LSCC AMH 2020Chapter 17

Homestead Strike Pennsylvania Steel Mill

Workers protesting 20% wage cut

Pinkerton agents hired to “break” the strike

Homestead Strike 1892

Rural and Urban Unrest

National Farmers Alliance 1876 formed in Texas

Popular in South and Great Plains• opened regional affiliates

Helped with grain elevators, mortgages, etc.

Colored Farmers National Alliance

1891 Cotton StrikeLed by Ben Patterson

15 members lynched, strike was crushed

Ended Colored Farmers Alliance

Ocala Demands 1890- A meeting held in Ocala Delegates met to outline political and

economic issues• Reduce tariff• End to national banks• Regulate railroads• Free coinage of silver• Income tax• Popular election of senators

Ocala Demands

Populist Party Support from Farmers Alliance groups Support of industrial workers Election of 1892 over a million votes

• Strong showing for a third party

Panic of 1893

Causes Economy had grown rapidly Railroads overbuilt Businesses borrowed to much Farmers to much was bought on

credit

Boom and Bust economy effected everyone

Panic Stock market crashed Traded stock for gold Depleted U.S. gold treasury People took money from banks

• 600 banks closed Businesses failed

• 1/5 unemployed• 15,000 businesses went bankrupt

Drought hit the West

Tramps March on Washington

Occupy Washington D.C

Led by Jacob Coxey• 39 year old populist from Ohio

500 men, women, and children

wanted more government jobs, building projects

Coxey was arrested, clubbed, and spent 20 days in jail

Pullman Strike

Pullman company town-model town-homes, attractive and clean-plumbing, gas, sewers, -landscaped-free education until 8th grade

Pullman town

Problems with company town

Had to shop at company store Rent set by Pullman Prohibited newspapers, free speech,

assembly Inspectors could enter homes at any

time to examine for “cleanliness”Height of depression

Wages cut 5 times in one yearRent and food prices remained the same

Workers strike American Railway Union supports Refuse to handle Pullman cars 60,000 workers walk out 27 states and territories effected President Cleveland orders back to

work Halted commerce 12,000 troops sent to put down strike

Troops sent in to put down strike

Pullman strikers

Rioting and property damage

13 strikers killed 57 wounded $340,000 in property damage Chicago eventually annexed town Eugene Debs sent to jail for 6 months

• Becomes a Socialist

Unrest in the mines United Mine Workers

Old workers vs. New

New were often immigrants• Immigrants often worked harder for less

money

Economic Depression Changed attitudes about poor

Economy changing

The gold and silver war

1900 Most of world on gold standard

The Silverites-U.S. had silver surplus-people thought changing the standard would stimulate the economy

Election of 1896

Gold Standard Advertised Well-organized campaign Free trade

Pro-silver Excellent speaker Religious overtones in

speeches Wins party nomination

over Cleveland

REPUBLICANWILLIAM MCKINLEY

DEMOCRATWILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN

William Jennings Bryan

William Jennings Bryan campaign

Aggressively campaigned• 18,000 miles by rail• 27 states• Gave 30 speeches a day• Spoke for rural or “small town” America• Had limited money, but great passion

Election of 1896

Gold Standard Act 1900 Gold becomes the official standard

Silver debate is over.

1897 Economy begins to recover

• Factories increase production• Farmers doing better

Gold• Discoveries in Alaska boosts treasury

Tariffs are raised- Dingley Tariff-highest protective tariff in history (to that point)

Post-Reconstruction South

Southern Economy Poor

Little economic progress

Strict laws

Prison labor and punishment

Education in the South Less emphasis on education

• Fewer school days• Many southern states did not have

compulsory school attendance laws

African American students even less access to education.

Plessy Vs. Ferguson

“Separate but equal”

Supreme court decision will impact African Americans for decades.

Legalized segregation • Black schools underfunded and poorly

equipped.

