chapter 17: marine resources. laws and regulation mare liberum territorial sea 1958 to 1982 un law...
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Chapter 17: Marine Resources
Laws and regulation
Mare Liberum Territorial sea 1958 to 1982 UN Law of the
Sea Ratified in 1993 International law
Law of the sea
Coastal jurisdiction 12 n. miles EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone
200 n. miles Free passage International Seabed Authority Law of the Sea Tribunal
EEZ of world
EEZ of United States
Fig. 17-1
Fisheries Fish caught commercially Five ecosystems
Non-tropical shelves Tropical shelves Upwelling Coastal and coral systems Open ocean
Fish recruitment
Fertilization of eggs Survival of fish larvae Survival of juvenile fish
Mortality losses huge until fish matures
Primary productivity and fisheries
Relationshipto nitrogeninflux
Fig. 17-2
More nitrogen at upwelling Duration of upwelling Rates of upwelling
Moderate Too slow Too fast
World catch
Fish production Potential world fishery
about 100 to 120 million metric tons
Overfished areas Intended catch and bycatch
Bycatch
Caught incidentally Tuna and dolphins
Marine Mammals Protection Act Driftnets or gill nets
Banned in 1989
Fisheries management
Difficulties Regulation of fishing vessels Catch limits Many countries Migrating fish Human activities in one area impact
another Economic concerns of fishers
Mariculture 37% of total world fishery Fish Crustaceans
Shrimp and prawn most successful Bivalves
Also successful Algae
Mainly seaweed
Energy from oceans
Advantages Nonpolluting Huge Renewable Readily available along coasts
Power from
Offshore winds Currents Waves Tides Thermal energy (OTEC)
Mineral resources
Petroleum Offshore about 30% of total world production
Likely to increase in future Deeper ocean to be exploited
Gas hydrates Sand and gravel Phosphorite Metal sulfides Manganese nodules and
crusts Cobalt (strategic)
Divergent and convergent plates and metallic sulfides
Chemical resources
Freshwater from desalination Distillation Solar humidification Electrolysis Reverse osmosis Freeze separation
Reverse osmosis
Fig. 17-24
Evaporative salts Halite, common table salt Gypsum building material Chemical industrial uses
Pharmaceutical drugs from the sea
Soft-bodied marine organisms chemical “warfare”
Antibiotic Anti-inflammatory Anti-viral Anti-tumor Anti-cancer
End of Chapter 17: Marine Resources