chapter 16 psychological disorders. a. what is normal? symptoms of psychological disorders symptoms...

Chapter 16Chapter 16

Psychological Psychological DisordersDisorders

A. What is Normal?A. What is Normal?

Symptoms of Psychological Symptoms of Psychological DisordersDisorders– Deviation from a normDeviation from a norm

– MaladaptiveMaladaptive

– Emotional DiscomfortEmotional Discomfort

Why do you think the U.S. has such a high prevalence of mental disorders?


Deviation from a statistically Deviation from a statistically calculated norm:calculated norm:

If a person behaves in a way that a If a person behaves in a way that a majority of people do (approximately majority of people do (approximately 68%) then the behavior is normal. If 68%) then the behavior is normal. If not, the behavior is abnormalnot, the behavior is abnormal

normal abnormalabnormal


Shortcomings of this definitionShortcomings of this definition– It doesn’t discriminate between It doesn’t discriminate between

desirable and undesirable desirable and undesirable abnormalityabnormality

– Just because a statistical Just because a statistical majority of people engage in a majority of people engage in a particular behavior does not particular behavior does not mean that society would like to mean that society would like to encourage it as being normalencourage it as being normal


Emotional DiscomfortEmotional Discomfort

If a person’s behavior causes If a person’s behavior causes him/her distress than the him/her distress than the behavior is considered to be behavior is considered to be abnormalabnormal


Shortcomings of this definitionShortcomings of this definition– Some behavior are so abhorrent Some behavior are so abhorrent

that despite someone’s comfort that despite someone’s comfort level if it is not normal behaviorlevel if it is not normal behavior


Deviation from a Deviation from a social/cultural normsocial/cultural norm– A cultural norm is what society A cultural norm is what society

deems as being acceptable. There deems as being acceptable. There are norms that cover all types of are norms that cover all types of behaviors.behaviors.

When do we notice norms?When do we notice norms?


Shortcomings of this definitionShortcomings of this definition– There are different norms for There are different norms for

different cultures, and different different cultures, and different age groups. Additionally, age groups. Additionally, norms change over time.norms change over time.


MaladaptivityMaladaptivity

If a behavior interferes with a If a behavior interferes with a person’s ability to function it is person’s ability to function it is considered to be abnormal. If a considered to be abnormal. If a person is still able to function person is still able to function adequately in everyday life, than adequately in everyday life, than it is not abnormal.it is not abnormal.

Explaining Psychological Explaining Psychological DisordersDisorders

Biological Factors:Biological Factors: – The earliest supporter of this view was The earliest supporter of this view was

Hippocrates. He saw mental disorders as being Hippocrates. He saw mental disorders as being some kind of physical illness. He believed that some kind of physical illness. He believed that disorders were caused by imbalances of the disorders were caused by imbalances of the four humors (bodily fluids) which are blood, four humors (bodily fluids) which are blood, black bile, phlegm, and yellow bile.black bile, phlegm, and yellow bile.

– Hippocrates believed that depression resulted Hippocrates believed that depression resulted from an excess of black bile (melancholia)from an excess of black bile (melancholia)


Neurobiological model:Neurobiological model: – This model looks at problems in anatomy This model looks at problems in anatomy

and physiology of the brain and other and physiology of the brain and other areas.areas.

– This model dominates modern research on This model dominates modern research on the causes—and treatments—of the causes—and treatments—of psychological disorders. People who psychological disorders. People who adhere to this model see mental disorders adhere to this model see mental disorders as being caused by a physical illness, and as being caused by a physical illness, and believed it can be diagnosed, treated and believed it can be diagnosed, treated and cured.cured.


Psychological Processes:Psychological Processes:– In this view, mental disorders are seen In this view, mental disorders are seen

as being caused by inner turmoil or as being caused by inner turmoil or other psychological events.other psychological events.

– Psychological models: Psychological models: Include the Include the psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, and phenomenological (humanistic) and phenomenological (humanistic) approachesapproaches


Sociocultural Context:Sociocultural Context: – Sociocultural explanations rely on Sociocultural explanations rely on

factors such as gender and age, factors such as gender and age, physical and social situations, physical and social situations, cultural values and expectations, cultural values and expectations, and historical eras. Culture-and historical eras. Culture-general disorders appear in most general disorders appear in most societies while culture-specific societies while culture-specific forms appear only in certain ones.forms appear only in certain ones.


Diathesis-Stress as an Integrative Diathesis-Stress as an Integrative ApproachApproach– Diathesis-stress model: Diathesis-stress model:

This model views genetics, early learning, and This model views genetics, early learning, and biological processes as contributing factors to biological processes as contributing factors to psychological disorders.psychological disorders.

– In other words, a person’s inherited In other words, a person’s inherited characteristics, biological processes, and early characteristics, biological processes, and early learning experiences may create a learning experiences may create a predisposition (or diathesis) for a predisposition (or diathesis) for a psychological disorder, but whether or not the psychological disorder, but whether or not the disorder appears depends on the stressors the disorder appears depends on the stressors the person encountersperson encounters

Classifying Psychological Classifying Psychological DisordersDisorders

A Classification System: DSM-IV-A Classification System: DSM-IV-TRTR

This is the most comprehensive and This is the most comprehensive and authoritative set of guidelines authoritative set of guidelines available for diagnosing psychological available for diagnosing psychological disorders. It includes the symptoms, disorders. It includes the symptoms, the exact criteria that must be met to the exact criteria that must be met to make a diagnosis, and the typical make a diagnosis, and the typical course for each mental disordercourse for each mental disorder..


Axis I: Clinical Syndromes:Axis I: Clinical Syndromes: comprises descriptive criteria of 16 comprises descriptive criteria of 16 major mental disorders)major mental disorders)

– Diagnosis of disorders are made on Diagnosis of disorders are made on Axes I and IIAxes I and II

– It is on this axis that clinician record It is on this axis that clinician record any any majormajor disorders that are apparent. disorders that are apparent.


