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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century

Next

Chapter 18

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Main Idea: The Cold War

and the danger of nuclear

war define international

affairs, especially after the

Korean War. Fear of

communism in the U.S.

leads to accusations

against innocent citizens.

Chapter 18 - Cold War Conflicts

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Section 1 - Origins of the Cold WarMain Idea: The United States and the Soviet Union emerge from World War II as two “superpowers” with vastly different political and economic systems.

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U.S.-Soviet Relations

• The U.S. and the U.S.S.R. have very different economic and political systems

• U.S. was suspicious of Stalinbecause he had been Hitler’s ally

• Stalin resents that the U.S. delayed attacking Germany and hid the development of atom bomb

Continued…

Former Allies Clash

The United Nations

• 1945, United Nations was established as new peacekeeping body (50 nations)

• The UN becomes arena where U.S., U.S.S.R. compete

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Former Allies Clash {continued}

Truman Becomes President

• Harry S. Truman succeeds FDR as president –

FDR died suddenly from a stroke

• As vice-president, Truman was not included in policy decisions

— he was not told about the atom bombThe Potsdam Conference: The Big Three- Clement Attlee,

Truman and Stalin• July 1945 a conference with Great Britain, the US and the Soviet Union

• Stalin does not allow free, multiparty elections in Poland— Stalin also bans democratic parties in Poland

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Bargaining at Potsdam• Truman becomes convinced that U.S. and Soviet aims deeply at odds• Soviets want reparations from Germany for wartime losses;

--Truman objects – Truman’s goal: spread democracy and self-determination• Each nation agree to take reparations mainly from their own occupation zones

• U.S. emerges from war as great economic power —American businesses wants Eastern European raw

materials, markets

Tension Mounts

Continued…

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Tension Mounts {continued}

Soviets Tighten Their Grip on Eastern Europe

• Soviet Union also has great economic and military strength

• Unlike the U.S., the Soviet Union suffered heavy devastation on its own soil; in its own country

• The Soviet Union installs communist rule in its satellite nations - countries it dominates

• 1946, Stalin announces war between communism and capitalism is inevitable

United States Establishes a Policy of

Containment• U.S. policy of containment—taking measures to prevent the spread of communism

• Churchill describes division of Europe as a iron curtain – Stalin said a “call to war”

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The Truman Doctrine

• 1945–1991 Cold War — conflict between the U.S. and U.S.S.R.

— neither nation directly confronts the other on battlefield

• Truman Doctrine —US pledges to support free people against armed minorities and outside pressures – It was essential to keeping Soviet influence from spreading

• U.S. replaces British aid to Greece to Turkey ($400 million) - greatly reducing the communist threat

Cold War in Europe

The Marshall Plan

• 1947, Sec. of State George Marshall proposes aid to nations in need

• Marshall Plan revives 16 nations with some $13 billion in aid –Western Europe flourishing; communism lost its appeal

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Super powers struggle over GermanyThe US and its allies clash over the issue over German reunification.At the end of WWII, Germany was divided into 4 zones:The US, Great Britain, France in the west and the Soviet in the east.Berlin which was located deep in the Soviet zone was divided as well.Stalin wanted to take over the part of Berlin that was held by the three western powers.

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The Berlin Airlift

• 1948, Stalin closes highway and rail routes into West Berlin

• Berlin airlift—Britain and the U.S. fly food and supplies into West Berlin nonstop; 327 days - 277,000 flights – 2.3million tons of supplies

• 1949, about one year later Stalin lifts the blockade

• Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic form

Superpowers Struggle over Germany

The NATO Alliance• Fear of Soviets leads to North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

• European nations, U.S., & Canada pledge mutual military support• 12 members

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The Cold War had ended any hope of a return to US isolationism

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Section 2 - The Cold War Heats Up

Main Idea: After World War II, Chinabecomes a communist nation and Korea is split into a communist north and a democratic south.

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Nationalists Versus Communists

• Chinese Communists battle nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek

• U.S. supports Nationalists, but the government is inefficient & corrupt

• Communists, led by Mao Zedong, work to get peasant support

• Peasants flock to Red Army; by 1945, communists control north China

The Cold War Heats Up

Continued…

China Becomes a Communist Country

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China Becomes a Communist Country {continued}

Renewed Civil War

• 1944–47, U.S. sends military aid to Nationalists who oppose communism

• 1949, Nationalists flee to island of Taiwan

•Communists establish People’s Republic of China in mainland

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North Korea Attacks South Korea

• 1950, North Korea invades South, begins Korean War

• South Korea calls on UN to stop invasion; Security Council approves

• Truman orders and sends US troops and Navy

• US General MacArthur put in command of South Korean, U.S., other forces

The Korean War

A Divided Country

• North of 38th parallel, Japan surrenders to U.S.S.R.; south to U.S.

