GeoJournalAs you read this chapter, make notes in your journal about life in Russia today. Useclear, specific language to explain howrecent economic and political changes haveaffected the people of Russia.

Chapter Overview Visit the Glencoe WorldGeography Web site at geography.glencoe.comand click on Chapter Overviews—Chapter 16 topreview information about the region today.

http://geography.glencoe.com

Living in Russia

A Geographic ViewThe Price of FreedomNot long ago . . . I met a womannamed Larissa Pavlova. She was ateacher who now sold old clothesevenings and weekends to supple-ment her family’s income. Count-less thousands of Muscoviteswork second and third jobs to get by. . . . “Moscow is filled withwhat our good Comrade Lenincalled contradictions,” she said.“The rich get richer and the restof us tread water or drown. Iwork much harder than I didin the old days, and some-times that makes it hard toremember what we’ve gained. Freedom issweet, but it’s also a heavy, heavy load.”

—David Remnick, “Moscow: The New Revolution,” National Geographic, April 1997

Russians hoped that the end of the Soviet-controlledeconomy and the birth of Russian independence would bring quickand painless economic change. As the teacher from Moscow discov-ered, however, shifting toward a freer economy could also bring hardtimes. Russia continues its efforts to create a working economy thatwill provide for its people and maintain its place in the global marketplace.

Changing EconomiesSince the fall of communism, Russia has faced many economic chal-

lenges, such as providing more jobs for its citizens, increasing food pro-duction at home, and expanding trade internationally. As Russia worksto strengthen its economy, its citizens also face ethnic unrest, rising crime,and declining health and social services.

Guide to ReadingConsider What You KnowRussia continues to adjust to dramaticand sometimes difficult political and economic changes. How do you think these changes probably affectRussians’ attitudes toward the oldSoviet government?

Reading StrategyOrganizing Complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below bylisting changes in Russia’s economicsystem and the effect of each.

Read to Find Out• How has Russia made the transi-

tion to a market economy?

• How have agriculture, industry,transportation, and communica-tions in Russia changed since thebreakup of the Soviet Union?

• What is Russia’s relationship tothe global community?

Terms to Know• command economy

• consumer goods

• black market

• market economy

• privatization

• kolkhoz

• sovkhoz

Places to Locate• Siberia

• Vladivostok

C h a p t e r 1 6 387Teens walking through Red Square, Moscow

Muscovites selling food on the street

Economic System Effect

Command Economy

Market Economy

388 U n i t 5

The Soviet Command EconomyUnder Communist leaders, the Soviet Union

operated as a command economy. In a commandeconomy, a central authority makes key economicdecisions. The government owned banks, factories,farms, mines, and transportation systems. Membersof the State Planning Committee, known as Gosplan,decided what and how much to produce, how toproduce it, and who would benefit from the profits.Gosplan also controlled the pricing of most goodsand decided where they would be sold.

The Soviet government emphasized heavy indus-try—the manufacture of goods such as tanks andother military hardware, machinery, and electricgenerators. As a result, the Soviet Union became anindustrial giant and a world power, but its peoplecould not buy many consumer goods, or goodsneeded for everyday life.

Unemployment in the Soviet Union was low, butso were wages, because most men and womenworked at state-run factories and farms. People oftencould not afford the few consumer goods that facto-ries produced. Even when people had enoughmoney, such goods were hard to find. Some itemscould be bought on the black market, an illegal trade

in which scarce or illegal goods are sold at priceseven higher than those set by the government. Mostworkers, however, could not afford to pay such highprices with their limited incomes.

By the 1970s and 1980s, Western countries andsome Asian countries had turned away from heavyindustry to focus on computer technology andglobal communications. The Soviet system duringthis time, however, focused on increased industrialproduction and did not invest in developing newhigh-technology industries. As a result, the SovietUnion’s economy stagnated, and its standard of liv-ing declined while the global economy entered adynamic new era of change.

The Market EconomyWhen Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in

1985, the Soviet Union’s economy was in serioustrouble. To remedy the crisis, Gorbachev began to move away from a command economy toward a market economy, in which businesses are pri-vately owned. Production and prices in a marketeconomy depend on supply and demand. Thingsoffered for sale are supply; people’s desire to buythose things is demand. As part of his program of

1985 1990

1987 Transition Begins

Mikhail Gorbachev (above left)

proposes loosening of

government economic controls

1988 Shift of Power

Communist Party

conference backs shift

of power from party to

local government bodies

1991 Failed Coup

Breakup of Soviet Union;

Soviet republics declare

independence

1992 Economic Instability

Boris Yeltsin (left) ends

government subsidies

of most goods and services;

prices soar; unemployment

level at 5.2%

CHART STUDY

Russia’s Road to a Market Economy

1995 2000

2000 Putin Takes ControlCracks down on corruption;announces program of taxcuts, private landownership, and greaterpublic access to banks

1999 Economic RecoveryRussian economy begins recovery; unemployment levels off at 12.4%

1993 PrivatizationDrive is launched to privatize small-and medium-sized businesses

1996 Unemployment RisesUnemployment climbs to 9.9%

1994 Unemployment RisesUnemployment level rises to 7.7% amidst corruption and a struggling economy

1998 Financial CrisisRuble plummets;Russia cannot makedebt payments;unemployment reaches 12.3%

C h a p t e r 1 6 389

perestroika, or restructuring, Gorbachev reducedsome government controls, allowed people to startsmall businesses, and encouraged foreign invest-ment. Boris Yeltsin, Gorbachev’s successor, expandedthis process.

Economics

PrivatizationRussia’s economy continued to change after the

Soviet Union officially ceased to exist in 1991. WhenRussia and the other Soviet republics became inde-pendent, they eliminated most remaining economiccontrols. Russian President Boris Yeltsin removed 90percent of price controls and encouraged the massprivatization—a change to private ownership—ofstate-owned companies and industries, such as min-ing and oil extraction and processing. This processof privatization favored important businesspeople,political insiders, and foreign investors, all of whomcould afford to purchase large companies. Ratherthan reinvest in Russia and its economy, many ofthese people invested their profits outside the coun-try. Most average Russian workers did not benefitfrom this changing economic system: they neitherearned nor were spending the new wealth.

“ By 1995 privatization had gained anegative reputation with ordinary Russians, who coined a slang wordprikhvatizatsiya, a combination of the Russian word for ‘grab’ and the Russianized English word ‘privatize,’producing the equivalent of ‘grabification.’” Glenn E. Curtis (ed.), Russia: A Country Study, 1996

Widespread corruption complicated the privati-zation process in the new Russia. Organized crimegroups and corrupt public officials operatedthroughout the country, especially in Moscow.Some people grew rich through special govern-ment favors that allowed them to buy property atfar below its true value. This illegal behavior dam-aged the economy and absorbed investment fundsthat could have been used to rebuild the country.

The Transition ContinuesThe Russian economy experienced ups and

downs throughout the 1990s. Russians could find

1. Interpreting Charts When did the transition to a market economy begin?

2. Applying Geography Skills How did political change affect economic develop-ment and the standard of living in Russia during the 1990s?

390 U n i t 5

more consumer goods in shops. However, withoutcontrols, prices soared, and many people could notafford to buy the goods that were available. Between1990 and 1995, the total value of goods and servicesproduced in Russia fell by 50 percent, a far greaterdrop than the United States experienced during theGreat Depression of the 1930s. Following a 1998financial crisis, the ruble, Russia’s currency, lost71 percent of its value. Prices, which had dropped,rose once again. The international communitymade large loans to aid the Russian economy.

Yeltsin resigned as president of Russia in 1999. Hissuccessor, Vladimir Putin, inherited an unstableeconomy. Russia’s economy needed money and astronger banking system, which would help keepmore Russian money at home. Putin also needed toimprove the Russian military. However, he neededto do so without overspending on the armed forcesat the expense of overall economic growth, a prob-lem experienced previously by Soviet leaders.

An inefficiently managed government, budgetshortfalls, unclear property rights, an unstable cur-rency, corruption, and organized crime all threatenRussia’s economic stability. However, there is alsopotential for success. Russia can rebuild its economyby relying on its vast natural resources, developedindustries, and well-educated citizens.