Axis II: Personality disorders: Axis II: Personality disorders:

these disorders are patterns of these disorders are patterns of personality traits that are personality traits that are longstanding, maladaptive, and longstanding, maladaptive, and inflexible and involve impaired inflexible and involve impaired functioning or subjective distress. functioning or subjective distress. Examples include borderline, Examples include borderline, schizoid, and antisocial personality schizoid, and antisocial personality disorders) and disorders) and mental retardationmental retardation


Axis III: General Medical Axis III: General Medical ConditionsConditions Physical disorders of Physical disorders of conditions are recorded on this axis. conditions are recorded on this axis. Examples include diabetes, arthritis, Examples include diabetes, arthritis, and hemophilia)and hemophilia)


Axis IV: Psychosocial and Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems:Environmental Problems:

Types and levels of stress, it may be a Types and levels of stress, it may be a negative life event, an environmental negative life event, an environmental difficulty or deficiency, a familial or other difficulty or deficiency, a familial or other interpersonal stress, an inadequacy of interpersonal stress, an inadequacy of social support or personal resources, or social support or personal resources, or another problem that describes the another problem that describes the context in which a person’s difficulties context in which a person’s difficulties have developedhave developed


Axis V: Global Assessment of Axis V: Global Assessment of Function (GAF) Scale:Function (GAF) Scale:

Has a rating of that ranges from 100 Has a rating of that ranges from 100 (Superior functioning in a wide range of (Superior functioning in a wide range of activities) to 1 (Persistent danger of activities) to 1 (Persistent danger of severely hurting self or others). severely hurting self or others).

Estimate are made of the individual’s Estimate are made of the individual’s current level of adaptive functioning as current level of adaptive functioning as a whole and of the individual’s highest a whole and of the individual’s highest level of functioning in the past year level of functioning in the past year


Diagnosis of disorders are made on Diagnosis of disorders are made on Axes I and IIAxes I and II

Axes III, IV, and V are used to Axes III, IV, and V are used to record supplemental information record supplemental information about the patientabout the patient


Purposes and Problems of DiagnosisPurposes and Problems of Diagnosis– Goals: Goals: Help identify appropriate treatment Help identify appropriate treatment

for clients and to accurately and consistently for clients and to accurately and consistently group patients with similar disorders so that group patients with similar disorders so that research efforts can more easily identify research efforts can more easily identify underlying causes of mental illnessunderlying causes of mental illness

– LimitationsLimitations Validity: Validity: Some argue that attempts on improving Some argue that attempts on improving

the consistency of the diagnosis has taken away the consistency of the diagnosis has taken away from the validity of the diagnosisfrom the validity of the diagnosis


Purposes and Problems of Purposes and Problems of DiagnosisDiagnosis

– LimitationsLimitations Interrater Reliability:Interrater Reliability: Studies have Studies have

shown that 80% of the time there is shown that 80% of the time there is agreement between independent ratersagreement between independent raters

NeurosisNeurosis

Mild personality disorder, usually Mild personality disorder, usually does not impair one’s ability to does not impair one’s ability to function in society.function in society.

Symptoms:Symptoms:– DepressionDepression– AnxietyAnxiety– Self-defeating patterns of behaviorSelf-defeating patterns of behavior

PsychosisPsychosis Serious personality disorder, usually Serious personality disorder, usually

incapacitating preventing one from incapacitating preventing one from functioning in society.functioning in society.

SymptomsSymptoms– Loss of contact with realityLoss of contact with reality– Hallucinations: inappropriate feelings Hallucinations: inappropriate feelings

that come to us from one of our that come to us from one of our sensessenses

– Delusions: false but persistent beliefs Delusions: false but persistent beliefs despite evidence to the contrarydespite evidence to the contrary

PsychosisPsychosis Types of Hallucinations:Types of Hallucinations:

– Auditory HallucinationsAuditory Hallucinations::

hearing things that are not therehearing things that are not there

– Visual Hallucinations:Visual Hallucinations: seeing things that aren’t thereseeing things that aren’t there

PsychosisPsychosis Types of Hallucinations:Types of Hallucinations:

– Tactile Hallucinations:Tactile Hallucinations: feeling things that aren’t therefeeling things that aren’t there

– Olfactory Hallucinations:Olfactory Hallucinations: smelling things that aren’t theresmelling things that aren’t there

– Gustatory Hallucinations:Gustatory Hallucinations: tasting things that aren’t theretasting things that aren’t there

PsychosisPsychosis Symptoms of PsychosisSymptoms of Psychosis

– Delusions: Delusions: false but persistent false but persistent beliefs despite evidence to the beliefs despite evidence to the contrarycontrary

PsychosisPsychosis Types of Delusions:Types of Delusions:

– Delusions of Grandeur:Delusions of Grandeur:

thinking you are someone thinking you are someone

of great importanceof great importance


– Delusions of Reference:Delusions of Reference:thinking that you are the center of thinking that you are the center of attention, that people are looking at, attention, that people are looking at, or talking about youor talking about you

– Delusions of Depersonalization:Delusions of Depersonalization:thinking you are turning into an thinking you are turning into an inanimate or vegetative objectinanimate or vegetative object


– Delusions of Persecution: Delusions of Persecution: thinking that people are out to get thinking that people are out to get

you or harm youyou or harm you

– Delusions of Guilt:Delusions of Guilt: thinking that you have just thinking that you have just

committed a terrible wrongcommitted a terrible wrong

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders Anxiety:Anxiety: Freud called anxiety a “free Freud called anxiety a “free

floating fear” meaning that it is not floating fear” meaning that it is not attached to any particular object or attached to any particular object or event. Anxiety is a general feeling of event. Anxiety is a general feeling of doom and dread. Anxiety disorders doom and dread. Anxiety disorders are marked by feelings of excessive are marked by feelings of excessive apprehensionapprehension

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

Generalized Anxiety Disorder:Generalized Anxiety Disorder:

A person with General Anxiety A person with General Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is continually Disorder (GAD) is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous state of autonomic nervous system (ANS) arousal. This system (ANS) arousal. This anxiety is persistent and many anxiety is persistent and many escalate into a panic attackescalate into a panic attack

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder:Generalized Anxiety Disorder:

– People with this disorder worry People with this disorder worry constantly about yesterday’s mistakes constantly about yesterday’s mistakes and tomorrow’s problems. In and tomorrow’s problems. In particular, they worry about minor particular, they worry about minor matters related to family finances, matters related to family finances, work and personal illness. They often work and personal illness. They often dread decisions and brood over them dread decisions and brood over them endlessly. Their anxiety is commonly endlessly. Their anxiety is commonly accompanied by physical symptomsaccompanied by physical symptoms

I wish I could tell you exactly what’s the matter. SometimesI feel like something terrible has just happened when actually nothing has happened. Other times, I’m expecting the sky to

fall down any minute. Most of the time I can’t point my finger at something specific. Still, I feel tense and jumpy. The fact is

thatI am tense and jumpy almost all the time. Sometimes my

heartbeats so fast, I’m sure it’s a heart attack.

