chapter 15: special senses
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Chapter 15: Special Senses. Figure 15.23: Location and structure of taste buds on the tongue, p. 581. Taste fibers of cranial nerve. Gustatory hair. Epiglottis. Taste pore. Palatine tonsil. Lingual tonsil. Basal cell. Circumvallate papilla. Foliate papillae. Connective tissue. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 15:Special Senses
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
(a)(b)
(c)
(d)
Fungiformpapillae
Taste bud
Circumvallate papilla
Epiglottis
Palatine tonsil
Foliatepapillae
Lingual tonsil Basal cell
Taste fibersof cranialnerve
Connective tissue
Gustatoryreceptorcells
Tastepore
Gustatoryhair
Stratifiedsquamousepitheliumof tongue
Gustatory (taste) cells Tastepore
Connective tissue
Basal cells
Figure 15.23: Location and structure of taste buds on the tongue, p. 581.
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 15.24: The gustatory pathway, p. 583.
Gustatorycortex(in insula)
Thalamicnucleus(ventralposteriormedialnucleus)
Pons
Solitary nucleusin medulla oblongata
Facialnerve (VII)
Glosso-pharyngealnerve (IX)
Vagus(nerve X)
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 5.21: Olfactory receptors, p. 579.
Mitral cell
Olfactorygland
Olfactorytract
Olfactoryepithelium
Filaments of olfactory nerve
Cribriform plateof ethmoid bone
Lamina propria connective tissue
Basal cell
Supporting cell
Dendrite
Olfactory cilia
Glomeruli
Axon
Olfactory receptorcell
Mucus
Route of inhaledair containing odormolecules
Frontal lobeof cerebrum
Nasalconchae
Route ofinhaled air
Olfactoryepithelium
Olfactory tractOlfactorybulb
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 5.22: Olfactory transduction process, p. 580.
GolfReceptor
Extracellular fluid
Cytoplasm
Odorant Adenylate cyclase
Na+
Ca2+
GTP
GTP GTP
GDP cAMP
cAMP
ATP
1
2 34
5
George Wald 1906 – 1997 received the Nobel Prize in 1967 for discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual
processes in the eye
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 15.1a: The eye and associated accessory structures, p. 557.
(a)
Eyelashes
Sclera(covered byconjunctiva)
Site whereconjunctivamerges withcornea
Lateralcommissure(canthus)
Iris
Medialcommissure(canthus)
Lacrimalcaruncle
Eyelid
Eyelid
Eyebrow
PupilPalpebralfissure
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 15.1b: The eye and associated accessory structures, p. 557.
(b)
Levator palpebraesuperioris muscle
Orbicularisoculi muscleEyebrow
Tarsal plate
PalpebralconjunctivaTarsalglands
Cornea
Palpebralfissure
Eyelashes
Bulbarconjunctiva
Conjunctivalsac
Orbicularisoculi muscle
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 15.2: The lacrimal apparatus, p. 558.
Lacrimal sacLacrimalgland
Excretory ductsof lacrimal gland
Lacrimal punctum
Lacrimal canaliculus
Nasolacrimal duct
Inferior meatusof nasal cavity
Nostril
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 15.3: Extrinsic eye muscles, p. 559.
(a) (b)
(c)
Opticnerve
Inferiorrectusmuscle
Inferiorobliquemuscle
Superior oblique muscle
Annular ring
Trochlea
Superior oblique tendon
Superior rectus muscle
Lateral rectus muscle
Conjunctiva
Axis atcenterof eye
Medialrectus muscle
Inferiorrectus muscle
Lateralrectus muscle
Lateral rectusMedial rectusSuperior rectusInferior rectusInferior obliqueSuperior oblique
Name Action
Moves eye laterallyMoves eye mediallyElevates eye and turns it mediallyDepresses eye and turns it mediallyElevates eye and turns it laterallyDepresses eye and turns it laterally
VI (abducens)III (oculomotor)III (oculomotor)III (oculomotor)III (oculomotor)IV (trochlear)
Controlling cranialnerve
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 15.4a: Internal structure of the eye (sagittal section), p. 560.
(a)
Ora serrata
Ciliary body
Ciliary zonule(suspensoryligament)
Cornea
Iris
Anteriorpole
Pupil
Anteriorsegment(cavity)
Lens
Scleral venous sinus(Canal of Schlemm)
Posterior segment (cavity) (contains vitreous humor)
Optic nerve
Posterior pole
Fovea centralis
Macula lutea
Retina
Choroid
Sclera
Central arteryand vein of the retina
Optic disc(blind spot)
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 15.6b: Microscopic anatomy of the retina, p. 562.
(b)
Neural layerof retina
Pigmentedlayer ofretina
Centralarteryand veinof retina
Opticnerve
Sclera
Choroid
Optic disc
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 15.6a: Microscopic anatomy of the retina, p. 562.
(a)
Amacrine cell
Horizontalcell
RodCone
Pigmentedlayer of retina
Bipolarcells
Ganglioncells
Pathwayof light
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 15.13: Focusing for distant and close vision, p. 567.