Agriculture and IndustryUnder the Soviet system, farms were organized

into state-controlled kolkhozes (kahl•KAW•zehz)and sovkhozes (sahf•KAW•zehz). The kolkhozeswere small farms worked by farmers who shared,to a degree, in the farm’s production and profits.Sovkhozes were large farms run more like fac-tories, with the farm workers receiving wages.However, prices and production in both the agri-cultural and industrial sectors were controlled bythe government. Both the agricultural and indus-trial sectors suffered because the system did notmotivate workers. As a result, long before the1980s Soviet agriculture did not produce enoughfood to feed its people, and the government had toimport additional grain and other foods.

In 1991 President Yeltsin started to restructurestate-run farms so they could function better in a market economy. However, Russian farmers—accustomed to the stability of Soviet controls—continued to operate many of Russia’s farms askolkhozes or sovkhozes. Most farmers could notafford to buy land, and they worried that wealthyRussians or foreign investors might use the landfor nonagricultural development. Because of theseconcerns, progress toward a market economy foragriculture has been slow, and crop and livestockproduction has fallen. Recently, however, gains infarm productivity have helped reduce the need foragricultural imports.

Like agriculture, Russian industry has also beentransformed since the early 1990s. For many years

Student Web Activity Visit the Glencoe World Geography Website at geography.glencoe.com and click on Student Web Activities—Chapter 16 for an activity about living in Russia today.

Kaliningrad, Russia To supplement theirincome, many Russians sell hard-to-find goods,such as car parts, in open-air markets.

Place Describe the characteristics of Russia’seconomy in 1991 and today.

http://geography.glencoe.com

C h a p t e r 1 6 391

Russia’s state-owned aerospace industry and its military-industrial system were its economic andtechnical focus. Many of these components havebecome privately owned and provide exportincome. Russia has also encouraged foreign invest-ment by selling shares of ownership in some Russian companies and by opening Russia’s mar-kets to Western companies. A popular Americanfast-food chain, for example, now has 52 restaurantsin 17 Russian cities.

Russia’s most important industry is petroleumextraction and processing, and the country is one ofthe world’s largest producers of crude oil. Russia’sdomestic oil provides its other industries with vitalenergy at a reasonable cost. The country is also amajor producer of iron ore, manganese, and nickel.Huge forests in Russia produce one-fifth of theworld’s softwood, and Russian fish-factory shipsprocess catches from both the Atlantic and PacificOceans. Other major manufacturing industriesinclude steel milling; auto and truck production; air-craft construction; and the manufacturing of chemi-cals, heavy machinery, and agricultural equipment.Most of these industries are in the Volga Valley,

near Moscow and St. Petersburg, and in the UralMountains. Although Russia’s industries still facedifficulties, industrial production is now rising.

Transportation andCommunications

Russian transportation and communicationssystems lag behind those of most of the world’sdeveloped countries. In an age of speedy trans-portation, the Internet, and a global economy, Russia struggles to find funds for new highwaysand high-tech communications.

Transporting GoodsRussia’s transportation systems must move food

and other resources great distances to reach con-sumers. A major highway system links Moscowwith other major Russian cities, but many roadsare in poor repair. Harsh winters in places likeSiberia often make roads impassable.

Because of its great size and climate extremes,Russia depends on railroads and waterways formost of its transportation needs. Not surprisingly,

Russia boasts the world’s longest continu-ous railroad line. The Trans-Siberian Rail-road is the greater part of the rail routefrom Moscow through the Siberian steppesto the Pacific port city of Vladivostok.Major cities are found where the Trans-Siberian Railroad crosses large rivers, suchas the Ural, Irtysh, Ob, and Yenisey.Millions of tons of materials travel alongthousands of miles of navigable inlandwaterways, which connect seaports andinland cities.

Transporting PeopleMost Russians live in cities and many do

not own cars, so public transportation, suchas trains, buses, and, in several large cities,subways, is common. Private car ownershipdoubled in the 1990s, but public transporta-tion remains a practical option for Russians,in part because the government helps pay forit. The systems and equipment, however,need repair and improvements.

The Soviet Union used jet airplanes for passenger traffic, and the government

Russian Agriculture Outdated farm equipmentmakes farming labor-intensive for humans and animals.

Place Why have farmers in Russia been reluctant toaccept a market economy system?

392 U n i t 5

southwestern Russia. Because people in theserepublics are fighting for their independence fromRussia, control of the area’s oil reserves and work-ing pipelines is a major concern.

History

Mass CommunicationsUnder the Soviet Union, the state owned and

controlled all the mass communications systems,including newspapers, magazines, television, thepostal service, and the telegraph and telephone sys-tems. State agencies reviewed all print and broadcastmaterials to make sure that they contained no criti-cism of the government. Since the breakup of theSoviet Union, Russians have heard and read newvoices and fresh views. Most families own radiosand television sets, and by 1995 Russians couldchoose from among 10,000 newspapers and journals.

Telephone service in Russia has also grown. As aresult of Russia’s vast size, only 22 percent of ruralhouseholds have telephones, compared with 56 per-cent of urban households. However, communicationscompanies are increasingly offering services such asthe Internet, e-mail, and cellular phones. Theseadvances in communications systems will make

financially supported air travel for many years.The passenger airline Aeroflot was once the onlyone in the Soviet Union and at its peak carried 135million people a year. After the fall of the SovietUnion, Aeroflot split into numerous smaller air-lines. The high cost of fuel and reduced passengertraffic because of skyrocketing ticket prices haveforced about 60 percent of Russia’s airports to close.

Transporting EnergyRussia’s large size also affects how it transports

natural gas, crude oil, and other petroleum prod-ucts. Pipelines are effective, although constructingand maintaining them can be difficult in areas ofharsh climate. A complex maze of pipelines criss-crosses Russia, providing major Russian cities andparts of western Europe with fuel.

The oil pipelines run through Chechnya andDagestan (DAH•guh•STAHN), ethnic republics in

Russian Waterways Cargo cranes alongthe Pregolya River in Kaliningrad assist in ship-ping goods for export.

Place What goods does Russia export?

Checking for Understanding1. Define command economy,

consumer goods, black market,market economy, privatization,kolkhoz, sovkhoz.

2. Main Ideas On a chart like theone below, fill in details aboutagriculture, industry, transporta-tion, and communications in theSoviet command economy andthe Russian market economy.

Critical Thinking3. Predicting Consequences How

might Russia’s agricultural andindustrial sectors be affected by Russia’s growing global interdependence?

4. Comparing and Contrasting Howdid the Soviet command economyand the Russian market economyaffect the Russian people?

5. Making Inferences What can you infer about Russia’s goals,based on changes in Russia’strade and international relationssince the Soviet breakup?

Analyzing Maps6. Human-Environment Interaction

Study the economic activity mapon page 341. In what area is theraising of livestock concentrated?How is this related to the physicalgeography of the region?

Agriculture

Soviet Command Russian MarketEconomy Economy

7. Effects of Size and DistanceThink about the physicalgeography of Russia. Writea paragraph analyzing howRussia’s vast size affects theavailability of naturalresources and the country’sability to develop them.

Applying Geography

vital contributions to the successful transition to amarket economy.

Global InterdependenceAfter independence Russia and the other former

Soviet republics began to increase their inter-dependence with other countries. By expandinginternational trade and building political and finan-cial relations, Russia has increasingly focused onbecoming a full partner in the global community.

TradeRussia has already established trade relations in

world markets and is a major source of energy andfuels, which make up 48 percent of its exports.Lumber, metals, and chemicals are also importantRussian exports. The United States, the EuropeanUnion, the other former Soviet republics, China,and Japan are among Russia’s major trading part-ners. These countries provide Russia with the con-sumer goods, medicines, meat, and sugar it needs.

Energy is expected to remain Russia’s main item of international trade until its manufactured goods,such as machinery and light industrial products,improve in quality and become more competitivelypriced. Working to strengthen its industries, Russiabecame a member of the Asia-Pacific EconomicCooperation (APEC) forum in 1998. Negotiations

C h a p t e r 1 6 393

are continuing for Russia’s membership in theWorld Trade Organization (WTO). As Russianmanufacturing makes further gains, these tradingnetworks will become even more important for theRussian economy.

International RelationsDespite its political and economic challenges at

home, Russia maintains its important role in worldaffairs. Russia benefits from occupying the formerSoviet Union’s seat in the United Nations SecurityCouncil. The country has also joined European orga-nizations that support security and cooperation. Russia has helped settle conflicts and has supportedpeace efforts in several countries, especially in formerSoviet republics. Even as Russia asserts itself interna-tionally, however, economic problems have drainedmoney from its military. As a result, military forceshave old equipment, and soldiers’ morale is low.