Little things can set it off. The other day I thought a Supermarket clerk had overcharged me a few cents on an

item. She showed me that I was wrong, but that didn’t end it. I

worried the rest of the day. I kept going over the incident in my

mind, feeling terribly embarrassed at having raised the possibility that the clerk had committed an error. The tension was so

great,I wasn’t sure I’d be able to go to work in the afternoon. That

sort of thing is painful to live with.

Taylor Manifest Anxiety Taylor Manifest Anxiety ScaleScale

1. F1. F 11. T11. T 21. T21. T 31. T31. T 41. T41. T

2. T 2. T 12. F12. F 22. T22. T 32. F32. F 42. T42. T

3. F3. F 13. T13. T 23. T23. T 33. T33. T 43. T43. T

4. F4. F 14. T14. T 24. T24. T 34. T34. T 44. T44. T

5. T5. T 15. F15. F 25. T25. T 35. T35. T 45. T45. T

6. T6. T 16. T16. T 26. T26. T 36. T36. T 46. T46. T

7. T7. T 17. T17. T 27. T27. T 37. T37. T 47. T47. T

8. T8. T 18. F18. F 28. T28. T 38. F38. F 48. T48. T

9. F9. F 19. T19. T 29. F29. F 39. T39. T 49. T49. T

10.T10.T 20. F20. F 30. T30. T 40. T40. T 50. F50. F

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders Phobic Disorder:Phobic Disorder: Phobic disorders Phobic disorders

are marked by a persistent, irrational are marked by a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation. fear of a specific object or situation. – What’s the difference between a What’s the difference between a

phobia and a fear?phobia and a fear?

Phobia is the Greek word for morbid fear after the lesser Greek god, Phobos

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders Specific Phobias:Specific Phobias:

involve fear and avoidance of a involve fear and avoidance of a specific stimuli or situation. specific stimuli or situation. – About 10% of the general About 10% of the general

population will experience a specific population will experience a specific phobia at some point in their lives. phobia at some point in their lives.

– More than twice as many women as More than twice as many women as men suffer from specific phobia. men suffer from specific phobia.

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders Specific phobia tend to fall into four categoriesSpecific phobia tend to fall into four categories

1. Fear of particular situations:1. Fear of particular situations: such as flying driving, such as flying driving, tunnels, bridges, elevators, crowds, or enclosed placedtunnels, bridges, elevators, crowds, or enclosed placed

2. Fear of features of the natural environment:2. Fear of features of the natural environment: such such as heights, water, thunderstorms, or lightningas heights, water, thunderstorms, or lightning

3.3. Fear of injury or blood:Fear of injury or blood: including the fear of including the fear of injections, needles, and medical or dental proceduresinjections, needles, and medical or dental procedures

4. Fear of animals and insects4. Fear of animals and insects:: such as snakes, such as snakes, spiders, dogs, cats, slugs, or bats spiders, dogs, cats, slugs, or bats

Hilda is 32 years of age and is terrified ofsnow. She cannot go outside in the snow. She cannot even stand to see snow or hear about it on the weather report. Her phobia severely constricts her day-to-day behavior. Probing in therapy revealed that her phobia was caused by a traumatic experience at age 11. Playing at a ski lodge, she was buried briefly by a small avalanche of snow. She had no recollection of this experience until it was recovered in therapy.

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders Social Phobias:Social Phobias: a fear of being a fear of being

negatively evaluated by others or publicly negatively evaluated by others or publicly embarrassed by doing something embarrassed by doing something impulsive, outrageous, or humiliating. impulsive, outrageous, or humiliating.

Social phobia goes well beyond the Social phobia goes well beyond the shyness that everyone sometimes feels at shyness that everyone sometimes feels at social gatherings. Rather, the person with social gatherings. Rather, the person with social phobia is paralyzed by fear of social social phobia is paralyzed by fear of social situations, especially if the social situation situations, especially if the social situation involves performing even routine involves performing even routine behaviors in front of others. behaviors in front of others.

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders Agoraphobia:Agoraphobia: a fear of situations a fear of situations

the person views as difficult to the person views as difficult to escape from if panic begins to build. escape from if panic begins to build.

Many people with this Many people with this

disorder become trapped disorder become trapped

in their own homes or in their own homes or

in similar safe zones.in similar safe zones.

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders Phobias are considered anxiety disorders Phobias are considered anxiety disorders

because they focus general feelings of because they focus general feelings of anxiety onto a feared object or situation anxiety onto a feared object or situation

General Facts about phobiasGeneral Facts about phobias– Phobias are twice as high for females than Phobias are twice as high for females than

malesmales– Phobias are more prevalent in blacks than in Phobias are more prevalent in blacks than in

whites or Hispanicswhites or Hispanics– Phobias tend to be chronic (lasts between 24-Phobias tend to be chronic (lasts between 24-

31 years)31 years)– Typical onset is childhood or young adulthoodTypical onset is childhood or young adulthood

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersCommon Phobias and the Feared Common Phobias and the Feared

ObjectsObjects Acrophobia:Acrophobia:High PlacesHigh Places

Agoraphobia:Agoraphobia:Open PlacesOpen PlacesAstraphobia:Astraphobia:ThunderstormsThunderstormsClaustrophobia:Claustrophobia:Enclosed PlacesEnclosed Places

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersCommon Phobias and the Feared Common Phobias and the Feared

ObjectsObjectsHematophobia:Hematophobia:BloodBloodMysophobia:Mysophobia:ContaminationContaminationPyrophobia:Pyrophobia:FireFireXenophobia:Xenophobia:Foreigners/StrangersForeigners/StrangersHippophobia:Horses

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders Panic Disorder:Panic Disorder: Periodic episodes Periodic episodes

of extreme terror (panic attacks) of extreme terror (panic attacks) without warning or obvious cause are without warning or obvious cause are characteristic of people with panic characteristic of people with panic disorder.disorder.