• Republic of Korea & Democratic People’s Republic of Korea founded

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The United States Fights in Korea

MacArthur’s Counterattack

• North Korea drives south and captures Seoul

• UN & South Korean troops forced into small defensive zone

• MacArthur attacks North Koreans from 2 sides, pushes into north

The Chinese Fight Back

• China sends troops to help North Korea; push south, capture Seoul

• Fighting continues for 2 more years

Continued…

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The United States Fights in Korea {continued}

MacArthur Recommends Attacking China

• MacArthur calls for war with China; Truman rejects request

• Soviet Union and China have mutual assistance pact

• UN, South Korea retake Seoul, advance north to 38th parallel

MacArthur Versus Truman

• MacArthur continues to push for invasion of China; Trumanfires MacArthur

• Public outraged over hero’s dismissal

Continued…

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The United States Fights in Korea {continued}

Settling for Stalemate

• 1951, Soviet Union suggests cease-fire

• 1953 armistice: Korea still divided and little land gained or lost; demilitarized zone established

• Lack of success, high human, and financial costs help elect Dwight D. Eisenhower as next president

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18- 3 - The Cold War at Home

Main Idea: During the late 1940s and early 1950s, fear of communism leads to reckless charges against innocent citizens.

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American Sentiments

• Communist takeover of Eastern Europe and China fuel fear of Communist spread

• 100,000 in U.S. Communist Party

Loyalty Review Board

• Truman accused of being soft on Communism

• Truman sets up Federal Employee Loyalty Program to investigate employees

• 1947–1951 loyalty boards investigate 3 million employees, dismiss 212 as security risk –2900 resign

Fear of Communist Influence

Continued…

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The House Un-American Activities Committee

•House Un-American Activities Committeeinvestigates Communist ties

• Investigates Communist influence in movie industry

•Hollywood Ten refuse to testify and sent to prison

•Hollywood blacklist — people with Communist ties, cannot get work

Continued…

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Spy Cases Stun the Nation

Alger Hiss• Alger Hiss accused of spying for Soviet Union; convicted of perjury

• Congressman Richard Nixon gains fame for pursuing spying charges

The Rosenbergs

• 1949, Soviets explode atomic bomb sooner than expected

• Physicist Klaus Fuchs admits giving information to SU about U.S. bomb

• Ethel, Julius Rosenberg, minor Communist Party activists, implicated

• Rosenbergs sentenced to death; Supreme Court upholds conviction

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McCarthy Launches His “Witch Hunt”

McCarthy’s Tactics

• Senator Joseph McCarthya strong anti-Communist activist

• Ineffective legislator; needs an issue to win re-election

•McCarthyism—attacking suspected Communists without evidence

•McCarthy claims Communists in Federal Government and Military

Continued…

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McCarthy’s Downfall

• 1954, McCarthy accuses members of U.S. Army

• Televised hearings show him bullying witnesses

• McCarthy loses public support; Senate condemns him for improper conduct

Other Anti-Communist Measures

• States, towns forbid speech favoring violent overthrow of government

• Millions forced to take loyalty oaths and are investigated

• People become afraid to speak out on public issues

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Section 4

Two Nations Live on the Edge

Main Idea: During the 1950s, the United States and the Soviet Union come to the brink of nuclear war.

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Two Nations Live on the Edge

Brinkmanship Rules U.S. Policy

Race for the H-Bomb

• H-bomb—hydrogen bomb—nuclear weapon more powerful than the atom bomb

• 1952, U.S. explodes the first thermonuclear H-bomb; 1953, Soviets explode one

The Policy of Brinkmanship

• John Foster Dulles, secretary of state under President Dwight D. Eisenhower

• Dulles proposes brinkmanship policy:

—willingness to risk nuclear war to prevent spread of communism

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The Cold War Spreads Around the World

Covert Actions in the Middle East and Latin America

• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) uses spies to gather information

• CIA helps elect a pro-American leader in Iran

• CIA helps remove Guatemala’s president; army leader becomes dictator

The Warsaw Pact

• US - Soviet relations improve after Stalin’s death in 1953

• West Germany’s entry into NATO scares the Soviets

• Soviet Union forms the Warsaw Pact —military alliance with 7 Eastern European countries Continued…

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Continued…

The Suez War

•Gamal Abdel-Nasser plays U.S. against the Soviets over the Aswan Dam

•Nasser nationalizes Suez Canal

• Israel, Britain, France send troops; UN intervenes

•Fighting stops; Egypt keeps canal; others withdraw

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The Eisenhower Doctrine

•Soviet prestige in Middle East rises because of its support for Egypt

•Eisenhower Doctrine —U.S. will defend Middle East against communists

The Hungarian Uprising

• 1956, Hungarians revolt and call for a democratic government

•Soviet army fights Hungarians in streets; overthrow leader and replace him with a pro-Soviet leaders

•U.S. does not help Soviet satellite(Truman doctrine); Soviets veto all action by the UN

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A New Soviet Leader

•Nikita Khrushchev emerges as new Soviet leader;

—He favors a peaceful coexistence with the US and economic & scientific competition

Continued…

The Space Race

•October 1957, Soviets launch Sputnik, first artificial satellite, a triumph for Soviet technology

•Shocked Americans pour money into own space program – intend to catchup

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A U-2 Is Shot Down

•CIA makes secret high-altitude flights with U-2 to spy on Soviets

•Eisenhower wants flights discontinued before Krushchev summit

•Francis Gary Powers (US U-2 pilot) shot down on last flight over Soviet territory

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