Adequate financial resources are vitally importantto Russia’s stability and progress in the global com-munity. Other countries and world organizationshave provided loans, and foreign investors havemade funds available to Russian industry. With for-eign help, Russia is trying to create secure and work-able systems for banking, farming, manufactur-ing, transportation, and communications. AlthoughRussia has a long way to go, the economic gainsmade in recent years are positive signs.

ViewpointCASE STUDY on the Environment

Sea ofOkhotsk

Bering

Sea

R U S S I A

Russia’s Supertrawlers:Russia’s Supertrawlers:More than a million fishing vessels scour the oceans for fish.As a result, fish populations areshrinking worldwide. Enormousships called supertrawlers arelargely to blame. Towing hugetrawl nets—some large enough toscoop up a whale—supertrawlersare floating fish factories. Theseships can catch and process morethan 400 tons (360 t) of fish a day.No one knows how many fishswim the oceans. However, if toomany are caught, some speciesmay not recover. Is sustainablefishing possible with super-trawlers harvesting the seas?

Factoriesat SeaFactoriesat Sea

394 U n i t 5

State-of-the-art electronicgear allows super-trawlers to track schoolsof fish with pinpoint

accuracy. Trawl nets maystretch half a mile behind theships, engulfing everything intheir paths.

The first factory trawler wasbuilt in Scotland in 1954. By1970 the Soviet Union had 400trawlers, the world’s largestfleet at that time. Other coun-tries, including the UnitedStates, China, and Japan, soonlaunched their own trawlerfleets. Marine harvests soaredas these enormous vessels wentto work in the world’s richestfishing grounds. But after a fewyears of bounty, there weresigns of trouble at sea.

In the western Bering Sea,for example, Soviet (laterRussian) supertrawlers initiallyharvested large numbers ofsole, perch, herring, and espe-cially pollock—the fish used infrozen fish sticks and fast-foodfish sandwiches. As catchesstarted to outpace reproduc-tion rates, fish populationsplummeted. Data gathered byRussian marine biologists show

that pollockcatches aredeclining by 10percent everyyear. American sci-entists raise similarconcerns about theimpact of Americansupertrawlers work-ing the eastern Bering Sea.

Supertrawlers are usuallyafter certain kinds of fish.Everything else hauled up inthe nets gets discarded. Mil-lions of fish and other marineanimals die unnecessarily everyyear. Many trawlers also dragnets along the seafloor, destroy-ing countless organisms andtheir habitats. Animals higheron the food chain are affected,too. Seals, sea lions, and kitti-wakes can starve if there arefewer fish to eat. Since the1970s these mammal and birdpopulations in the Bering Seahave declined.

Opponents of supertrawlersargue that the ships are doingirreparable damage to fishstocks and marine habitats.Opponents feel the unneces-sary slaughter of healthymarine organisms is wasteful.Even though there are somerestrictions on supertrawlers,opponents maintain that the

laws are hard to enforce.Furthermore, since smallerboats can’t compete with super-trawlers, the big ships threatentraditional fishing cultures onevery continent.

Supporters of supertrawlers citethe growing global demand forfish and fish products.Theypoint out that their catches sup-ply high-protein food to millionsof people. Some trawler opera-tors dispute data that show adecline in fish populations.Others say that if trawlersreduce their catches, other shipswill simply harvest what’s leftbehind. Russian officials mustbalance the risk of destroyingfish stocks with Russia’s needfor a profitable fishing industry.

Using a huge net, aRussian fisherman emp-ties a load of fish into his boat.

A Russian supertrawler (below) searchesfor fish in the Sea of Okhotsk. Aboardthese vessels, workers (right) preparefish for a global market.

What’s Your Point of View?Should further restrictions be placed on supertrawlers?Should they be banned worldwide?

▼

▼

Guide to ReadingConsider What You KnowYou have read about the Soviet government’s development of heavyindustry and about Russia’s develop-ment of a market economy after thebreakup of the Soviet Union. How do you think these activities haveaffected the quality of Russia’s environment?

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about Rus-sia’s environment, complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below bydescribing the environmental issuesand concerns for each location.

Read to Find Out• How does Russia manage its

natural resources?

• How has pollution affected thelives of Russia’s people?

• What are the environmental challenges in Russia’s future?

Terms to Know• radioactive material

• pesticide

• nuclear waste

Places to Locate• Kamchatka

• Lake Baikal

People and TheirEnvironment

A Geographic ViewThe AftermathI found little likelihood that things [would] improve soon; the economies of Russia and most of the other . . . former Soviet republics are in shambles.“They used to show us films of the cor-rupted West with its polluted waters, like your Great Lakes,” a Siberian envi-ronmental worker said. “Now the situation you had in the 1960s is here.But if the chaos continues, we will need two or three times as many years as you needed just to decideit’s necessary to clean up.”

—Mike Edwards, “Lethal Legacy,” National Geographic, August 1994

The world’s expanding industries and rapidly grow-ing population often strain the natural environment. Careless manage-ment of natural resources for short-term gain destroys economicopportunities for future generations, damages the environment, threat-ens people’s health, and jeopardizes people’s quality of life. In this sec-tion you will learn how Russia is managing its resources and balancingeconomic growth with environmental conservation.

Managing ResourcesRussia is trying to make the best use of its vast and abundant nat-

ural resources in order to strengthen its economy and improve itsstandard of living. Unfortunately, the country has inherited a legacyof environmental damage. Russia’s main challenge is to manage itsresources without repeating its past disregard for the environment.

396 U n i t 5

Steel plant in Siberia

Location Description

Kamchatka

Lake Baikal

Chernobyl

C h a p t e r 1 6 397

A second challenge is to improve the environ-ment and repair damage that has already beendone. One target for improvement is the timberindustry. Russia contains the world’s largest forestreserve, and the World Bank’s Sustainable ForestryPilot Project is helping Russia manage its forestsmore effectively. Using land more wisely, protect-ing forests, planting new trees, and increasing pri-vate forestry investment all help Russia’senvironment and economy. Higher taxes paid byRussian citizens provide income for the govern-ment to help protect the environment. Increasedemployment opportunities in the forest industryand more stable local economies will be possibleonly if steps to conserve the forest are taken. It is inthe best interest of the people to protect the forestsbecause the timber industry provides jobs andeconomic resources for communities.

Individual Russians are becoming more aware of the value of good environmental manage-ment. People have banded together to oppose a mining operation located in remote Kamchatka(kuhm•CHAWT•kuh), a region of Siberia in eastern Russia. The Kamchatka Committee for theProtection of the Environment and NaturalResources has demanded that the mining companymeet strict environmental standards. The possiblethreat to the area’s salmon spawning groundsprompted the local fishing industry to support theeffort. The mine also caused concern among localresidents and environmentalists because it wasclose to a nature park that was recently named aUnited Nations World Heritage site.

PollutionThe Soviets’ disregard for the environmental

effects of industrialization damaged Russia’s water,air, and soil. By the 1990s, 40 percent of Russia’svast territory was under “ecological stress,” withthe health of millions of Russians affected byunchecked pollution and radiation.

Water QualityAlthough Russia has one of the world’s largest

supplies of freshwater, industrialization has pol-luted most of its lakes and rivers. Fertilizer runoff,sewage, metals such as aluminum, and radioactivematerial—material contaminated by residue fromthe generation of nuclear energy—all contribute to

poor water quality. The waters of the Moskva andVolga Rivers, for instance, pose severe health risks.The many dams along the Volga have trapped con-taminated water. Moscow has also reportedcholera-causing bacteria in its water. Pollutioneven threatens the Caspian Sea.

Lying on the southeastern edge of the CentralSiberian Plateau, Lake Baikal (by•KAWL) is theworld’s oldest and deepest lake. It contains one-fifthof the world’s freshwater, and 1,500 native species ofaquatic plants and animals make their home there.Calling it “the Pearl of Siberia,” Russians considerthe lake a natural wonder. A recent traveler learnedfrom a local resident what Baikal means to Russians:

“ Lake Baikal is a symbol, Sasha told meonce, of all the things that give Siberianlife its distinct sweetness—the naturalbeauty, the purity of open air, the hardygenerosity of people and the poetry intheir collective soul. ‘This is what Rus-sians mean when they talk about theMotherland,’ he said. ‘And nothing, noth-ing is more precious to us than that.’”Don Belt, “Russia’s Lake Baikal: The World’s Great Lake,” National

Geographic, June 1992

Timber in Siberia Timber processing is amajor economic activity along Siberia’s YeniseyRiver.