Obsessive-Compulsive Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)Disorder (OCD)– Obsessions: Obsessions:

are unwanted thoughts, ideas or are unwanted thoughts, ideas or mental images that occur over and mental images that occur over and over againover again

– Compulsions: Compulsions:

are repetitive, ritual behaviors, are repetitive, ritual behaviors, often involving cleaning or often involving cleaning or checking.checking.

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders Obsession-Compulsive DisorderObsession-Compulsive Disorder marked by persistent uncontrollable marked by persistent uncontrollable

intrusions of unwanted thoughts intrusions of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions)senseless rituals (compulsions)

– Rate:Rate: 3% of the general population 3% of the general population

– OnsetOnset: for males 6-15; for females 20-29: for males 6-15; for females 20-29

– Demographics:Demographics: for commonly found for commonly found among upper income, highly intelligent among upper income, highly intelligent groups, males and females are equally groups, males and females are equally likely to suffer from this disorderlikely to suffer from this disorder

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders The patient was a 49-year-old man whose main The patient was a 49-year-old man whose main

symptom was an obsession with the number 13. If symptom was an obsession with the number 13. If he heard the word he felt a “shock” and experienced he heard the word he felt a “shock” and experienced a subsequent period of acute anxiety. His everyday a subsequent period of acute anxiety. His everyday life was a continuous effort to avoid any reference to life was a continuous effort to avoid any reference to 13, so much that his activities were seriously 13, so much that his activities were seriously handicapped. In some way or another, it seems as if handicapped. In some way or another, it seems as if everyone was always saying “13” to him. If they met everyone was always saying “13” to him. If they met him in the morning they would say, “Oh, good him in the morning they would say, “Oh, good morning,” or later in the day it would be “Good morning,” or later in the day it would be “Good afternoon” (13 letters each). He stayed in bed on the afternoon” (13 letters each). He stayed in bed on the 1313thth day of each month, skipped the 13 day of each month, skipped the 13thth tread in a tread in a stairway, and found it necessary to count letters and stairway, and found it necessary to count letters and phrases, his steps, and streets, to avoid the number phrases, his steps, and streets, to avoid the number 13.13.

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders Shirley was an outgoing popular high school student Shirley was an outgoing popular high school student

with average grades. Her one problem was that she with average grades. Her one problem was that she was late for school almost everyday. Before she was late for school almost everyday. Before she could leave the house in the morning, she had to be could leave the house in the morning, she had to be very sure that she was clean, so she needed to take very sure that she was clean, so she needed to take showers that lasted two hours. She also spent a long showers that lasted two hours. She also spent a long time dressing, because each act—for example, time dressing, because each act—for example, putting on her stockings, underclothes, skirt, and putting on her stockings, underclothes, skirt, and blouse– had to be counted and repeated precisely 17 blouse– had to be counted and repeated precisely 17 times. When asked about her washing and counting, times. When asked about her washing and counting, she said she knew that is was crazy but that she just she said she knew that is was crazy but that she just had to do it and couldn’t explain why. She said that had to do it and couldn’t explain why. She said that she had struggled against this problem for three she had struggled against this problem for three years but had no successyears but had no success

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersCauses of Anxiety DisordersCauses of Anxiety Disorders

– Biological Factors:Biological Factors: Twin studies suggest there may be a weak Twin studies suggest there may be a weak

genetic predisposition to anxiety disorders. genetic predisposition to anxiety disorders. Also, identical twins reared apart often times Also, identical twins reared apart often times have independently developed phobias. Most have independently developed phobias. Most anxiety disorders, such as panic disorder, anxiety disorders, such as panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and generalized obsessive-compulsive disorder, and generalized social phobia, appear to run in families. social phobia, appear to run in families.

Excessive amounts of serotonin are present Excessive amounts of serotonin are present in in people with obsessive-compulsive people with obsessive-compulsive disorder.disorder.

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders Causes of Anxiety DisordersCauses of Anxiety Disorders

– Cognitive Factors:Cognitive Factors: Cognitive theorists maintain that certain Cognitive theorists maintain that certain

styles of thinking make some people styles of thinking make some people particularly vulnerable to anxiety disorders. particularly vulnerable to anxiety disorders. According to these theorists, some people According to these theorists, some people are more likely to suffer from problems are more likely to suffer from problems with anxiety because they tend to:with anxiety because they tend to: misinterpret harmless situations as threateningmisinterpret harmless situations as threatening focus excessive attention on perceived threatsfocus excessive attention on perceived threats selectively recall information that seems selectively recall information that seems

threateningthreatening


Causes of Anxiety DisordersCauses of Anxiety Disorders– Learning FactorsLearning Factors

Learned HelplessnessLearned Helplessness Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning Stimulus GeneralizationStimulus Generalization Observational LearningObservational Learning Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning

Somatoform DisorderSomatoform Disorder Psychological disorders in which the Psychological disorders in which the

symptoms take a bodily form without symptoms take a bodily form without physical cause. This type of disorder is physical cause. This type of disorder is more common in Asian, Latin American, more common in Asian, Latin American, and African cultures where people are and African cultures where people are less open about their feelings. Even less open about their feelings. Even though these symptoms have a though these symptoms have a psychological cause rather than a psychological cause rather than a medical cause, they are still genuinely medical cause, they are still genuinely felt.felt.

Somatoform DisorderSomatoform Disorder Conversion Disorder:Conversion Disorder:

– Freud called it hysteriaFreud called it hysteria– A person with conversion disorder A person with conversion disorder

experiences a change or a loss of experiences a change or a loss of physical functioning in a major part of physical functioning in a major part of the body for which there is no medical the body for which there is no medical explanation (although they are still explanation (although they are still genuinely felt)genuinely felt)

– People with this disorder are strangely People with this disorder are strangely indifferent to their problemsindifferent to their problems

Somatoform DisorderSomatoform Disorder Conversion Disorder:Conversion Disorder:

– Conversion disorders tend to appear when a Conversion disorders tend to appear when a person is under stress.person is under stress.

– These physical symptoms often help reduce These physical symptoms often help reduce stress by enabling the person to avoid stress by enabling the person to avoid unpleasant situations. For instance, a unpleasant situations. For instance, a stomachache may mean getting out of going stomachache may mean getting out of going to school.to school.

– Today, conversion disorder is rare. It accounts Today, conversion disorder is rare. It accounts for only about 2 percent of diagnoses.for only about 2 percent of diagnoses.

Somatoform DisorderSomatoform Disorder

One university student, for example, One university student, for example, experienced visual impairment that experienced visual impairment that began each Sunday evening and began each Sunday evening and became total blindness by Monday became total blindness by Monday morning. Her vision would begin to morning. Her vision would begin to return Friday evenings and was fully return Friday evenings and was fully restored in time for weekend football restored in time for weekend football games and other social activitiesgames and other social activities

Somatoform DisorderSomatoform Disorder Hypochondriasis:Hypochondriasis:

A person misinterprets normal A person misinterprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of physical sensations as symptoms of a disease. a disease.

He/She fusses over every symptom. Sympathy may reinforce the complaints


Somatization DisorderSomatization Disorder– In this disorder, a person makes In this disorder, a person makes

dramatic, but vague, reports about dramatic, but vague, reports about a multitude of physical problems a multitude of physical problems rather than a specific illnessrather than a specific illness


Pain DisorderPain Disorder– This disorder is characterized by This disorder is characterized by

severe, often constant, pain with severe, often constant, pain with no apparent physical causeno apparent physical cause

Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders

Dissociation:Dissociation:

The process of separating a portion The process of separating a portion of the personality that is causing of the personality that is causing undue emotional stress from the undue emotional stress from the rest of the normally functioning rest of the normally functioning personality. (The individual may personality. (The individual may view parts of their activity as view parts of their activity as separate from him/herself)separate from him/herself)


Types of Dissociative Types of Dissociative DisordersDisorders– Dissociative AmnesiaDissociative Amnesia

– Dissociative FugueDissociative Fugue

– Dissociative Identity DisorderDissociative Identity Disorder

Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders Dissociative AmnesiaDissociative Amnesia

The failure to recall events or personal The failure to recall events or personal information. A sudden memoryinformation. A sudden memory

loss. Memory lapses generallyloss. Memory lapses generally concern the personal aspectsconcern the personal aspects of an individual’s life. Amnesiaof an individual’s life. Amnesia can be caused by a traumaticcan be caused by a traumatic event (psychogenic) or a headevent (psychogenic) or a head injury (organic)injury (organic)

I forgot

Dissociative DisordersDissociative DisordersPsychogenic Amnesia vs. Organic AmnesiaPsychogenic Amnesia vs. Organic Amnesia1. Loss of memory for both recent1. Loss of memory for both recent 1. Loss of memory for the 1. Loss of memory for the

and distant pastand distant past recent past but memory recent past but memory for distant past is for distant past is essentially intact essentially intact

2. Lose identity but general2. Lose identity but general 2. Lose both personal identity2. Lose both personal identity

knowledge remains intactknowledge remains intact as well as general knowledge as well as general knowledge

3. Have no anterograde amnesia3. Have no anterograde amnesia 3. Primary symptom is 3. Primary symptom is

(memory loss for events after anterograde(memory loss for events after anterograde

amnesia starts)amnesia starts)

4. Amnesia often reverses itself very4. Amnesia often reverses itself very 4. Memory returns gradually for4. Memory returns gradually for

abruptlyabruptly retrograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia,

anterograde hardly ever anterograde hardly ever

returnsreturns

A young man dressed in work clothes came to the emergency room of a hospital in the city in which he lived with the complaint that he did not know who was. He seemed dazed, was not intoxicated, and carried no identification. After being kept in the hospital for a few days, he woke up one morning in great distress, demanding to know why he was being kept in the hospital and announcing that he had to leave immediately to attend to urgent business.

With recovery of his memory, the facts related to his amnesia emerged. The day his amnesia began, he had been the driver in an automobile accident that resulted in the death of a pedestrian. Police officers on the scene were convinced that the driver had not been in the wrong: The accident had been the pedestrian’s fault. The police told the driver to fill out a routine form and to plan on appearing at the coroner’s inquest. The man filled out the form at the home of a friend, accidentally left his wallet at his friend’s home, and mailed the form. After mailing the form, he became dazed and amnesiac. He was led to the hospital by a stranger. The amnesia was probably related to the stress of the fatal accident, fear of the inquest, and worry that he might actually have been responsible for the accident.


Dissociative Fugue:Dissociative Fugue:

Dissociative Fugue = a sudden loss Dissociative Fugue = a sudden loss of personal memory and the adoption of personal memory and the adoption of a new identity in a new localeof a new identity in a new locale

Amnesia + flight from the geographic Amnesia + flight from the geographic locationlocation

3) Dissociative 3) Dissociative DisordersDisorders

Dissociative Identity DisorderDissociative Identity Disorder

This is This is rarerare disorder that is disorder that is characterizedcharacterized

by the development of two or more by the development of two or more separate separate and independent personalities and independent personalities

within the same personwithin the same person


Dissociative Identity DisorderDissociative Identity Disorder– Each personality has its own set of Each personality has its own set of

memories, typical behaviors (i.e. memories, typical behaviors (i.e. each personality has its own voice each personality has its own voice and mannerisms).and mannerisms).

– Frequently none of the personalities Frequently none of the personalities has any awareness of the others. has any awareness of the others. People with multiple personalities People with multiple personalities usually are not violent.usually are not violent.

The 21 Faces of SarahIn a well-publicized criminal case, Mark

Peterson, 31, and Oshkosh grocery worker, was prosecuted for sexually assaulting a 26-year-old-woman, who, according to her psychiatrist, had at least 21 distinct personalities.

Peterson met the woman, who introduced herself to him as Franny, a few days before the assault. Others present at that time told him that the woman’s true name was Sarah and that she suffered from multiple personality disorder. On a coffee shop date Franny told Peterson about Jennifer, another personality, whom she described as a “20-year-old

female who likes to dance and have fun.” When they returned to Peterson’s car, he summoned Jennifer and asked, “Can I love you?” She answered, “O.K.” During the encounter, another personality, 6-year-old Emily, suddenly intruded to peek. Ignoring Peterson’ pleas to keep what happened a secret, Franny and Emily reported the encounter to Sarah, the predominant personality. Sarah called the police to report that she had been sexually assaulted.

Peterson’s defense centered on the idea that the woman was not mentally ill and had consented to have sex. The spectacular trial included appearances by Sarah, Franny, Jennifer, and Emily. Jennifer’s testimony was perhaps most crucial. When questioned about the sexual encounter, she said, “I didn’t know what he was doing.” When asked if she and Peterson had sex, Jennifer responded, “I don’t know. What’s sex?”

The Wisconsin jury had several issues to consider: (1) Whether Sarah was mentally ill at the time of the sexual act, (2) Whether she was able to appraise Peterson’s conduct, and (3) Whether Peterson knew of Sarah’s condition. In Wisconsin it is a crime to engage in sexual intercourse with a person you believe to be mentally ill and who cannot assess your conduct.

Psychiatrists who had treated Sarah testified that she was not faking her disorder, was incapable of judging her action, and had been traumatized when she saw her father crushed while he was working under a car. Ruth Reeves, a neighbor and close friend of the woman, told the court that she had forewarned Peterson of Sarah’s multiple personality disorder.

Mood DisordersMood Disorders

Types of Mood DisordersTypes of Mood Disorders– Major DepressionMajor Depression– Dysthymic DisorderDysthymic Disorder– Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder

(Formerly known as Manic (Formerly known as Manic Depression)Depression)

5) Mood Disorders5) Mood Disorders

Major Depression:Major Depression: This is often referred to as the This is often referred to as the

common cold of psychological common cold of psychological disorders.disorders.

Why do you think that is?Why do you think that is?

Mood DisordersMood Disorders Major DepressionMajor Depression

This is a mood disorder in which a person, This is a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, or more weeks of depressed moods, feeling of worthlessness and diminished feeling of worthlessness and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities. interest or pleasure in most activities. The person may become deeply The person may become deeply discouraged about everything and may discouraged about everything and may experience fatigue. Depressed people experience fatigue. Depressed people often feel that they are helpless. They often feel that they are helpless. They feel there is nothing they can do to feel there is nothing they can do to change thingschange things

Mood DisordersMood Disorders Symptoms of Depression:Symptoms of Depression:

– Persistent depressed mood for most of the Persistent depressed mood for most of the dayday

– Loss of interest or pleasure in all, or almost Loss of interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activitiesall, activities

– Significant weight loss or gain Significant weight loss or gain – Sleep changesSleep changes– Fatigue or loss of energy, boredomFatigue or loss of energy, boredom– Feelings of worthlessness or unfounded guiltFeelings of worthlessness or unfounded guilt

Mood DisordersMood Disorders Symptoms of Depression: Symptoms of Depression:

(continued)(continued)– Reduced ability to concentrateReduced ability to concentrate– Recurrent thoughts of death or suicideRecurrent thoughts of death or suicide– Physical complaintsPhysical complaints– Loss of friendsLoss of friends– TearfulnessTearfulness– Poor grade, truancy, disciplinary problemsPoor grade, truancy, disciplinary problems– Social behavior changesSocial behavior changes


Dysthymic Disorder:Dysthymic Disorder: A person shows the sad mood, lack of A person shows the sad mood, lack of

interest, and loss of pleasure interest, and loss of pleasure associated with major depression, associated with major depression, but less intensely and for a longer but less intensely and for a longer duration (The duration must be at duration (The duration must be at least two years to quality)least two years to quality)

Mood DisordersMood Disorders Suicide and DepressionSuicide and Depression

– Suicide is most closely tied to Suicide is most closely tied to depression than to any other depression than to any other psychological disorder. psychological disorder.

– Suicide rates are high in some Suicide rates are high in some northern European countries, and northern European countries, and Japan but low in Greece, Italy, Japan but low in Greece, Italy, Ireland and the Middle East (these Ireland and the Middle East (these countries have strong religious countries have strong religious prohibitions)prohibitions)

Mood DisordersMood Disorders Bipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder (formerly known as manic depressive disorder)(formerly known as manic depressive disorder)

The person alternate between the The person alternate between the hopelessness and lethargy of hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the hyperactive, wildly depression and the hyperactive, wildly optimistic, impulsive phase of mania optimistic, impulsive phase of mania (excited and overly active periods)(excited and overly active periods)

Bipolar Disorder is less common than Bipolar Disorder is less common than major depressionmajor depression

5) Mood Disorders5) Mood Disorders

ManiaMania

During the manicDuring the manic phase the person phase the person maymay

sing, shout, talksing, shout, talk

continuously, move continuously, move

around rapidly.around rapidly.

He has little need forHe has little need for

sleep. sleep.


ManiaMania He is easily irritated if crossed. The He is easily irritated if crossed. The

person may show few sexual person may show few sexual inhibitions. His speech may be inhibitions. His speech may be flighty. It is difficult to interrupt him. flighty. It is difficult to interrupt him. He has grandiose optimism.He has grandiose optimism.

Bipolar disorder may lead to reckless Bipolar disorder may lead to reckless spending and investment sprees.spending and investment sprees.


Then they go through a normal phaseThen they go through a normal phase

Then they go through a depressive phase.

(The depressive phase usually lasts longer than the manic phase)

Mood DisordersMood Disorders Bi Polar DisorderBi Polar Disorder

– 1% of the total U.S. population has 1% of the total U.S. population has bi-polar disorder. Only 15-25% bi-polar disorder. Only 15-25% show a definite cycles of manic-show a definite cycles of manic-depressive behaviors.depressive behaviors.

– Recovery rate is about 90%.Recovery rate is about 90%.

Mood DisordersMood Disorders CAUSES OF MOOD DISORDERSCAUSES OF MOOD DISORDERS

– Biological FactorsBiological Factors NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters such as serotonin and such as serotonin and

norepinephrinenorepinephrine– A shortage of serotonin and norepinephrine A shortage of serotonin and norepinephrine

is related to depression. An overabundance is related to depression. An overabundance is related to mania.is related to mania.

Hormones such as cortisolHormones such as cortisol– Mood disorders have also been related to Mood disorders have also been related to

malfunctions of the endocrine system, malfunctions of the endocrine system, especially the hypothalamic-pituitary-especially the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system (HPA)adrenocortical system (HPA)


– Biological FactorsBiological Factors Genetic influencesGenetic influences

– Twin studies have shown there is a hereditary Twin studies have shown there is a hereditary component to both Bi-Polar and Depression component to both Bi-Polar and Depression Disorders. If an identical twin has bi-polar Disorders. If an identical twin has bi-polar disorder, the other twin has a 70% chance of disorder, the other twin has a 70% chance of also having the disorder. A fraternal twin has also having the disorder. A fraternal twin has a 20% change of having bi-polar disorder if a 20% change of having bi-polar disorder if his/her twin suffers from it. People who are his/her twin suffers from it. People who are adopted and have mood disorders are more adopted and have mood disorders are more likely to find a history of mood disorders in likely to find a history of mood disorders in their biological families rather than in their their biological families rather than in their adopted families.adopted families.

Mood DisordersMood Disorders CAUSES OF MOOD DISORDERS CAUSES OF MOOD DISORDERS

– Psychological FactorsPsychological Factors Psychodynamic theorists:Psychodynamic theorists:

Depression is due to the feelings of loss Depression is due to the feelings of loss associated with childhood or unresolved associated with childhood or unresolved anger toward parents (Horney). Freud anger toward parents (Horney). Freud believed that depression was the result of a believed that depression was the result of a loss of a loved one. He contents that in loss of a loved one. He contents that in addition to grief we feel anger over feelings addition to grief we feel anger over feelings of abandonment. Some of that anger is of abandonment. Some of that anger is directed inward which results in depressiondirected inward which results in depression


– Psychological FactorsPsychological Factors Behavioral theorists:Behavioral theorists: Behaviorists Behaviorists

believe that depression is the result of believe that depression is the result of learned helplessness. They say that learned helplessness. They say that people become depressed when they people become depressed when they have no control over negative events.have no control over negative events.


– Cognitive theorists:Cognitive theorists: Cognitive theorists believe that those with Cognitive theorists believe that those with

depression have self-defeating beliefs. They depression have self-defeating beliefs. They tend to magnify bad experiences and tend to magnify bad experiences and minimize good experiences. This ruminating minimize good experiences. This ruminating style is especially characteristics of women.style is especially characteristics of women.

Depressed people have a tendency to Depressed people have a tendency to explain bad events as being stable, global, explain bad events as being stable, global, and internal.and internal.

SchizophreniaSchizophrenia The term schizophrenia means The term schizophrenia means

literally “split mind”literally “split mind”

SchizophreniaSchizophrenia Positive Symptoms of Positive Symptoms of

SchizophreniaSchizophrenia– Break of contact with realityBreak of contact with reality– HallucinationsHallucinations– DelusionsDelusions– Disorganized andDisorganized and

Bizarre BehaviorsBizarre Behaviors– Disturbances inDisturbances in

emotions, speech and thoughtsemotions, speech and thoughts

SchizophreniaSchizophrenia Positive Symptoms of SchizophreniaPositive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

– Disturbances in thoughts and speechDisturbances in thoughts and speech Neologisms:Neologisms: (literally “new words”). At times, a (literally “new words”). At times, a

schizophrenic’s speech includes the rare schizophrenic’s speech includes the rare appearance of words and phrases not appearance of words and phrases not found in even the most comprehensive found in even the most comprehensive dictionary. Neologisms (new words) are dictionary. Neologisms (new words) are sometimes formed by combining parts of sometimes formed by combining parts of two or more regular words. Neologisms two or more regular words. Neologisms may also involve the use of common may also involve the use of common words in a new waywords in a new way


SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

– Disturbances in thoughts Disturbances in thoughts and speechand speechEcholalia:Echolalia:

Repeating words said in their Repeating words said in their presence over and over and over presence over and over and over againagain


SchizophreniaSchizophrenia– Disturbances in thoughts and Disturbances in thoughts and

speechspeech Derailment Derailment (loose associations):(loose associations):

The tendency for one thought to be The tendency for one thought to be logically unconnected, or only superficially logically unconnected, or only superficially related to the next. Sometimes the related to the next. Sometimes the associations are based on the double associations are based on the double meanings or on the way words soundmeanings or on the way words sound

SchizophreniaSchizophrenia Example of Derailment:Example of Derailment:

He pushed back the blankets from He pushed back the blankets from the bed. He saw the river bed was the bed. He saw the river bed was covered with small stones washed covered with small stones washed down from the quarry. The hunter down from the quarry. The hunter came fast because he was following came fast because he was following his quarry over the hill.his quarry over the hill.


SchizophreniaSchizophrenia– Disturbances in thoughts and Disturbances in thoughts and

speechspeech Irrelevant Replies:Irrelevant Replies: Giving answer to questions that are not Giving answer to questions that are not

relevantrelevant

Example: How old are you? As old as the pyramids Example: How old are you? As old as the pyramids crumbling into dust. Where do you live? I exist in the crumbling into dust. Where do you live? I exist in the world, from it, of it, and by it.world, from it, of it, and by it.


SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

– Disturbances in thoughts and Disturbances in thoughts and speechspeechWord Salad:Word Salad: Combining words and phrases in what Combining words and phrases in what

appears to be a completely disorganized appears to be a completely disorganized fashion. Unlike neologisms, word salad fashion. Unlike neologisms, word salad suggests no effort to communicate. In word suggests no effort to communicate. In word salad, nothing is related to anything else.salad, nothing is related to anything else.

SchizophreniaSchizophrenia Example of word saladExample of word salad

It’s all over for a squab true tray and there ain’t It’s all over for a squab true tray and there ain’t no music, there ain’t no nothing besides my no music, there ain’t no nothing besides my mother and my father who stand alone upon mother and my father who stand alone upon the Island of Capri where there is no ice, there the Island of Capri where there is no ice, there is no nothing but changers, changers, is no nothing but changers, changers, changers. That comes like in first and last changers. That comes like in first and last names, so that thing does. Well, it’s my names, so that thing does. Well, it’s my suitcase, sir. I’ve got to travel all the time to suitcase, sir. I’ve got to travel all the time to keep my energy alive.keep my energy alive.

SchizophreniaSchizophrenia Symptoms of SchizophreniaSymptoms of Schizophrenia

– Disturbances in thoughts Disturbances in thoughts and speechand speechClanging:Clanging:

The pairing of words that have no The pairing of words that have no relation to one another beyond relation to one another beyond the fact that they rhyme or the fact that they rhyme or sound alikesound alike

SchizophreniaSchizophrenia Negative Symptoms of Negative Symptoms of

SchizophreniaSchizophrenia– Anhedonia: lack of interest in living, loss Anhedonia: lack of interest in living, loss

of pleasure in lifeof pleasure in life

– Alogia (mutism): Total SilenceAlogia (mutism): Total Silence

– Flat Affect: Person shows no emotionFlat Affect: Person shows no emotion

– Avolition: Loss of motivationAvolition: Loss of motivation

SchizophreniaSchizophrenia Types of SchizophreniaTypes of Schizophrenia

– Catatonic SchizophreniaCatatonic Schizophrenia AgitatedAgitated ImmobileImmobile

– Paranoid SchizophreniaParanoid Schizophrenia– Disorganized SchizophreniaDisorganized Schizophrenia– Undifferentiated SchizophreniaUndifferentiated Schizophrenia


– Paranoid SchizophreniaParanoid Schizophrenia

Accounts for 40% of schizophrenics; Accounts for 40% of schizophrenics; appears late in life (25-30). appears late in life (25-30). Characterized by delusions of Characterized by delusions of persecutions & grandeur. These are persecutions & grandeur. These are often accompanied by hallucinations often accompanied by hallucinations supporting the delusion.supporting the delusion.


– Paranoid Schizophrenia Paranoid Schizophrenia (continued)(continued)

Paranoid Schizophrenics are more Paranoid Schizophrenics are more likely than other schizophrenics to likely than other schizophrenics to have a good outcome because it have a good outcome because it tends to be acute. Under certain tends to be acute. Under certain circumstances, they may function circumstances, they may function relatively wellrelatively well


– Catatonic Schizophrenia:Catatonic Schizophrenia:Accounts for 8% of all schizophrenics. Accounts for 8% of all schizophrenics. The major symptoms is a The major symptoms is a disturbance in motor activity. The disturbance in motor activity. The person may remain stiffly immobile person may remain stiffly immobile and refuse to speak of be extremely and refuse to speak of be extremely agitated. Catatonic Schizophrenia is agitated. Catatonic Schizophrenia is rarely seen today. However, it was rarely seen today. However, it was common up to 30 to 40 years agocommon up to 30 to 40 years ago


– Disorganized SchizophreniaDisorganized Schizophrenia Accounts for 5% of all schizophrenics. Accounts for 5% of all schizophrenics. Incoherence in expressionIncoherence in expression Childish disregard for social Childish disregard for social

conventionsconventions Resists wearing clothingResists wearing clothing Urinate and defecate at inappropriate Urinate and defecate at inappropriate

timestimes

SchizophreniaSchizophrenia Disorganized Schizophrenia Disorganized Schizophrenia

(continued)(continued)– May eat with their fingersMay eat with their fingers– Show emotional responses that are Show emotional responses that are

inappropriate to the situationinappropriate to the situation– GigglingGiggling– Silly mannerismsSilly mannerisms– Inexplicable gesturesInexplicable gestures


– Undifferentiated SchizophreniaUndifferentiated Schizophrenia

This accounts for 40% of all This accounts for 40% of all schizophrenics. They have schizophrenics. They have symptoms of schizophrenics symptoms of schizophrenics (disordered thinking, etc) but the (disordered thinking, etc) but the symptoms don’t clearly fit one of symptoms don’t clearly fit one of the other specific typesthe other specific types

SchizophreniaSchizophrenia Causes of SchizophreniaCauses of Schizophrenia

– Biological FactorsBiological Factors Brain Abnormalities: Brain Abnormalities: Schizophrenics Schizophrenics

(this is more true of schizophrenic (this is more true of schizophrenic with negative symptoms rather then with negative symptoms rather then positive) positive)

tend to have enlargedtend to have enlarged

ventricles and less brain ventricles and less brain

tissue than non-schizophrenicstissue than non-schizophrenics


– Biological FactorsBiological Factors Dopamine: Dopamine: In general, those with In general, those with

schizophrenia have an excess of schizophrenia have an excess of receptors for dopamine. Drugs that receptors for dopamine. Drugs that block dopamine receptors lessen block dopamine receptors lessen positive schizophrenia symptoms. Drugs positive schizophrenia symptoms. Drugs that increase dopamine levels (i.e. that increase dopamine levels (i.e. cocaine, and amphetamines) increase cocaine, and amphetamines) increase positive schizophrenia symptoms.positive schizophrenia symptoms.


– Biological FactorsBiological Factors Genetics: Genetics: The odds of any person The odds of any person

being schizophrenic are 1 in 100. The being schizophrenic are 1 in 100. The odds rise to 1 in 10 if one parent has odds rise to 1 in 10 if one parent has schizophrenia. If a person has an schizophrenia. If a person has an identical twin with schizophrenia, the identical twin with schizophrenia, the odds are 50 in 100.odds are 50 in 100.


– Psychological FactorsPsychological Factors There are no psychological factors There are no psychological factors

alone that cause schizophrenia. alone that cause schizophrenia. However, a life of a lot of stressors will However, a life of a lot of stressors will increase the chances that a increase the chances that a predisposition of schizophrenia will predisposition of schizophrenia will result in schizophrenic symptoms result in schizophrenic symptoms

Personality Personality DisordersDisorders

Personality disorders are Personality disorders are psychological disorders characterized psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavioral by inflexible and enduring behavioral patterns that impair social patterns that impair social functioning. These disorders usually functioning. These disorders usually do not involve anxiety, depression, or do not involve anxiety, depression, or loss or contact with reality. They loss or contact with reality. They may however, coexist with other may however, coexist with other psychological disorders.psychological disorders.

Personality DisordersLasting, rigid patterns of behavior that seriously diminish functioning.

Related to AnxietyAvoidant personality disorderDependent personality disorder

Dramatic or Impulsive Behaviors

Borderline personality disorder, Antisocial personality disorder

Odd or Eccentric BehaviorsParanoid personality disorders, Schizoid personality disorders

Mental Illness and the Mental Illness and the LawLaw

MENTALLY INCOMPETENT: MENTALLY INCOMPETENT: Being Being unable to understand the proceedings and unable to understand the proceedings and charges against you. If you are declared charges against you. If you are declared mentally incompetent to stand trial you mentally incompetent to stand trial you are protected from prosecution. This is a are protected from prosecution. This is a rare occurrence.rare occurrence.

INSANITY: INSANITY: If you are judged to be not If you are judged to be not guilty by reason of insanity at the time of guilty by reason of insanity at the time of the crime it means that the mental illness the crime it means that the mental illness prevented the person from:prevented the person from:1. understanding what he/she was doing1. understanding what he/she was doing2. knowing that what they were doing was 2. knowing that what they were doing was wrongwrong3. resisting the impulse to do wrong3. resisting the impulse to do wrong

chapter 16 psychological disorders. a. what is normal? symptoms of psychological disorders symptoms...

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