Chapter 14 Section 3. The Protestant Reformation

During the Renaissance popes became patrons of the arts, financed by the sales of indulgences

The Protestant Reformation

Santa Croce (Holy Cross), Florence

Abuses of the Church

• Popes fought wars for power and land

• Lived rich lifestyles like kings instead of God's representatives

• Increased fees for religious services like marriage and baptism

In 1517, Martin Luther triggered a revolt when he became disillusioned with the corruption in the church

The Protestant Reformation

Luther’s Protest

• German Priest Johann Tetzel sold indulgences to anyone who contributed money to build the new St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome– Indulgences would assure

you entrance into heaven– Also allowed your dead

relatives into heaven

Luther drew up a list of 95 theses against indulgences and posted them on the door of the Wittenberg church

The Protestant Reformation

October 31, 1517 stands as the day that Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg

95 Theses●Getting to Heaven is based on Faith – not money●The bible was the only source of religious truth – not the Pope●Get rid of Pope●Priests did not have special powers●Anyone can talk to God ●Translated the bible from Latin to German●Banned indulgences●Permitted clergy to marry

Martin Luther versus the Church

• 95 Theses were printed and distributed across Europe– Gutenberg's printing

press helped spread the word.

• Also printed Bibles in German

– Luther excommunicated

– Lutheranism spreads in Northern Germany and Scandanavia

Peace of Augsburg allowed German princes to chose which religion they would follow

The Protestant Reformation

Another important figure in the Reformation was John Calvin

The Protestant Reformation

Not This Calvin

John Calvin

• Salvation through faith• Predestination• Bible as the source of

religious truth– Was the same as Luther

• Calvinism becomes big in Switzerland, parts of France, Netherlands and Scotland

Predestination

• The idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation

• How you live is a reflection of whether you have been chosen.

In France, Calvinists are called HuguenotsHuguenots and Catholics fight

The Protestant Reformation

Expulsion of the Huguenots from Toulouse

We will see - those pesky Calvinists end up causing trouble wherever they are.

Calvinism spreads to Scotland and then England

English / Scottish Calvinists are called “Puritans”

The Protestant Reformation

Some later flee England on a ship called the MayflowerPerhaps you heard of it?

The Trouble in England

• England's Struggles of Catholics vs Protestants will have HUGE consequences

• Why? Lets take a look.

The English Reformation

• Henry VIII stood against the Protestant revolt and was proclaimed the “Defender of the Faith” by the pope

– Henry wanted a boy to ensure a male heir would succeed him when he died, becoming king of England

Seeking Annulment

• His marriage to Catherine only produced a daughter, Mary– He asked the pope for an annulment but

couldn’t get one

• 1534 – Act of Supremacy passed by Parliament made Henry the head of the Church of England - Anglicanism– Henry appointed an archbishop that would let

him get an annulment

Its a Boy

• His second wife gave him another daughter, Elizabeth– After 4 more

marriages he had a son, Edward

The Many Wives of Henry VIII

• Catherine of Aragon – Divorced

• Anne Boyeln –Beheaded• Jane Seymour – Died• Anne of Cleves –

Divorced• Kathryn Howard –

Beheaded• Katherine Parr - Survived

The Church of England

• Henry died, Edward came to the throne but died in his teens– His sister, “Bloody”

Mary, tried to change the country back to Catholicism, killing many Protestants at the stake

Elizabeth I

• Was locked up in the tower of London

• Also known as the “Virgin Queen”

• The state of Virginia was named after her

A Policy of Religious Compromise

• Elizabeth became queen after her sister, Mary died– She created reforms

that could be accepted by both Protestants and Catholics – attacked those who opposed her

– English replaced Latin as the language of prayer in England

The Inquisition

• Used secret testimony, torture and execution to end heresy

• Created an Index of Forbidden Books – list of books that shouldn’t be read, like books by Luther and Calvin

Widespread Persecution

• Witch Hunts– Centers of religious

conflict saw the persecution of people accused of heresy and witchcraft

• Typically beggars, widows, midwives and herbalists

The Catholic Reformation – a revival of the Church’s authority

• Council of TrentRejected a number of Protestant Ideas– Established that salvation comes from faith and good

work– The bible was not the only source of religious truth– Priests were still needed

• Made Some Reforms in the Church– Started stiff penalties for corruption of the clergy– Got rid of sale of indulgences– Established the Jesuit order under Ignatius Loyola

• Missionaries and schools