Human-Environment Interaction How does theproper management of forests affect a country?

398 U n i t 5

In 1957 the Soviet Union announced a plan tobuild a paper pulp factory in Baikalsk along LakeBaikal’s southwestern shores. Although this planwas opposed by citizens in the area, their protestswere ignored and the factory was built. This factoryand others that followed continue to dump indus-trial waste into the lake. However, in response tothe ongoing protests of local residents, the mostserious polluters either have been closed or are inthe process of reducing pollution. Pollution levelsin the lake are now relatively low compared withmany lakes in Europe and the United States.

Soil and Air QualityFor decades toxic waste dumps and airborne pol-

lution poisoned Russia’s soil. Aging storage con-tainers cracked and leaked toxic wastes into the soil.Petroleum pipelines also often broke and taintedthe land. Overuse of fertilizers and pesticides—chemicals used to kill crop-damaging insects,rodents, and other pests—has damaged farmland.

Russian experts believe that during the 1990sonly 15 percent of Russia’s urban population lived

with acceptable air quality.Industries, emissions from vehi-cles, and the soft coal burned forfuel are all sources of air pollu-tion. In addition to releasing soot,sulfur, and carbon dioxide intothe air, burning coal leads toanother harmful agent—acid rain.Experts estimate that the combi-nation of acid rain and chemicalpollution has reduced Russianforests by about 1.5 million acres(607,500 ha) since the early 1970s.

Nuclear WastesBetween 1949 and 1987, the

Soviet Union set off more than600 nuclear explosions. Sovietsdeveloped and then stockpiled

nuclear weapons throughout the Cold War. Today,the condition and fate of those weapons concernRussia and the rest of the world.

Nuclear wastes are the by-products of produc-ing nuclear power. Some of these wastes canremain radioactive for thousands of years, posinggreat dangers to people and the environment. TheSoviets placed most nuclear wastes in storagefacilities, but they also dumped some radioactivenuclear materials directly into Russia’s northernwaters, such as the Baltic and Bering Seas.

History

ChernobylDuring the Cold War, nuclear power generated

much-needed electricity in the Soviet Union. It alsoprovided power for building military weaponsand vehicles. The urgency of keeping pace withthe West during the Cold War often resulted insubstandard nuclear plants and reactors thatemployed poorly trained workers who ignoredproper safeguards. In 1986 a fire in a nuclear reactorin the town of Chernobyl (chuhr•NOH•buhl), 60miles (97 km) north of Kiev, Ukraine, released tonsof radioactive particles into the local environment.This radiation was then carried great distances bythe wind, and contaminated other countries.

Thousands of people were exposed to deadlylevels of radiation because Soviet officials wereslow to alert the public to the crisis and did notevacuate people soon enough. By the mid-1990s

Lake Baikal Efforts to protect Lake Baikalinclude closing paper mills and installing waste-water treatment plants.

Human-Environment Interaction How hasindustrial development affected Lake Baikal?

C h a p t e r 1 6 399

Checking for Understanding1. Define radioactive material,

pesticide, nuclear waste.

2. Main Ideas Create a graphic orga-nizer like the one below, and fillin information about each of thetopics. Then choose one of thetopics, and summarize efforts currently under way in Russia to address the situation.

Critical Thinking3. Making Generalizations What

generalizations can you makeabout the relationship betweeneconomic development and theenvironment in Russia?

4. Problem Solving Assume the role of the Russian president, andidentify an environmental problemin your country. What steps wouldyou take to solve this problem?

5. Predicting Consequences Thinkabout what you know about theRussian economy. What is thelikelihood of a dramatic improve-ment in Russia’s environmentalproblems in the near future?

Analyzing Maps6. Human-Environment Interaction

Study the economic activity mapon page 341. Think about theregions of Russia in which pollu-tion is a problem. Describe therelationship between the locationof manufacturing centers and pollution.

7. Influence of Location Thinkabout the challenges Russiafaces concerning water quality. Write a paragraphexplaining why Russians donot use more water fromLake Baikal to supply theirfreshwater needs.

Applying Geography

over 8,000 people had died as a direct result ofradiation poisoning. Millions more continue to suf-fer from cancer, stomach diseases, and immune sys-tem disorders. Radiation covered thousands ofacres of farmland and forests in Belarus, Ukraine,and Russia. In Russia alone, radiation covered over19,300 square miles (50,000 sq. km), where morethan 30 million people lived. Because of prevailingwinds, other countries suffered as well, mostnotably Finland, Sweden, Poland, and the formerCzechoslovakia.

After the Chernobyl accident, international pres-sure prompted Soviet leaders to improve nuclearsafety standards and to shut down dangerousplants. In response to these demands, Soviet officialsnever opened some newly built reactors and aban-doned plans for building others. Despite concernsfrom other countries, 28 nuclear reactors continueto operate at nine sites throughout Russia. Much ofRussia’s electricity continues to come from theseplants. In late 2000, however, the remaining reac-tor at Chernobyl was shut down. Experts in West-ern countries as well as in Russia and Ukraine thinkthat many remaining Soviet-era reactors are poorlydesigned, unsafe, and should be made secure.

The Chernobyl Reactor The explosion atChernobyl resulted in a total meltdown of the core.

Human-Environment Interaction How did theSoviet government improve nuclear safety standardsafter the Chernobyl accident?

Pollution

Water Soil & Air Nuclear Waste

• • •• • •• • •

Learning the SkillCategorizing information helps

you make connections and retaininformation. This skill helps youanswer questions such as What isit? What parts does it have? andHow is this like or unlike some-thing else?

When you categorize, you sortdetails into groups. You may belooking at a map, reading aninformative article, or watching abasketball game. Once youunderstand how the details aregrouped, you can make compar-isons and draw conclusions. Oneway to keep track of the differentdetails is to create a chart.

Follow these steps to catego-rize written information, usinga chart.• As you read a section of a

chapter, identify its main cat-egories. Make a two-columnchart with one row for titlesand one row for each category.

• Spend a few minutes read-ing the section. Record thetitle for each category in the first column of thechart. Then note somedetails and characteristicsthat you found for each cat-egory. List these in the sec-ond column of the chart.

• Review the details in the sec-ond column of the chart. Use them to write a summarystatement about each cate-gory and to compare the categories with each other.

Practicing the SkillUse the information about

Russia on pages 388–390 andthe chart on this page to answerthe questions below.

1. What are the main cate-gories of information onpages 388–390?

2. What are two other charac-teristics you could list in thechart?

3. How are these systems alike?How are they different?

4. What are two ways that a chart similar to the oneabove could help you?

Categorizing InformationWhen you read a map, you make sense of the data you see—the symbols, words, and different-colored lines and shapes—by categorizing the information. Categorizing means groupinginformation and details together in a way that helps you under-stand and compare two or more ideas or concepts.

400 U n i t 5

Use library or Internet research andthe information in Chapters 7 and16 to categorize information aboutpollution in Russia, the UnitedStates, and Canada. Use a chart likethe one on this page to list detailsabout the sources of air, water, andsoil pollution and proposed solu-tions for these challenges.

The Glencoe Skillbuilder Interactive Workbook,

Level 2 provides instruction andpractice in key social studies skills.

Type of Economy

The Changing Economy of Russia

Command (Soviet)

Market

Characteristics

Central authority owns banks,factories, farms, mines, andtransportation systems.

•

Production and prices dependon decisions of the centralauthority.

•

Businesses are privately owned.

•

Production and prices dependon supply and demand.

•

Meets the basic needs ofconsumers but not designedto meet their wants.

•

A high degree of individualfreedom allows producers to make whatever they thinkthey will sell.

•

C h a p t e r 1 6 401

Key Points• The Soviet economy was a command economy

controlled by government agencies.

• Since the 1980s the Russians have been makingthe difficult transition from the Soviet com-mand economy to a market economy.

• After the breakup of the Soviet Union, BorisYeltsin encouraged privatization of state-owned farms and businesses.

• Transportation and communications systemsmust improve in order to support a strong market economy.

• To take its place as a full partner in the globalcommunity, Russia needs good internationaltrade and strong political and economic relations.

Organizing Your NotesCreate an outline like the onebelow, using the section head-ings to help you organize yournotes for this section.

Terms to Know• radioactive

material• pesticide• nuclear waste

Key Points• Soviet leaders’ drive for an industrial-based

economy caused major and lasting damage to Russia’s water, soil, and air.