Jim Crow laws Strict segregation

Officially not an equal citizen

Disenfranchisement

Laws passed at the state and local level

Plessy V. Ferguson legitimized

Jim Crow South

Jim Crow South

Jim Crow South

Lynching

Mob violence

Intimidation

Fear used to control people

Italian immigrants lynched in Florida

North Carolina 1906

Five men lynched

Immigrants

1877-1890 6.3 million immigrant to U.S.

many from rural backgrounds

Left old traditions and extended families-many entered through Ellis Island -on West Coast Angel Island

Passage to America

1904- price of passage was $50.00Prior to leaving

-vaccinated-disinfected-physical examinations

Trip took 1-2 weeks-upon arrival: medical exam, name recorded, and entry tax

Immigrant ship

Birds of Passage Worked in the

States and sent money home

Worked to pay passage of family

Nativism Many did not speak English “Strange customs” Catholic or non-ProtestantDisliked: Italians, Jews, Hungarian,

Slavs, GreeksIrish, Chinese American Protective Association

Anti-Catholic group

Chinese Immigration Experience

Hard working

Congress excluded Chinese from citizenship

Only ethnic group excluded from “American dream”

Anti-Chinese sentiment

Booker T. Washington Former slave Encouraged blacks

not to fight racism Atlanta

Compromise Earn economic

freedom for blacks Organized the

National Black Business League

American Federation of Labor

Skilled labor Wanted higher wages Shorter hours Better working conditions Used boycotts and strikes

• Did not oppose monopolies and trusts• Did not allow women, blacks, or unskilled

Samuel Gompers

National American Woman Suffrage Association

Women’s Trade Union League

Women’s Christian Temperance Union

Alcoholism a problem

Anti-Saloon movement• Lobbied local, state, and federal

government

Eventually successful• 1919, Passed 18th Amendment

Toward Empire

Technology improving communication

Industry expanding and exporting• Business seeking to globalize

“Wild West” no longer “Wild”

1900

Positive for business

Religious leaders viewed as an opportunity• Missionary activities gaining popularity• White protestants needed to “civilize” the

world

Expansionism

Protestant minister• White man needed

to civilize “inferior” races

Josiah Strong

Sec. of State

Expansionist

Saw commerce as key to American global success

Tried to by numerous islands/territories

1867 William Henry Seward

1867 purchasesMidway Island

strategic location for trade with Asia

Alaska“Seward’s folly” or “Seward’s Ice

Cube”-bought for $7.2 million-many did see the natural

resources

Seward’s Success

Created to ease tensions in the region

Promote regional trade

Reduce trade barriers

Included all nations except:• Columbia• Haiti• Venezuela

Pan-American Union

Hawaii

Strategically placed• For trade• For naval base

Missionaries had been active for years

Sugar Cane• Favorable trade with U.S.• Lucrative trade

Hawaii

Queen Liliuokalani Passed pro-native

laws

Americans revolted

U.S. marines stormed ashore

Queen forced to surrender

Senate refuses to sign the treaty

An investigation reveals some problems with invasion

Grover Cleveland restores the Queen

Whites in Hawaii revolt, establish

Republic of Hawaii

Hawaii and Congress

Republic of Hawaii

Eventually recognized by U.S.

Annexation happens in 1898 Controversial, but it happens

Republic of Hawaii

U.S. navy outdated

Helped create the military industrial complex• Joined business, military, and political interests• Lobbyists formed to strengthen military

Protect American interests abroad

Arms manufacturing becomes central to U.S. economy

1903 U.S had 3rd largest navy in the world

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Cuba and Puerta Rico• Spanish colonies• sugar cane• poor

Jose Marti• 1895 returns from exile• wants to launch an independence

movement• Cuba Libre!