(a) Lens is flattened for distant vision
(b) Lens bulges for close vision
(c) Anterior segment viewed from behind
Lens
Invertedimage
Ciliary zonule
Ciliary muscle
Nearly parallel raysfrom distant object
Sympathetic +
Divergent raysfrom close object
Invertedimage
Parasympathetic +
Ciliary muscle
Lens
Ciliary zonule(suspensory ligaments)
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 15.15: Photoreceptors of the retina, p. 570.
Process ofbipolar cell
Outerfiber
Apical microvillus
Discs containingvisual pigments
Inn
er s
egm
ent
Melaningranules
Pigment cellnucleus
Innerfibers
Rod cellbody
Cone cellbody
SynapticterminalsRod cellbody
Nuclei
Mitochondria
Connectingcilia
Ou
ter
seg
men
t
Pig
men
ted
lay
er
Basal lamina(border with choroid)
Retinal
Opsin
Discs beingphagocytized
(a)
(b)Li
ght
Lig
ht
Lig
ht
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 5.19: Visual fields of the eyes and visual pathway to the brain, inferior view, p. 576.
(a) (b)
Pretectalnucleus
Right eye Left eye
Fixationpoint
Opticradiation
Superiorcolliculus(sectioned)
Lateralgeniculatebody
Optic tractOptic chiasma
Uncrossed (ipsilateral) fiberCrossed (contralateral) fiber
Optic nerve
Lateral geniculatebody of thalamus
Superior colliculusOccipital lobe (visual cortex) Corpus callosum
Supra-chiasmaticnucleus
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 15.25a: Structure of the ear, p. 584.
(a)
External(outer) ear Middle
ear
Internal(inner) ear(labryinth)
Pharyngotympanic(auditory) tube
Externalacousticmeatus
Auricle(pinna)
Helix
Lobule
Tympanic membrane
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 15.25b: Structure of the ear, p. 584.
(b)
Pharyngotympanic(auditory) tube
Auditoryossicles
Entrance to mastoid antrum in the epitympanic recess
Tympanicmembrane
Semicircularcanals
Cochlea
Cochlearnerve
Vestibularnerve
Oval window(deep to stapes)
Round window
Incus(anvil)
Malleus(hammer)
Stapes(stirrup)
Internaljugular vein
Vestibule
Externalacousticmeatus
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 5.26: The three auditory ossicles in the right middle ear, p. 585.
Pharyngotym-panic tube
Tensortympanimuscle
Tympanicmembrane(medial view)
Stapes
Malleus
Superior
Anterior
Incus Epitympanic recess
Stapediusmuscle
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
• Anterior
Semicircular ducts insemicircular canals:
• Posterior
• Lateral
Cristae ampullaresin the ampullae
Utricle in vestibule
Saccule in vestibule
Stapes inoval window
Temporalbone
Facial nerve
Vestibular nerve
Superior vestibular ganglion
Inferior vestibular ganglion
Cochlear nerve
Maculae
Spiral organ (of Corti)
Cochlear duct in cochlea
Round window
Figure 5.27: Membranous labyrinth of the internal ear, p. 586.
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 5.29: Sound: source and propagation, p. 589.
(a) (b)
(c)
Area ofcompressedmolecules
Crest
Trough
Time Amplitude
Area ofrarefaction
Wavelength
Air
pre
ssu
re
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 15.31: Route of sound waves through the ear, p. 590.
Fluids in cochlear canals
Upper and middle
Internal earExternal ear
PinnaExternalacousticmeatus
Air
Tympanicmembrane
Malleus, incus,stapes
(ossicles)
Ovalwindow Lower
Middle ear
Onevibration
TimeSpiral organ
(of Corti)stimulated
Amplificationin middle ear
Amplitude
Pre
ssu
re
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 15.35: Structure of a macula, p. 594.
Macula ofutricle
Macula ofsaccule
Otoliths
Hair bundle
KinociliumStereocilia Otolithic
membrane
Vestibularnerve fibers
Hair cells
Supportingcells
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 15.36: The effect of gravitational pull on a macula receptor cell in the utricle, p. 595.
Otolithicmembrane
Kinocilium
Stereocilia
Receptorpotential
Nerveimpulsesgenerated investibular fiber
Depolarization
(Hairs bent towarkinocilium)
dHyperpolarization
(Hairs bent awayfrom kinocilium)
Increasedimpulse frequency
Excitation
Decreasedimpulse frequency
Inhibition
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 15.37: Location and sturcture of a crista ampullaris, p. 596.
(a)
(c) (d)
(b)
Cupula Cupula at rest
Position of cupuladuring turn
Turning motion
Fluid motion inducts
Afferent fibers of vestibular nerve
Increased firing Decreased firing
Position of cupuladuring turn
Ampulla of left ear
Ampulla ofright ear
Horizontal ducts
Flow ofendolymph
Cupula
Cristaampullaris
Fibers ofvestibular nerve
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 15.38: Pathways of the balance and orientation system, p. 597.
Input
Central nervoussystem processing
Output
Oculomotor control(cranial nerve nucleiIII, IV, VI)(eye movements)
Spinal motor control(cranial nerve nuclei XIand vestibulospinal tracts)(neck movements)
Vestibularreceptors
Visualreceptors
CerebellumVestibularnuclearcomplex
Reticularnuclei
Somaticreceptors