• Russia needs to manage its use of naturalresources properly in order to avoid more environmental damage.

• Radioactivity from nuclear waste, nuclear accidents, and aging nuclear weapons poses a grave danger to Russia’s environment and its people’s health.

Organizing Your NotesUse a graphic organizer like theone below to help you organizeinformation about the challengesfacing Russia today.

Environmental Challenges

Terms to Know• command

economy• consumer goods• black market• market economy• privatization• kolkhoz• sovkhoz

SECTION 1 Living in Russia (pp. 387–393)

SECTION 2 People and Their Environment (pp. 396–399)

SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE

Living in Russia

I. Changing Economies

A. The Soviet Command Economy1.2.

Water Soil and Air Nuclear Waste

Russian passengers wait to board a train.

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper, classify each of the letteredterms below into the following categories. (Someterms may apply to both categories.)

• Soviet Era • After Independence

a. command economy f. kolkhozb. consumer goods g. sovkhoz

c. black market h. radioactive materiald. market economy i. pesticidee. privatization j. nuclear waste

Reviewing FactsSECTION 1

1. What was the role of the gov-ernment in the Soviet commandeconomy?

2. How has the transition to amarket economy challengedRussian society?

3. How did privatization impactdaily life in Russia?

4. What steps has Russia taken tobecome part of the global com-munity?

SECTION 25. What problems have been cre-

ated by pollution in Russia?

6. What challenges with the envi-ronment and natural resourcesdoes Russia face today?

7. How did the Cold War con-tribute to Russia’s environmen-tal problems?

Critical Thinking1. Making Inferences Study

the chart on pages 388–389.How might political and eco-nomic reforms in Russia even-tually affect the distribution ofthe country’s resources?

Locating PlacesRussia: Physical-Political Geography

Match the letters on the map with these places and physical features of

Russia. Write your answers on a sheet of paper.

1. Don River2. Caspian Sea3. East Siberian Sea

4. West Siberian Plain

5. Lena River

6. Amur River7. Vladivostok8. Lake Baikal

70°N

60°N

50°N

40°N

30°N

20°N

80°N60°E

30°E

0°

120°E

150°

E18

0°

90°E

ARCTIC

CIR

CLE

TROPIC OF CANCER

AH

F

G

E B

D

C

Two-Point Equidistant projection1,000

1,0000 mi.

0 km

N

ASSESSMENT & ACTIVITIES

402 U n i t 5

2. Problem Solving Identify one kind of pol-lution affecting Russia. Describe the cause ororigin of the pollution. What steps do youthink would be necessary to reduce its effects?Explain the reasons for your answer.

3. Categorizing Information Complete adiagram like the one below to show thechanges in Russian life after independence.Then write a paragraph explaining thechange you think had the greatest impact onRussian life.

Changes After Russian Independence

C h a p t e r X 403

First determine what choices you caneliminate. Since petroleum productsare transported through pipelines,

choices A and C do not apply and can be eliminated.Choose the best answer from the remaining options.

Only one answer is completely true.Some reactors have been shut down,and some safety standards were

improved. Choose the answer that is completely true.

Using the Regional AtlasRefer to the Regional Atlas on pages 338–341.

1. Location Which manufacturing areas arelocated along the Volga River? Along the Oband Irtysh Rivers?

2. Human-Environment Interaction Com-pare the population density map and theeconomic activity map. Describe the correla-tion between commercial farmland and pop-ulation density.

Thinking Like a GeographerThink about the population distribution in Russia.How do you think the shift from a commandeconomy to a market economy might affectmigration patterns and population density? Writea paragraph about the most significant effect.

Problem-Solving ActivityContemporary Issues Case Study Russiaremains an influential international power despiteits recent political and economic changes. Learnmore about Russia’s policies toward the expan-sion of the European Union. Then focus on waysRussian and European interests are similar anddifferent. In an essay, present your conclusionsabout the future of Russian-European relations.

GeoJournalExpository Writing Use your GeoJournal,your textbook, and the Internet to research andwrite an essay that analyzes how Moscow’s char-acter as a city is related to its political, social, eco-nomic, and cultural features.

Technology ActivityDeveloping Multimedia Presenta-

tions Compile information about people’swork, school, community, home life, and leisureactivities in Russia. Use various media to introduceRussian life to other students or people in yourcommunity. For example, you might play record-ings of popular Russian music or show a film thatpresents an aspect of Russian culture, in additionto your oral report.

Standardized Test Practice

Use your knowledge of Russia to choose the best answer for each of the following multiple-choice questions. If you have troubleanswering the questions, use the process ofelimination to narrow your choices.

1. In Russia which of these challengesaffects the transportation of both petro-leum products and other goods?

A Poorly repaired roadsB Harsh weather and vast distancesC Frozen waterwaysD Separatist movements

2. In Russia, nuclear power plants builtduring the Soviet era

F have been shut down.G provide much of Russia’s electricity.H are now safer than ever before.J have been replaced by coal-fired generators.

C h a p t e r 1 6 403

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Self-Check Quiz Visit the Glencoe WorldGeography Web site at geography.glencoe.comand click on Self-Check Quizzes—Chapter 16 toprepare for the Chapter Test.

http://geography.glencoe.com

Glencoe World GeographyTable of ContentsGeography Skills for LifeReading for InformationNational Geographic Reference AtlasWorld: PhysicalWorld: PoliticalUnited States: PhysicalUnited States: PoliticalCanada: Physical/PoliticalMiddle America: Physical/PoliticalNorth America: PhysicalNorth America: PoliticalSouth America: PhysicalSouth America: PoliticalAfrica: PhysicalAfrica: PoliticalEurope: PhysicalEurope: PoliticalAsia: PhysicalAsia: PoliticalOceania: Physical/PoliticalPacific Rim: Physical/PoliticalOcean FloorWorld Land UseWorld Gross Domestic Product CartogramWorld Population CartogramArctic Ocean: PhysicalAntarctica: Physical

National Geographic Geography Skills HandbookThinking Like a GeographerFrom Globes to MapsCommon Map ProjectionsReading a MapTypes of MapsGraphs, Charts, and DiagramsGeographic Dictionary

Unit 1: The WorldChapter 1: How Geographers Look at the WorldSection 1: Exploring GeographySection 2: The Geographer's CraftChapter 1 Summary & Study GuideChapter 1 Assessment & Activities

Chapter 2: The EarthSection 1: Planet EarthSection 2: Forces of ChangeNational Geographic Viewpoint: A Global Concern: Invasive SpeciesSection 3: Earth's WaterChapter 2 Summary & Study GuideChapter 2 Assessment & Activities

Chapter 3: Climates of the EarthSection 1: Earth-Sun RelationshipsSection 2: Factors Affecting ClimateSection 3: World Climate PatternsChapter 3 Summary & Study GuideChapter 3 Assessment & Activities

Chapter 4: The Human WorldSection 1: World PopulationSection 2: Global CulturesSection 3: Political and Economic SystemsSection 4: Resources, Trade, and the EnvironmentChapter 4 Summary & Study GuideChapter 4 Assessment & Activities

Unit 2: The United States and CanadaNational Geographic: Regional AtlasWhat Makes the United States and Canada a Region?Country ProfilesGlobal Connection: Ice Hockey!