War with Spain

Jose Marti

Rebels destroyed railway lines Destroyed sugar mills Burned cane fields Quickly controls half the island

Spanish retaliate Concentration camps Polluted water Killed farm animals/destroyed crops

Jose Marti and Revolution

Governor-General Wyler

Yellow JournalismWILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST JOSEPH PULITZER

Pulitzer and Hearst specialized in this

Helped sway public support of war with Spain

Sensationalizing the news

President McKinley negotiates with Spain

Asks for dismissal of Weyler

Spanish military reluctant to comply

Negotiations with Spain

McKinley dispatches the Maine

Publication of De Lome letter• Feb. 1898• Indicates that Spain not going to back down

“Worst Insult To The United States In Its History”

Explosion rips through the Maine• Feb. 15, 1898• 260 soldiers die• Maine sinks to the bottom of the harbor

Build up to conflict

De Lome Letter

USS Maine after explosion

March 1898 Congress approves $50 million

McKinley orders Spain to allow Cuba’s independence

April 19, Congress declares a joint resolution and declares Cuba independent.

Prepares to send army and navy to expel Spanish

“Remember the Maine and the Hell with Spain!”

Teller Amendment• Ensured that Cuba would not be annexed by

U.S.

1 million men volunteer for service

Lasted 10 weeks

Spanish-American War

1898 U.S. army had 28,000 Not prepared to outfit million recruits Not prepared for tropical climate Food supplies, not refrigerated, rotted

5,462 died in this war379 died in battle

Remainder died from accident, disease, mismanagement

Preparing for war

United States Navy Better prepared

Admiral George Dewey ordered to the Philippines

In Cuba, U.S. navy destroys Spanish armada

April 30, navy enters Manila Bay

Destroy Spanish naval squadron

McKinley then orders ground troops into Philippines

Battle of Manila Bay

Battle of Manila Bay

African Americans soldiers

10,000 soldiers enlisted to fight the Spanish

Many trained in the South

Northerners upset by segregation

Tensions often erupted in violence

Proved valuable in battle

Racial issues in the military

Battles in Cuba and Puerto Rico

Battle of San Juan Hill

Rough Riders

Battle of San Juan Hill

San Juan and Kettle Hill

Well fortified

Spanish failed to call reserves

Americans “take the position”

Battle of San Juan Hill

Teddy Roosevelt brought his own reporter

Most of the horses were left in Tampa

76% casualty rate

Rough Riders

Tropical Disease

Americans force Spanish to surrender at Santiago

Cuba granted independence from Spain

Puerto Rico taken without force

Hawaii annexed in 1898

Philippines not so easily dealt with

A “splendid little war”

After Spain was defeated, Philippines hoped for independence

U.S. feared natives were “unable” to rule

Decides to annex the island

U.S. pays $20 million for Philippines

Philippine American War

Emilio Aguinaldo Revolutionary

leader

Declares himself president in 1899

U.S. goes to war with Philippines

Guerilla warfare Americans controlled cities Rebels controlled countryside U.S. sends 126,000 soldiers U.S. uses concentration camps to

control countryside 1901 Aguinaldo captured and swears

oath of allegiance to U.S.

Not a neat and tidy war

Casualties

U.S sent 126,000 troops Rebels approx. 80,000 troops U.S. casualties

• 4,380 dead• 3,100 wounded

Philippine casualties• 16,000 soldiers dead• 250,000-1 million civilians dead• Famine, disease, war related

War in Philippines 1899-1902

William H. Taft sent to help set up a government

Built schools Roads, bridges Sanitation Health care

Taft Commission

Foraker Act- established civil government in Puerto Rico

Platt Amendment Cuba could self-govern Could not make treaties with other

powers U.S. leased Guantanamo Bay Allow U.S. intervention when

necessary

Treaties and agreements

Dr. Walter Reed Studied tropical

diseases Identified how

Yellow Fever was transmitted

Helped build public health policies

8 nations participated in putting down Boxer Rebellion

Sec. of State John Hay wrote a policy urging that China remain “open” to trade

Chinese “Boxers” wanted foreigners out

8 nations sent fighters to put down rebellion

China subdued, Europe and U.S. maintained trade

United States now an international “player”

Open Door Policy