSystems

Indiana State Health Standards

10.1.2 Analyze how behavior can impact health maintenance and disease prevention

10.4.1 Analyze the influences of family, peers, and community have on the health and health behavior of individuals.

10.4.3 Research and evaluate the effect of media and other factors on personal, family, and community health and health behaviors.

The Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine SystemA system of glands that secrete hormones.

StructuresStructures ofof thethe EndocrineEndocrine SystemSystem

Endocrine Glands are ductless-or tubeless- organs that secrete hormones.

Hormones are chemical substances that are produced in glands and help regulate many body functions.

The Thyroid Gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth.

Parathyroid Gland produce a hormone that regulates body calcium and phosphorus balance.

The Pancreas is a gland that serves both digestive and endocrine systems.

Pituitary Gland regulates and controls the activities of all the other endocrine glands. Called the “Master Gland”.

The Gonads is another name for the ovaries and testes.The Adrenal Glands are glands that help the body recover from stress

and respond to emergencies.

Problems Problems of the of the

Endocrine Endocrine SystemSystem

•Diabetes MellitusDiabetes Mellitus -is a disorder where the pancreas produces to little or

no insulin resulting in high glucose levels.

•Graves’ DiseaseGraves’ Disease -is a disorder in which and overactive and enlarged

thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroxin.

•Cushing’s DiseaseCushing’s Disease - -the overproduction of adrenal hormones.

•A GoiterGoiter - -is an enlargement of the thyroid gland. This is mainly caused by a lack of iodine in the diet.

Structure and Function of the Structure and Function of the Male Reproductive SystemMale Reproductive System

Reproductive system is the system of organs involved in producing offspring.

Sperm is the male reproductive cells.The male sex hormone is Testosterone.

Two small glands that produce sperm are called the Testes. The testes are located in an external skin sac called the

Scrotum.The Penis is the tube-shaped organ that extends from the trunk

of the body just above the testes. The thick fluid that contains sperm and other secretions from

the male reproductive system is called Semen.

Internal Male Reproductive Internal Male Reproductive OrgansOrgans

Seminal Vesicle- produces a nourishing fluid that combines with the sperm as they

move through the vas deferens. Urethra- is the passageway through which

both semen and urine leave the male body.

Prostate Glands and Cowper’s Glands- are glands that produce secretions that

combine with the sperm-containing fluid to produce semen.

Care of the Male Reproductive Care of the Male Reproductive SystemSystem

Regular Checkups- should occur every 12-18 months and should be performed by a physician.

Regular Bathing- or showering should happen daily for thorough cleansing of the penis and scrotum. Uncircumcised males should be sure to clean, take care, and

wash under the foreskin.

Wearing Protective Equipment- like a cup or supporter during physical activities should shield external organs.

STD’s

Chlamydia and Gonorrhea- are bacterial infections that cause discharge from the penis and burning upon urination.

Syphilis- is another bacterial infection, is initially painless, reddish sore that appears at the site of the infection.

Genital Herpes- is a virus that causes periodically occurring blister like sores in the genital area.

Problems of the Male Reproductive System

An Inguinal Hernia is a separation of tissue that allows part of the intestine to push into the abdominal wall near the top of the scrotum.

Sterility is the inability to reproduce. In males it can result from too few sperm, fewer than 20 million per milliliter of seminal fluid, or sperm of poor

quality

Testicular Cancer can affect males of any age, but occurs more often in males between the ages of 14 and 40.

When the prostate gland can become enlarged as a result of an infection, a tumor, and age-related problems are known as problems of the Prostate

Gland.

The Female Reproductive The Female Reproductive SystemSystem

The female reproductive system has several functions. It produces female sex

hormones and stores female reproductive cells, called ova.

(singular ovum)

Structure and Function of the Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive SystemFemale Reproductive System

The Ovaries are the female sex glands that

store the ova and produce female sex

hormones.

Ovulation -is the process of releasing a mature ovum into the

fallopian tube each month.

Female Reproductive OrgansFemale Reproductive Organs

The Fallopian Tubes are a pair of tubes with fingerlike projections that

draw in the ovum.The Vagina is a muscular, elastic passageway that extends from the uterus to the outside of the body.

MenstruationMenstruation

The Cervix -is the opening to the uterus.

The shedding of the uterine lining is called Menstruation.

This shedding of the uterine lining occurs about every 28

days.

Care of the Female Care of the Female Reproductive SystemReproductive System

Regular bathing -is especially important during the menstrual period.

Practicing abstinence from sexual activity -Is the only 100% effective method in preventing pregnancy and

STDs.

Breast self-exam -is important to help detect breast cancer early. The best time to do this is right after the

menstrual period.

Problems of the Female Problems of the Female Reproductive SystemReproductive System

Menstrual cramps -sometimes occur at the beginning of a menstrual period.

Premenstrual syndrome -is a disorder caused by hormonal changes.

Toxic shock syndrome -is a rare but serious bacterial infection that affects the immune

system, and the liver can be fatal.

Problems Related to Problems Related to InfertilityInfertility

Endometriosis -is a painful chronic disease that occurs when tissue that lines the uterus migrates and grows in the ovaries, fallopian

tubes, uterus, or pelvic cavity.Pelvic inflammatory disease -(PID) is an

infection of the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and surrounding areas of the pelvis.

Sexually transmitted diseases -(STDs)are the most common causes of infertility and other

disorders of the reproductive system.

Other Female Other Female Reproductive DisordersReproductive Disorders

Vaginitis -is caused by bacterial vaginosis and is the most common vaginal infection in women of childbearing age,

and is often accompanied by discharge, odor,pain, itching, or burning.

Blocked Fallopian Tubes -is the leading cause of infertility, and may result from PID, abdominal surgery,

STDs or Endometriosis.

Ovarian Cysts -are fluid-filled sacs on the ovary.

Cervical, Uterine, and Ovarian Cancer -occur in the female reproductive system.