Chapter 5: The Physical Geography of the United States and CanadaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and VegetationChapter 5 Summary & Study GuideChapter 5 Assessment & Activities

Chapter 6: The Cultural Geography of the United States and CanadaSection 1: Population PatternsNational Geographic Geography and History: Give-and-Take Across the BorderSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and LifestylesChapter 6 Summary & Study GuideChapter 6 Assessment & Activities

Chapter 7: The United States and Canada TodaySection 1: Living in the United States and CanadaSection 2: People and Their EnvironmentNational Geographic Viewpoint: United States's Wetlands: Under SiegeChapter 7 Summary & Study GuideChapter 7 Assessment & Activities

Unit 3: Latin AmericaNational Geographic: Regional AtlasWhat Makes Latin America a Region?Country ProfilesGlobal Connection: Food Crops

Chapter 8: The Physical Geography of Latin AmericaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and VegetationChapter 8 Summary & Study GuideChapter 8 Assessment & Activities

Chapter 9: The Cultural Geography of Latin AmericaSection 1: Population PatternsNational Geographic Geography and History: Passage Through PanamaSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and LifestylesChapter 9 Summary & Study GuideChapter 9 Assessment & Activities

Chapter 10: Latin America TodaySection 1: Living in Latin AmericaSection 2: People and Their EnvironmentNational Geographic Viewpoint: Brazil's Rain Forests: Biodiversity at RiskChapter 10 Summary & Study GuideChapter 10 Assessment & Activities

Unit 4: EuropeNational Geographic: Regional AtlasWhat Makes Europe a Region?Country ProfilesGlobal Connection: Architecture

Chapter 11: The Physical Geography of EuropeSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and VegetationChapter 11 Summary & Study GuideChapter 11 Assessment & Activities

Chapter 12: The Cultural Geography of EuropeSection 1: Population PatternsNational Geographic Geography and History: Yugoslavia: Then and NowSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and LifestylesChapter 12 Summary & Study GuideChapter 12 Assessment & Activities

Chapter 13: Europe TodaySection 1: Living in EuropeSection 2: People and Their EnvironmentNational Geographic Viewpoint: Germany's Forests: In the Path of Acid RainChapter 13 Summary & Study GuideChapter 13 Assessment & Activities

Unit 5: RussiaNational Geographic: Regional AtlasWhat Makes Russia a Region?Country ProfilesGlobal Connection: Nutcracker

Chapter 14: The Physical Geography of RussiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and VegetationChapter 14 Summary & Study GuideChapter 14 Assessment & Activities

Chapter 15: The Cultural Geography of RussiaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentNational Geographic Geography and History: Russia's Iron RoadSection 3: Cultures and LifestylesChapter 15 Summary & Study GuideChapter 15 Assessment & Activities

Chapter 16: Russia TodaySection 1: Living in RussiaNational Geographic Viewpoint: Russia's Supertrawlers: Factories at SeaSection 2: People and Their EnvironmentChapter 16 Summary & Study GuideChapter 16 Assessment & Activities

Unit 6: North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central AsiaNational Geographic: Regional AtlasWhat Makes North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia a Region?Country ProfilesGlobal Connection: Religions

Chapter 17: The Physical Geography of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central AsiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and VegetationChapter 17 Summary & Study GuideChapter 17 Assessment & Activities

Chapter 18: The Cultural Geography of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central AsiaSection 1: Population PatternsNational Geographic Geography and History: Black Gold in the Persian GulfSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and LifestylesChapter 18 Summary & Study GuideChapter 18 Assessment & Activities

Chapter 19: North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia TodaySection 1: Living in North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central AsiaSection 2: People and Their EnvironmentNational Geographic Viewpoint: Turkey's Atatürk Dam: Diverting a River's FlowChapter 19 Summary & Study GuideChapter 19 Assessment & Activities

Unit 7: Africa South of the SaharaNational Geographic: Regional AtlasWhat Makes Africa South of the Sahara a Region?Country ProfilesGlobal Connection: Roots of Jazz

Chapter 20: The Physical Geography of Africa South of the SaharaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and VegetationChapter 20 Summary & Study GuideChapter 20 Assessment & Activities

Chapter 21: The Cultural Geography of Africa South of the SaharaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and LifestylesNational Geographic Geography and History: Conflict in Central Africa: Hutu versus TutsiChapter 21 Summary & Study GuideChapter 21 Assessment & Activities

Chapter 22: Africa South of the Sahara TodaySection 1: Living in Africa South of the SaharaSection 2: People and Their EnvironmentNational Geographic Viewpoint: Southern Africa's Dilemma: Renew the Ivory Trade?Chapter 22 Summary & Study GuideChapter 22 Assessment & Activities

Unit 8: South AsiaNational Geographic: Regional AtlasWhat Makes South Asia a Region?Country ProfilesGlobal Connection: Textiles

Chapter 23: The Physical Geography of South AsiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and VegetationChapter 23 Summary & Study GuideChapter 23 Assessment & Activities

Chapter 24: The Cultural Geography of South AsiaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentNational Geographic Geography and History: Mountain Madness: Struggle for KashmirSection 3: Cultures and LifestylesChapter 24 Summary & Study GuideChapter 24 Assessment & Activities

Chapter 25: South Asia TodaySection 1: Living in South AsiaSection 2: People and Their EnvironmentNational Geographic Viewpoint: India's Green Revolution: Success or Failure?Chapter 25 Summary & Study GuideChapter 25 Assessment & Activities

Unit 9: East AsiaNational Geographic: Regional AtlasWhat Makes East Asia a Region?Country ProfilesGlobal Connection: Electronics

Chapter 26: The Physical Geography of East AsiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and VegetationChapter 26 Summary & Study GuideChapter 26 Assessment & Activities

Chapter 27: The Cultural Geography of East AsiaSection 1: Population PatternsNational Geographic Geography and History: A Tale of Two ChinasSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and LifestylesChapter 27 Summary & Study GuideChapter 27 Assessment & Activities

Chapter 28: East Asia TodaySection 1: Living in East AsiaSection 2: People and Their EnvironmentNational Geographic Viewpoint: China's Three Gorges: Before the FloodChapter 28 Summary & Study GuideChapter 28 Assessment & Activities

Unit 10: Southeast AsiaNational Geographic: Regional AtlasWhat Makes Southeast Asia a Region?Country ProfilesGlobal Connection: Cuisine

Chapter 29: The Physical Geography of Southeast AsiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and VegetationChapter 29 Summary & Study GuideChapter 29 Assessment & Activities

Chapter 30: The Cultural Geography of Southeast AsiaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentNational Geographic Geography and History: The Long War: America in VietnamSection 3: Cultures and LifestylesChapter 30 Summary & Study GuideChapter 30 Assessment & Activities

Chapter 31: Southeast Asia TodaySection 1: Living in Southeast AsiaSection 2: People and Their EnvironmentNational Geographic Viewpoint: Southeast Asia's Reefs: Coral in PerilChapter 31 Summary & Study GuideChapter 31 Assessment & Activities

Unit 11: Australia, Oceania, and AntarcticaNational Geographic: Regional AtlasWhat Makes Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica a Region?Country ProfileGlobal Connection: Eucalyptus

Chapter 32: The Physical Geography of Australia, Oceania, and AntarcticaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and VegetationChapter 32 Summary & Study GuideChapter 32 Assessment & Activities

Chapter 33: The Cultural Geography of Australia, Oceania, and AntarcticaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentNational Geographic Geography and History: Journey to the Bottom of the WorldSection 3: Cultures and LifestylesChapter 33 Summary & Study GuideChapter 33 Assessment & Activities

Chapter 34: Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica TodaySection 1: Living in Australia, Oceania, and AntarcticaSection 2: People and Their EnvironmentNational Geographic Viewpoint: Antarctica's Melting Ice: Is Global Warming at Fault?Chapter 34 Summary & Study GuideChapter 34 Assessment & Activities

AppendixHonoring AmericaGlossaryGazetteerSpanish GlossaryIndexAcknowledgments

Feature ContentsNational Geographic Global ConnectionNational Geographic Geography and HistoryNational Geographic Viewpoint: Case Study on the EnvironmentSkillBuilderMap & Graph SkillBuilderCritical Thinking SkillBuilderTechnology SkillBuilderStudy & Writing SkillBuilder

Geography Lab ActivitiesWorld CultureMapsGraphs, Charts, and DiagramsPrimary Sources

Student WorkbooksActive Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student EditionChapter 1: How Geographers Look at the WorldSection 1: Exploring GeographySection 2: The Geographer's Craft

Chapter 2: The EarthSection 1: Planet EarthSection 2: Forces of ChangeSection 3: Earth's Water

Chapter 3: Climates of the EarthSection 1: Earth-Sun RelationshipsSection 2: Factors Affecting ClimateSection 3: World Climate Patterns

Chapter 4: The Human WorldSection 1: World PopulationSection 2: Global CulturesSection 3: Political and Economic SystemsSection 4: Resources, Trade, and the Environment

Chapter 5: The Physical Geography of the United States and CanadaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation

Chapter 6: The Cultural Geography of the United States and CanadaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles

Chapter 7: The United States and Canada TodaySection 1: Living in the United States and CanadaSection 2: People and Their Environment

Chapter 8: The Physical Geography of Latin AmericaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation

Chapter 9: The Cultural Geography of Latin AmericaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles

Chapter 10: Latin America TodaySection 1: Living in Latin AmericaSection 2: People and Their Environment

Chapter 11: The Physical Geography of EuropeSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation

Chapter 12: The Cultural Geography of EuropeSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles

Chapter 13: Europe TodaySection 1: Living in EuropeSection 2: People and Their Environment

