chapter 14 section 3
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Chapter 14 Section 3. Response to Crisis: Absolutism. Objectives:. Define Absolutism Describe the absolute monarch Explain the basis for absolute monarch’s power in France and Eastern Europe. France under Louis XIV. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 14Section 3
Response to Crisis: Absolutism
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Objectives:
• Define Absolutism• Describe the absolute monarch• Explain the basis for absolute monarch’s
power in France and Eastern Europe
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France under Louis XIV
• One response to the crises of the seventeenth century was to seek stability by increasing the monarchy’s power.
• The response is what historians refer to as absolutism, a system in which the ruler has total power.
• Absolutism also includes the divine right of kings.
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• Absolute monarchs could – 1. Make Laws– 2. Levy taxes– 3. Administer Justice– 4. Control the state’s officials– 5. Determine foreign policy
• Best example: The reign of Louis XIV of France. His power and courts culture spread throughout Europe, and other courts imitated his.
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Richelieu and Mazarin
• Louis XIII and Louis XIV were only boys when they came to power, so a royal minister held power for them, preserving the monarchy.
• Cardinal Richelieu, acting for Louis XIII, took power and military rights from the Huguenots, and set up spies so he could execute traitors.
• Louis XIV came to the throne in 1643 at the age of 4. Cardinal Mazarin took control of the government.
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• During Mazarin’s rule, nobles rebelled against the throne, but their efforts were crushed.
• Many French people believed that their best chance for stability was with a monarch.
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Richelieu
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Mazarin
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Louis Comes to Power
• Louis XIV took power in 1661 at the age of 23. He wanted to be the sole ruler of France.
• All were to report to him for orders or approval of orders.
• He fostered the myth of himself as the Sun King- the source of light for his people
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Louis XIV
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Government and Religion
• The royal court Louis established at Versailles served three purposes:– 1. King’s household– 2. Location of the chief offices of the state– 3. A place where the powerful could find favors
and offices for themselves.• From Versailles, Louis controlled the central
policy-making machinery of the government.
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Versailles
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• Louis deposed nobles and princes from the royal council and invited them to Versailles, where he hoped court life would distract them from politics.– Often worked.
• Government ministers were to obey his every wish.
• He ruled with absolute authority over foreign policy, the Church, and taxes.
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• Louis had an anti-Huguenot policy, wanting them to convert to Catholicism.
• Destroyed Huguenot churches and closed schools.
• 200,000 Protestants fled France.
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The Economy and War
• Mercantilist policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert helped Louis with the money he needed for maintaining his court and pursuing wars.
• Louis developed a standing army of about 4,000 in hopes of having the Bourbon dynasty dominate Europe.
• To achieve this goal, he waged war between 1667 and 1713, causing many nations to form alliances against him.
• Added some lands to France and set up a dynasty on Spain’s throne.
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Legacy of Louis XIV
• The Sun King died in a state of remorse in 1715, and France was debt-ridden and surrounded by enemies.
• Told his great-grandson “Soon you will be king of a great kingdom…try to remain at peace with your neighbors. I loved war too much. Do not follow me in that, or in overspending. Lighten your peoples burden as soon as possible, and do what I have had the misfortune not to do myself.”
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Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe
• After the Thirty Years’ War, Prussia and Austria emerged in the 17th and 18th centuries as great powers.
• Frederick William the Great Elector laid the basis for the Prussian state by building a standing army of 40,000 men.– Fourth largest in Europe.
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The Emergence of Prussia
• Set up the General War Commissariat to oversee the army, which became a bureaucratic machine for the government.
• Many members were landed aristocracy known as Junkers, who also served in the army.
• Frederick William’s son became King Frederick I in 1701.
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The New Austrian Empire
• The Austrian Hapsburgs had long been Holy Roman Emperors, and after the Thirty Years’ War, they created a new empire in eastern and southeastern Europe.
• Its core was in present-day Austria, the Czech Republic, and Hungary.
• After the defeat of the Turks in 1687, Austria took control of Transylvania, Croatia, and Slavonia.
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• The Austrian monarchy never was a centralized, absolute state.
• Made up of many national groups.• Empire was a set of territories, held together
by the Hapsburg emperor, who was archduke of Austria, king of Bohemia, and king of Hungary.
• Each area had its own laws and political life.
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Russia under Peter the Great
• In the 16th century, Ivan IV became the first Russian ruler to take the title of czar, Russian for Caesar.
• Called Ivan the Terrible for his ruthlessness, he expanded Russia eastward and crushed the powers of the Russian boyars (nobility)
• The end of Ivan’s rule in 1598 was followed by a period of anarchy called the Time of Troubles.
• It ended when the national assembly chose Michael Romanov as czar in 1613. – The Romanov dynasty would last until 1917.
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Ivan the Terrible
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Peter the Great
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• The most prominent member of the Romanov dynasty was Peter the Great.
• Absolutist, believed in the divine right of kings.• Became czar in 1689.• Made a trip to the West, and was determined
to Europeanize Russia through technology.• Died in 1725, Russia was an important state.
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Military and Governmental Changes
• To create his army, Peter drafted peasants for 25 year stints.
• Formed a navy.• Divided Russia into provinces.• Wanted to create a “police state”, by which he
meant a well ordered community governed by law.
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Cultural Changes
• Peter introduced Western customs and etiquette.
• In court, Russian beards had to be shaved and coats shortened.
• Peter insisted upper class women remove their veils.
• Held gathering for conversation and dancing, which mixed genders.
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St. Petersburg
• Peter’s goal was to make Russia a great power, with an important part being a port with access to Europe through the Baltic Sea.– At this time, Sweden controlled the Baltic.
• Peter warred with Sweden, and he acquired the lands he needed.
• On the Baltic in 1703 he constructed a new city, St. Petersburg.
• It was the Russian capital until 1918.
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Conclusion
• Top 3 on Section 3
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Homework
• Page 447 1,2,4-6• Take Home Quiz