Chapter 18: A Revolutionary in Science

Section 1: The Scientific RevolutionMaster Plan

World HistoryPeriod 6

A: Revolutionary Thinking

• Main Idea:–Astronomers challenged the teaching of

ancient philosophers and of church leaders.

A: Revolutionary Thinking

• The Old View– In the middle Ages, most

European thinkers accepted the traditional view of the universe, based on the ideas of Aristotle.–The writings of Ptolemy, an early

Greek astronomer, proved a classic example of an ancient idea that was accepted by thinkers of a later period in history.–This new approach ultimately

led to the Scientific Revolution.

A: Revolutionary Thinking• Nicolaus Copernicus and Watchers of the

Stars– Nicolaus Copernicus was a polish

scholar who had studie the writings of the ancients and spent much of his time observing the stars.

– Europe's scientific knowledge was based on classical writing, and they were not eager to give up on ideas that guided them for centuries.

– Kepler also found that planets move in oval paths, not in circles as the Copernicus believed. This idea helped explain some of the observation of planetary motion.

A: Revolutionary Thinking

• Galileo Galilei–Galileo Galilei was born in 1564.–Galileo found many thing as he

studied planets and the earth. He wrote stories about his discovery, and made many people mad.– In 1633, under the threat of

torture, he was forced to deny that the ideas of Copernicus were true. He was placed on house arrest for the rest of his life. But he still wrote until he died.

B: A New Scientific Method

• Main Idea:–Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes helped

develop the scientific method.

B: A New Scientific Method• Champions of the New Science

– Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes had a huge influence on the scientific revolution.–Descartes believed that

nature and philosophy should be studied by mathematical analysis and Francis believed in something else.–The two believed in many

things so they never settled their differences.

B: A New Scientific Method

• The Methods of Science–The ideas of Bacon and

Descartes helped create a new approach to science, which is used today.– Although there is no single

scientific method, scientist do share a general approach.–The scientists could reject the

hypothesis or modify it until repeated experiments verify or confirm results.

C: Science Continues to advance

• Main Idea:–Scientist gained more support from monarch

and made new discoveries

C: Science Continues to advance

• Isaac Newton–Newton was the first

person to explain the laws of force and motion that operate in the universe.–Newton greatest

discovery was the law of gravity.–Newton continued his

work in science all his life, he explained why planets travel in oval paths and many more.

C: Science Continues to advance• Other discoveries

–Once scientist began to use accurate observations and measurement as the basis for their work, they made great progress.– Life sciences and medicine also

benefited from the new scientific methods of observation and measurement.–Also barometers,

thermometers, and air pumps helped the study of chemistry.

Chapter18: A revolution in science and thought

Section2: the enlightenment

By: baby cakes

A. Political, economic, and social thought

–Philosophers used the reason of science to change the way people thought about such topics as human behavior, government, and the arts.

A. Political, economic, and social thought

The search for Natural Law. People began looking for

natural law, or the conditions that govern human behavior.

The chaos of the Reformation and wars of religion had shaken a belief system that had been accepted by society.

The revolt against tradition shattered older ideas.

A. Political, economic, and social thought

Enlightenment thinkers. One of the first philosophers to

search for the natural laws of the government was john Locke.

In 1689, Locke published his book Two Treatises of government.

Locke thought that that people in a state of nature are guided

by reason and good will.

A. Political, economic, and social thought

New Views of the Economy. During the time, another

group of thinkers developed new ideas about economics.

Adam smith, a Scottish philosopher, was influenced by the ideas of the new economic thinkers.

They used scientific reasoning to try to discover natural laws that explained the economy.

B. The idea of the philosophes

• In France, a group of enlightenment thinkers called philosophes tried to improve society through science and reason.

b. THE IDEAS OF THE PHILOSOPHEs

Famous Philosophes.

One of the leading philosophes was the great French writer Voltaire.

Voltaire spent two years in England and met the great English writers of the time.

Jean- Jacques Rousseau was another French philosophe whose idea had great influence.

b. The ideas of the philosophes

The Encyclopedie. The philosophe Denis Diderot did

a lot to spread the ideas of the Enlightenment.

The objects included science, religion, government, philosophy, and the arts.

The encylopedie was one of the greatest achievements of the enlightenment.

C. The enlightenment and society.

Many of the philosophes knew each other personally.

Salon gathering began in the 1600s when noblewoman in Paris invited some friends over for poetry readings.

By the mid-1700s, inspired by the new ideas of the enlightenment, some women began protesting for rights equal to those of men.

c. The enlightenment and society

The Enlightened Despots. Enlightenment thinkers

thought that if they could influence rulers to change their policies to match enlightenment ideas.

These enlightened despots included Frederick of Prussia.

Catherine the great of Russia, and Joseph of Austria.

c. The enlightenment and society

Arts and Culture. Patrons who hired artists to create

works of art for them funded artists and writers.

The style of Renaissances gave way to the baroque, the style was of the 1600’s.

The baroque was art grand , energetic , theatrical , and deeply expressive.

The greatest composers were Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel