chapter 16 lecture health the basics tenth edition making smart health care choices

Chapter 16 Lecture

Health The BasicsTenth Edition

Making Smart HealthCare Choices

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Self-Help or Self-Care

• Common forms of self-care include– Diagnosing symptoms or conditions that occur

frequently but may not require physician visits (e.g., the common cold, minor abrasions)

– Using over-the-counter (OTC) remedies to treat minor pains, scrapes, stomach upsets, or cold or allergy symptoms

– Performing monthly breast or testicular self-examinations

– Learning first aid– Checking vital signs: blood pressure, pulse, and

temperature– Using home pregnancy tests and ovulation kits


When to Seek Help

• You should consult a physician if you experience any of the following:– A serious accident or injury– Sudden or severe chest pains, especially if they cause breathing

difficulties– Trauma to the head or spine accompanied by persistent

headache, blurred vision, loss of consciousness, vomiting, convulsions, or paralysis

– Sudden high fever or recurring high temperature (over 102°F for children and 103°F for adults) and/or sweats

– Tingling sensation in the arm accompanied by slurred speech or impaired thought processes

– Adverse reactions to a drug or insect bite (shortness of breath, severe swelling, or dizziness)


When to Seek Help (cont.)

• Also contact a physician if you experience:– Unexplained bleeding or loss of body fluid from any

body opening– Unexplained sudden weight loss – Persistent or recurrent diarrhea or vomiting– Blue-tinted lips, eyelids, or nail beds– Any lump, swelling, thickness, or sore that does not

subside or that grows for over a month– Any marked change or pain in bowel or bladder habits– Yellowing of the skin or the whites of the eyes– Any symptom that is unusual and recurs over time– Pregnancy


Types of Health Care Providers

• Osteopath– Emphasis on the skeletal and muscular systems; may use spinal

manipulation as part of treatment• Ophthalmologist

– Physician who specializes in the medical and surgical care of the eyes, including prescriptions for lenses

• Optometrist– Eye specialist whose practice is limited to prescribing and fitting lenses

to correct vision problems• Dentist

– Physician who diagnoses and treats diseases of the teeth, gums, and oral cavities

• Orthodontist- specializes in alignment of teeth• Periodontist- treat diseases of the gums and other tissues surrounding the teeth.• Oral surgeons- perform surgical procedures to correct problems of the mouth, face

and jaw


Types of Health Care Providers (cont.)

• Nurse

– Health professional who provides patient care in a variety of settings

• Nurse Practitioner (NP)

– Nurse with advanced training obtained through either a master's degree program or a specialized nurse practitioner program

• Physician Assistant (PA)

– Health care practitioner trained to handle most routine care under the supervision of a physician

• Allied Health Professional

– Health care professionals other than doctors, nurses, dentists, or podiatrists who work in a diverse range of fields; e.g., physical therapists


Assessing Health Professionals

• When selecting a physician, consider the following questions:– What professional education and training have they had?– Are they affiliated with an accredited medical facility or

institution?– Are they open to complementary or alternative strategies?– Do they indicate clearly how long a given treatment may last,

what side effects you might expect, and what problems you should watch for?

– Are their diagnoses, treatments, and general statements consistent with established scientific theory and practice?

– Do they make alternative arrangements for your care when on vacation or off call?

– Do they listen, respect you as an individual, and give you time to ask questions? Do they return your calls, and are they available to answer questions?


Participating in Your Health Treatment

• Being prepared for your appointment and asking the right questions allows you to work in partnership with your health care practitioner. – If it helps, write down your questions before

the appointment.

• Active participation in your treatment is sensible in an environment that encourages defensive medicine, in which practitioners take certain actions to avoid a malpractice claim.


Your Patient Rights

• The right of informed consent• The right to know whether the treatment you are

receiving is standard or experimental• The right to privacy• The right to receive care• You are entitled to have access to all of your

medical records.• You have the right to seek the opinions of other

health care professionals regarding your condition.


Choosing Health Products

• Prescription Drugs– Common prescription drugs include antidepressants and

antianxiety drugs, hormonal contraceptives, weight-loss aids, and antibiotics.

– Generic drugs are medications marketed by chemical names rather than brand names.

• Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs– Most commonly used are analgesics; medications for cough,

cold, and allergy symptoms; stimulants; sleeping aids; weight-loss aids; laxatives; and antacids.

– Indiscriminate use and abuse of an OTC can occur.


Health Insurance

• Policyholders pay premiums into a pool, which is held in reserve until needed.

• When you need health care, the insurance company pays out of the pool, regardless of your total contribution.


Private Health Insurance

• Companies employ the following mechanisms to limit potential losses: – cost sharing

• Deductibles- payments you make for health care services before insurance coverage kicks in the pay.

• Co-payments- set amounts that you pay per service received, regardless the cost of the service.

• Coinsurance- the % of costs that you must pay based on the terms of your policy.

– “preexisting condition” clauses– waiting periods


Managed Care

• There are three types of managed care plans – Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs)

• Usually the least expensive form of managed care, but most restrictive

– Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs)• Networks of independent doctors and hospitals

that contract to provide care at discounted rates

– Point of Service (POS)• A hybrid of HMOs and PPOs


Government-Funded Programs

• Medicare – A federal insurance program that covers 99% of people over age

65, all totally and permanently disabled people (after a waiting period), and all people with end-stage kidney failure.

– To control costs, diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) were established, and if a cost is lower than the DRG cost, the hospital can keep the difference, but if it is higher, then the hospital absorbs the difference.

• Medicaid– Funded jointly by federal and state funds.– Covers approximately 58 million low-income people, including

many who are pregnant, blind, disabled, elderly, or eligible for Temporary Assistance for Needy Families.

• The Children's Health Insurance Plan– Provides health insurance to more than 5 million uninsured

children and is funded jointly by federal and state funds.


Issues Facing Today's Health Care System (cont.)

• Access– Access to health care is determined by

• Supply of providers and facilities• Proximity to care• Ability to maneuver the system• Health status• Insurance coverage

• Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA)– Act allows former employees, retirees, spouses, and

other dependents to continue coverage at higher group rates

OBAMA CARE

• According to the latest number there are forty four million Americans without health care coverage. This is due to the cost or to the availability of health insurance.

The Problems

• The first is that every American must have insurance or pay a penalty.

• Another problem is that no one really understands what this program is all about.. You can visit this web site by going to healthcare.gov.

The Benefits

• The biggest thing that Obama Care does is that if you work for a company that does not offer health care insurance, you can now get it. This is great for those that do not have health insurance available.

• It also has different options for those that fall into the low income demographic. So how many benefits Obama Care offers depends on your circumstances.


http://www.healthcare.gov/

Chapter 16 Lecture

Health The BasicsTenth Edition

Understanding Complementary and Alternative Medicine


Complementary and Alternative Medicine

• Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not considered part of conventional medicine.

• Complementary medicine is used along with conventional medicine

• alternative medicine is used in place of conventional medicine.

• CAM therapies incorporate a holistic approach that focuses on treating the mind and the whole body.


The 10 Most Common CAM Therapies among U.S. Adults


Who Uses CAM?

• More women than men • People who are seeking a more natural, gentle

approach to healing.• More people with higher educational levels• More people who have been hospitalized in the past• Former smokers (compared with current smokers or

those who have never smoked)• People with back, neck, head, or joint aches or

other painful conditions• People with gastrointestinal disorders or sleeping

problems


Diseases and Conditions for Which CAM Is Most Frequently Used among Adults


Types of Complementary and Alternative Medicine • Integrative medicine is practice that combines

conventional medicine with complementary and alternative therapies.

• Whole medical systems are complete systems of theory and practice that have evolved over time in various cultures.

• Manipulative and body-based practices are based on manipulation or movement of one or more body structures.

• Energy medicine involves the use of energy fields.• Mind-body medicine uses a variety of techniques to

enhance the mind's ability to affect bodily function and symptoms.

• Natural products are based on substances found in nature.


Types of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

ALTERNATIVE MEDICAL SYSTEMS

• Traditional Chinese Medicine

• Ayurveda

• Homeopathy

• Naturopathy



Traditional Chinese Medicine

• Ancient comprehensive system of healing that uses herbs, acupuncture, and massage

• Goal is to bring the body into balance and to remove blockages of vital energy flow that lead to disease.

• Emphasizes the proper balance of qi, or chi, the vital energy or life force.

• Diagnosis is based on personal history, observation of the body, palpitation, and pulse diagnosis.


Ayurveda

• A comprehensive system of medicine, originating in ancient India

• Places equal emphasis on the body, mind, and spirit and strives to restore the body's innate harmony through diet, exercise, meditation, herbs, massage, sun exposure, and controlled breathing.

• Techniques include questioning, observation, examination, and classifying patients into one of three doshas (body types) before establishing a treatment plan.

• Goal is to eliminate body impurities and reduce symptoms.


Homeopathy

• Unconventional Western system of medicine based on the principle that "like cures like."

• It involves the administration of minute doses of a substance that in large doses would produce symptoms of an illness, but in small doses, can provide a cure.

• Homeopathic physicians use natural substances in extremely diluted forms to kill infectious agents or ward off illnesses.


Naturopathy

• System of medicine that originated in Europe • Views disease as a manifestation of alterations in the

body's natural healing processes.• Emphasizes health restoration as well as disease

treatment.• Healing practices include

– diet and clinical nutrition– homeopathy– acupuncture– herbal medicine – hydrotherapy– spinal and soft tissue manipulation – physical therapies– pharmacology

chapter 16 lecture health the basics tenth edition making smart health care choices

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