chapter 15 solutions chemistry b2a. mixture: is a combination of two or more pure substances....
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 15
Solutions
Chemistry B2A
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Mixture: is a combination of two or more pure substances.
Homogeneous: uniform and throughout
Air, Salt in water
Heterogeneous: nonuniform
Soup, Milk, Blood
Mixtures
Solution
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Solutions
Gas in gas (air) solid in solid (alloys) liquid in liquid (alcohol in water)
Gas in liquid (cokes) solid in liquid (sugar in water)
Solutions
Well-mixed (uniform) – single phase
homogenous
transparent
cannot be separated by filter
cannot be separated on standing
sugar in water
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Solvent: greater quantity (water)
Solute: smaller quantity (sugar)
Immiscible: two liquids do not mix.
Miscible: two liquids can mix. alcohol in water (in any quantities)
Solutions (liquid in liquid)
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Solvent and Solute
Polar dissolves polar
Nonpolar dissolves nonpolarlike dissolves like.
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Hydrogen Bonds
Between H bonded to O or N (high electronegativity) → +ᵟand another O or N → -ᵟ
surface tensionHigh boiling point
H2O
H O
H
H
O
H
- +
hydrogenbond
hydrogenbond
- +
(a) (b) (c)
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Ions Hydrated by H2O
Hydration
Dissolving Ionic compounds
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Electrolytes
Electrolyte: conducts an electric current.
strong electrolytes: molecules dissociate completely into ions (NaCl).
weak electrolytes: molecules dissociate partially into ions (CH3COOH).
nonelectrolytes: molecules do not dissociate into ions (DI water).
NaCl → Na+ + Cl-+ -
electrolyteNa+Cl-
bulb
Ionization (Dissociation)
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Solvent and Solute
Most chlorides (Cl-) and sulfates (SO42-) are soluble in water.
(except AgCl, PbCl2, BaSO4, CaSO4, PbSO4)
Most carbonates (CO32-), phosphates (PO4
3-), Sulfide (S2-), and hydroxides (OH-) are insoluble in water.
(except NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, and NH4OH)
All nitrates (NO3-) and acetate (CH3COO-) are soluble in water.
Most salts of Na+, K+, and NH4+ are soluble in water.
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Solutions
Saturated: solvent contains or holds all the solute it can (at a given T).
maximum solute that solvent can hold (Equilibrium).
Unsaturated: solvent can hold more solute (at a given T).
Is not the maximum solute that solvent can hold.
Supersaturated: solvent holds more solute that it can normally hold (at a given T).
(more than an equilibrium condition)
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Temperature and Solutions
T Solubility
T Crystal is formed.
Solubility: the maximum solute that will dissolve in a given amount of a solvent (at a given T).
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Temperature and Solutions
T Solubility
Seeding
A surface on which to being crystallizing.
Supersaturated solution
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gas in liquid: T ↑ Solubility ↓
Global Warming
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Pressure and Solutions
P Solubility (gas in liquid)Henry’s law
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Concentration
Concentrated solution: large amount of solute is dissolved.
Dilute solution: small amount of solute is dissolved.
Strong Coffee
Weak Coffee
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Concentration
Concentration: amount of a solute in a given quantity of solvent.
1. Percent concentration:
Weight / volume (W / V)% =Weight solute (g)
Volume of solution (mL)× 100
Weight / Weight (W / W)% =Weight solute (g)
Weight of solution (g)× 100
Volume / volume (V / V)% =Volume solute (mL)
Volume of solution (mL)× 100
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2. Molarity (M): number of moles solute dissolved in 1 L of solution.
Concentration
Molarity (M) =moles solute (n)
volume of solution (L)
Molarity × V = number of moles (n)
prepare the solution: M, V → n (mol) → m (g)
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Prepare the solution
prepare the solution: M, V → n (mol) → m (g)
m (g)
Volumetric flask
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3. Parts per Million (ppm):
Concentration
ppm =g soluteg solvent
× 106
Parts per billion (ppb):
ppb =g soluteg solvent
× 109
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Dilution
Standard solution: a solution with known concentration.
Concentrated solution(Stock solution)
Dilute solution
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Dilution
M1V1 = moles(n) before dilution
M2V2 = moles(n) after dilution
M1V1 = M2V2
% V1 = % V2
Mole remains constant.
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Neutralization Reactions
We will talk about this in Chapter 16.
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Normality
We will talk about this in Chapter 16.
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Colloids
non transparent, non uniform, large particles, cloudy (milky)
But it is a stable system.
Solutions: diameter of the solute particles is under 1 nm.
Colloids: diameter of the solute particles is between 1 to 1000 nm.
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Colloids
Tyndall effect:
You can see the pathway of the light passes through a colloid. (particles scatter light.)
emulsion: a mixture of immiscible substances (liquid-liquid). (milk and mayonnaise)
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Brownian motion
Random motion of colloid particles.
Dust
Why do colloidal particles remain in solution and do not stick together?
1. Surrounding water molecules prevent colloidal molecules from touching and sticking together.
2. A charged colloidal particle encounters another particle of the same charge, they repel each other.
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suspension: system does not stays stable and settle (> 1000 nm). (sand in water)
Suspension
But it is not a stable system.