Chapter 14: The Physical Geography of RussiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation

Chapter 15: The Cultural Geography of RussiaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles

Chapter 16: Russia TodaySection 1: Living in RussiaSection 2: People and Their Environment

Chapter 17: The Physical Geography of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central AsiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation

Chapter 18: The Cultural Geography of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central AsiaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles

Chapter 19: North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia TodaySection 1: Living in North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central AsiaSection 2: People and Their Environment

Chapter 20: The Physical Geography of Africa South of the SaharaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation

Chapter 21: The Cultural Geography of Africa South of the SaharaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles

Chapter 22: Africa South of the Sahara TodaySection 1: Living in Africa South of the SaharaSection 2: People and Their Environment

Chapter 23: The Physical Geography of South AsiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation

Chapter 24: The Cultural Geography of South AsiaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles

Chapter 25: South Asia TodaySection 1: Living in South AsiaSection 2: People and Their Environment

Chapter 26: The Physical Geography of East AsiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation

Chapter 27: The Cultural Geography of East AsiaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles

Chapter 28: East Asia TodaySection 1: Living in East AsiaSection 2: People and Their Environment

Chapter 29: The Physical Geography of Southeast AsiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation

Chapter 30: The Cultural Geography of Southeast AsiaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles

Chapter 31: Southeast Asia TodaySection 1: Living in Southeast AsiaSection 2: People and Their Environment

Chapter 32: The Physical Geography of Australia, Oceania, and AntarcticaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation

Chapter 33: The Cultural Geography of Australia, Oceania, and AntarcticaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles

Chapter 34: Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica TodaySection 1: Living in Australia, Oceania, and AntarcticaSection 2: People and Their Environment

Haitian Creole SummariesChapit 1: Kouman Jeyograf yo Obsève Monn lanChapit 2: LatèChapit 3: Klima LatèChapit 4: Monn ImenChapit 5: Jeyografi Fizik Etazini ak KanadaChapit 6: Jeyografi Kiltirèl Etazini ak KanadaChapit 7: Etazini ak Kanada Jodi aChapit 8: Jeyografi Fizik Amerik LatinChapit 9: Jeyografi Kiltirèl Amerik LatinChapit 10: Amerik Latin Jodi aChapit 11: Jeyografi Fizik LewòpChapit 12: Jeyografi Kiltirèl LewòpChapit 13: Lewòp Jodi aChapit 14: Jeyografi Fizik LarisiChapit 15: Jeyografi Kiltirèl LarisiChapit 16: Larisi Jodi aChapit 17: Jeyografi Fizik Amerik-di-Nò, Azi-di-Sidwès ak Azi SantralChapit 18: Jeyografi Kiltirèl Amerik-di-Nò, Azi-di-Sidwès ak Azi SantralChapit 19: Amerik-di-Nò, Azi-di-Sidwès ak Azi Santral Jodi aChapit 20: Jeyografi Fizik Afrik Sid SaharaChapit 21: Jeyografi Kiltirèl Afrik Sid SaharaChapit 22: Afrik Sid Sahara Jodi aChapit 23: Jeyografi Fizik Azi-di-SidChapit 24: Jeyografi Kiltirèl Azi-di-SidChapit 25: Azi-di-Sid Jodi aChapit 26: Jeyografi Fizik Azi-de-LèsChapit 27: Jeyografi Kiltirèl Azi-de-LèsChapit 28: Azi-de-Lès Jodi aChapit 29: Jeyografi Fizik Azi-di-SidèsChapit 30: Jeyografi Kiltirèl Azi-di-SidèsChapit 31: Azi-di-SidèsChapit 32: Jeyografi Fizik Ostrali, Oseyani ak AntaktikChapit 33: Jeyografi Kiltirèl Ostrali, Oseyani ak AntaktikChapit 34: Ostrali, Oseyani ak Antaktik Jodi a

Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student EditionChapter 1: How Geographers Look at the WorldSection 1: Exploring GeographySection 2: The Geographer's Craft

Chapter 2: The EarthSection 1: Planet EarthSection 2: Forces of ChangeSection 3: Earth's Water

Chapter 3: Climates of the EarthSection 1: Earth-Sun RelationshipsSection 2: Factors Affecting ClimateSection 3: World Climate Patterns

Chapter 4: The Human WorldSection 1: World PopulationSection 2: Global CulturesSection 3: Political and Economic SystemsSection 4: Resources, Trade, and the Environment

Chapter 5: The Physical Geography of the United States and CanadaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation

Chapter 6: The Cultural Geography of the United States and CanadaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles

Chapter 7: The United States and Canada TodaySection 1: Living in the United States and CanadaSection 2: People and Their Environment

Chapter 8: The Physical Geography of Latin AmericaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation

Chapter 9: The Cultural Geography of Latin AmericaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles

Chapter 10: Latin America TodaySection 1: Living in Latin AmericaSection 2: People and Their Environment

Chapter 11: The Physical Geography of EuropeSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation

Chapter 12: The Cultural Geography of EuropeSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles

Chapter 13: Europe TodaySection 1: Living in EuropeSection 2: People and Their Environment

Chapter 14: The Physical Geography of RussiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation

Chapter 15: The Cultural Geography of RussiaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles

Chapter 16: Russia TodaySection 1: Living in RussiaSection 2: People and Their Environment

Chapter 17: The Physical Geography of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central AsiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation

Chapter 18: The Cultural Geography of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central AsiaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles

Chapter 19: North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia TodaySection 1: Living in North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central AsiaSection 2: People and Their Environment

Chapter 20: The Physical Geography of Africa South of the SaharaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation

Chapter 21: The Cultural Geography of Africa South of the SaharaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles

Chapter 22: Africa South of the Sahara TodaySection 1: Living in Africa South of the SaharaSection 2: People and Their Environment

Chapter 23: The Physical Geography of South AsiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation

Chapter 24: The Cultural Geography of South AsiaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles

Chapter 25: South Asia TodaySection 1: Living in South AsiaSection 2: People and Their Environment

Chapter 26: The Physical Geography of East AsiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation

Chapter 27: The Cultural Geography of East AsiaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles

Chapter 28: East Asia TodaySection 1: Living in East AsiaSection 2: People and Their Environment

Chapter 29: The Physical Geography of Southeast AsiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation

Chapter 30: The Cultural Geography of Southeast AsiaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles

Chapter 31: Southeast Asia TodaySection 1: Living in Southeast AsiaSection 2: People and Their Environment

Chapter 32: The Physical Geography of Australia, Oceania, and AntarcticaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation

Chapter 33: The Cultural Geography of Australia, Oceania, and AntarcticaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles

Chapter 34: Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica TodaySection 1: Living in Australia, Oceania, and AntarcticaSection 2: People and Their Environment

Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student EditionCapítulo 1: La manera en que los geógrafos miran el mundoGuía de estudio 1-1: Explorando la geografíaGuía de estudio 1-2: El arte del geógrafo

Capítulo 2: La TierraGuía de estudio 2-1: Planeta TierraGuía de estudio 2-2: Fuerzas de cambioGuía de estudio 2-3: El agua de la Tierra

Capítulo 3: Los climas de la TierraGuía de estudio 3-1: Relación Tierra-SolGuía de estudio 3-2: Factores que afectan el climaGuía de estudio 3-3: Patrones climáticos del mundo

Capítulo 4: El mundo humano Guía de estudio 4-1: Población mundialGuía de estudio 4-2: Culturas globalesGuía de estudio 4-3: Sistemas políticos y económicosGuía de estudio 4-4: Recursos, comercio y medio ambiente

Capítulo 5: La geografía física de Estados Unidos y CanadáGuía de estudio 5-1: La tierraGuía de estudio 5-2: Clima y vegetación

Capítulo 6: La geografía cultural de Estados Unidos y CanadáGuía de estudio 6-1: Patrones de poblaciónGuía de estudio 6-2: Historia y gobiernoGuía de estudio 6-3: Culturas y estilos de vida

Capítulo 7: Hoy en Estados Unidos y CanadáGuía de estudio 7-1: La vida en Estados Unidos y CanadáGuía de estudio 7-2: La gente y su medio ambiente

Capítulo 8: La geografía física de LatinoaméricaGuía de estudio 8-1: La tierraGuía de estudio 8-2: Clima y vegetación

Capítulo 9: La geografía cultural de LatinoaméricaGuía de estudio 9-1: Patrones de poblaciónGuía de estudio 9-2: Historia y gobiernoGuía de estudio 9-3: Culturas y estilos de vida

Capítulo 10: Hoy en LatinoaméricaGuía de estudio 10-1: La vida en América LatinaGuía de estudio 10-2: La gente y su medio ambiente

Capítulo 11: La geografía física de EuropaGuía de estudio 11-1: La tierra Guía de estudio 11-2: Clima y vegetación

Capítulo 12: La geografía cultural de EuropaGuía de estudio 12-1: Patrones de poblaciónGuía de estudio 12-2: Historia y gobiernoGuía de estudio 12-3: Culturas y estilos de vida

Capítulo 13: Hoy en EuropaGuía de estudio 13-1: La vida en EuropaGuía de estudio 13-2: La gente y su medio ambiente

Capítulo 14: Capítulo 14: La geografía física de RusiaGuía de estudio 14-1: La tierraGuía de estudio 14-2: Clima y vegetación

Capítulo 15: La geografía cultural de RusiaGuía de estudio 15-1: Patrones de poblaciónGuía de estudio 15-2: Historia y gobiernoGuía de estudio 15-3: Culturas y estilos de vida

Capítulo 16: Hoy en RusiaGuía de estudio 16-1: La vida en RusiaGuía de estudio 16-2: La gente y su medio ambiente

Capítulo 17: La geografía física del norte de África, el suroeste de Asia y Asia centralGuía de estudio 17-1: La tierraGuía de estudio 17-2: Clima y vegetación

Capítulo 18: La geografía cultural del norte de África, el suroeste de Asia y Asia centralGuía de estudio 18-1: Patrones de poblaciónGuía de estudio 18-2: Historia y gobiernoGuía de estudio 18-3: Culturas y estilos de vida

Capítulo 19: Hoy en el norte de África, el suroeste de Asia y Asia centralGuía de estudio 19-1: La vida en el norte de África, suroeste de Asia y Asia CentralGuía de estudio 19-2: La gente y su medio ambiente

Capítulo 20: La geografía física de África al Sur del SaharaGuía de estudio 20-1: La tierraGuía de estudio 20-2: Clima y vegetación

Capítulo 21: La geografía cultural de África al Sur del SaharaGuía de estudio 21-1: Patrones de poblaciónGuía de estudio 21-2: La gente y su medio ambienteGuía de estudio 21-3: Culturas y estilos de vida

Capítulo 22: Hoy en África al Sur del SaharaGuía de estudio 22-1: La vida en África al sur del SaharaGuía de estudio 22-2: La gente y su medio Ambiente

Capítulo 23: La geografía física del sur de AsiaGuía de estudio 23-1: La tierraGuía de estudio 23-2: Clima y vegetación

Capítulo 24: La geografía cultural del sur de AsiaGuía de estudio 24-1: Patrones de poblaciónGuía de estudio 24-2: Historia y gobiernoGuía de estudio 24-3: Culturas y estilos de vida

Capítulo 25: Hoy en el sur de AsiaGuía de estudio 25-1: La vida en el sur de AsiaGuía de estudio 25-2: La gente y su medio ambiente

Capítulo 26: La geografía física de Asia orientalGuía de estudio 26-1: La tierraGuía de estudio 26-2: Clima y vegetación

Capítulo 27: La geografía cultural de Asia orientalGuía de estudio 27-1: Patrones de poblaciónGuía de estudio 27-2: Historia y gobiernoGuía de estudio 27-3: Culturas y estilos de vida

Capítulo 28: Hoy en Asia orientalGuía de estudio 28-1: La vida en el este de AsiaGuía de estudio 28-2: La gente y su medio ambiente

Capítulo 29: La geografía física del sureste de AsiaGuía de estudio 29-1: La tierraGuía de estudio 29-2: Clima y vegetación

Capítulo 30: La geografía cultural del sureste de AsiaGuía de estudio 30-1: Patrones de poblaciónGuía de estudio 30-2: Historia y gobiernoGuía de estudio 30-3: Culturas y estilos de vida

Capítulo 31: Hoy en el sureste de AsiaGuía de estudio 31-1: La vida en el sureste de AsiaGuía de estudio 31-2: La gente y su medio ambiente

Capítulo 32: La geografía física de Australia, Oceanía y AntártidaGuía de estudio 32-1: La tierraGuía de estudio 32-2: Clima y vegetación

Capítulo 33: La geografía cultural de Australia, Oceanía y AntártidaGuía de estudio 33-1: Patrones de poblaciónGuía de estudio 33-2: Historia y gobiernoGuía de estudio 33-3: Culturas y estilos de vida

Capítulo 34: Hoy en Australia, Oceanía y AntártidaGuía de estudio 34-1: La vida en Australia, Oceanía y la AntárticaGuía de estudio 34-2: La gente y su medio ambiente

Spanish SummariesCapítulo 1: La manera en que los geógrafos miran el mundoCapítulo 2: La TierraCapítulo 3: Los climas de la TierraCapítulo 4: El mundo humano Capítulo 5: La geografía física de Estados Unidos y CanadáCapítulo 6: La geografía cultural de Estados Unidos y CanadáCapítulo 7: Hoy en Estados Unidos y CanadáCapítulo 8: La geografía física de LatinoaméricaCapítulo 9: La geografía cultural de LatinoaméricaCapítulo 10: Hoy en LatinoaméricaCapítulo 11: La geografía física de EuropaCapítulo 12: La geografía cultural de EuropaCapítulo 13: Hoy en EuropaCapítulo 14: Capítulo 14: La geografía física de RusiaCapítulo 15: La geografía cultural de RusiaCapítulo 16: Hoy en RusiaCapítulo 17: La geografía física del norte de África, el suroeste de Asia y Asia centralCapítulo 18: La geografía cultural del norte de África, el suroeste de Asia y Asia centralCapítulo 19: Hoy en el norte de África, el suroeste de Asia y Asia centralCapítulo 20: La geografía física de África al Sur del SaharaCapítulo 21: La geografía cultural de África al Sur del SaharaCapítulo 22: Hoy en África al Sur del SaharaCapítulo 23: La geografía física del sur de AsiaCapítulo 24: La geografía cultural del sur de AsiaCapítulo 25: Hoy en el sur de AsiaCapítulo 26: La geografía física de Asia orientalCapítulo 27: La geografía cultural de Asia orientalCapítulo 28: Hoy en Asia orientalCapítulo 29: La geografía física del sureste de AsiaCapítulo 30: La geografía cultural del sureste de AsiaCapítulo 31: Hoy en el sureste de AsiaCapítulo 32: La geografía física de Australia, Oceanía y AntártidaCapítulo 33: La geografía cultural de Australia, Oceanía y AntártidaCapítulo 34: Hoy en Australia, Oceanía y Antártida

Standardized Test Practice Workbook - Student EditionObjectives Addressed in the ActivitiesWorkbook OverviewPreparing for a Standardized TestActivity 1: Making InferencesActivity 2: Interpreting DiagramsActivity 3: Perceiving Cause-and-Effect RelationshipsActivity 4: Outlining Information for WritingActivity 5: Reading the Scale of Distance on a MapActivity 6: Descriptive Writing about a VisualActivity 7: Drawing ConclusionsActivity 8: Taking NotesActivity 9: Comparing and ContrastingActivity 10: Persuasive Writing about an IssueActivity 11: Detecting BiasActivity 12: Reading a Time LineActivity 13: Recognizing PropagandaActivity 14: Evaluating the Consequences of DecisionsActivity 15: Writing a News StoryActivity 16: Predicting OutcomesActivity 17: Making DecisionsActivity 18: Interpreting Primary SourcesActivity 19: Analyzing StatisticsActivity 20: Distinguishing Between Fact and OpinionActivity 21: Identifying the Main IdeaActivity 22: Writing ClearlyActivity 23: Identifying and Evaluating EvidenceActivity 24: Classifying Facts and DetailsActivity 25: Making GeneralizationsActivity 26: Using a Bar Graph to Interpret DataActivity 27: Analyzing a Political CartoonActivity 28: Forming HypothesesActivity 29: Developing a Process to Solve a ProblemActivity 30: Interpreting DataActivity 31: Recognizing Point of ViewActivity 32: Interpreting EditorialsActivity 33: Interpreting Charts and TablesActivity 34: Writing to Inform an Audience

HelpInternet LinkPrevious DocumentSearch - DocumentSearch - Full *Available on OS X and Windows in Reader 6.0.1*Page NavigatorExit