Chapter 14Chapter 14Physical Growth and Physical Growth and Development from 4-Development from 4-6614.1 Physical Growth and Development 14.1 Physical Growth and Development from 4-6from 4-614.2 Providing Care for Children from 4-614.2 Providing Care for Children from 4-6

Height and WeightHeight and Weight Slightly slower compared to ages 1-3Slightly slower compared to ages 1-3 Average yearly increase in height is 2 ½ Average yearly increase in height is 2 ½

to 3 inchesto 3 inches Gain about 4-5 poundsGain about 4-5 pounds Smaller or larger gains are commonSmaller or larger gains are common

Boys tend to be slightly taller and heavier Boys tend to be slightly taller and heavier than girlsthan girls

Average heights and Average heights and weightsweights

YearsYears Height (inches)Height (inches) Weight Weight (pounds)(pounds)

44 40.740.7 36.036.0

55 43.543.5 40.540.5

66 46.046.0 45.045.0

Teamwork ActivityTeamwork Activity Divide into 4 groupsDivide into 4 groups Measure the height Measure the height

of each person and of each person and calculate the group’s calculate the group’s average height and average height and rangerange

How do the averages How do the averages and ranges and ranges compare?compare?

GroupGroup Avg HtAvg Ht Ht Ht RangeRange

11

22

33

44

Proportion and PostureProportion and Posture Body becomes straighter and slimmer between Body becomes straighter and slimmer between

44thth and 7 and 7thth birthday birthday Abdomen flattensAbdomen flattens Shoulders widenShoulders widen Chest broadens and flattensChest broadens and flattens Neck becomes longerNeck becomes longer Legs lengthen rapidly, grow straighter and Legs lengthen rapidly, grow straighter and

firmerfirmer Balance and coordination improveBalance and coordination improve

Think about itThink about it How might caregivers treat a child who is How might caregivers treat a child who is

much taller or shorter than average?much taller or shorter than average?

How could this affect the child?How could this affect the child?

What can caregivers do to prevent this What can caregivers do to prevent this problem?problem?

TeethTeeth Begin to lose primary teeth around age 6Begin to lose primary teeth around age 6 32 permanent teeth replace primary teeth32 permanent teeth replace primary teeth First permanent teeth to arrive are “6 year old First permanent teeth to arrive are “6 year old

molars” or “first molars”molars” or “first molars” 2 upper, 2 lower, back of the 20 primary teeth2 upper, 2 lower, back of the 20 primary teeth Act as a lock to keep other teeth in placeAct as a lock to keep other teeth in place

Primary teeth are lost in the order they came inPrimary teeth are lost in the order they came in

TeethTeeth http://www.kidshealth.org/kid/body/teeth_http://www.kidshealth.org/kid/body/teeth_

noSW.htmlnoSW.html

Thumb SuckingThumb Sucking 4-6 will continue to suck their thumb4-6 will continue to suck their thumb

Way to handle tension or comfort Way to handle tension or comfort themselvesthemselves

Forcing a child to quit can cause more Forcing a child to quit can cause more problems than the habit itselfproblems than the habit itself

Usually stop on their ownUsually stop on their own

Motor SkillsMotor Skills Large and small improve significantlyLarge and small improve significantly Love physical activity, very energeticLove physical activity, very energetic Learn to throw and catch large and small Learn to throw and catch large and small

balls at age 4balls at age 4 Improved speed and coordination by age Improved speed and coordination by age

55 Movements are smoothly coordinated by Movements are smoothly coordinated by

age 6age 6

ContinuedContinued 4 and 5 year olds show improved dexterity, 4 and 5 year olds show improved dexterity,

improved hand-eye coordinationimproved hand-eye coordination Children need plenty of opportunities for skill Children need plenty of opportunities for skill

developmentdevelopment Time and space to run, jump, climb for large motor Time and space to run, jump, climb for large motor

skillsskills Color, paint, cutting, and writing for small motor Color, paint, cutting, and writing for small motor

skillsskills Children with well developed small motor skills Children with well developed small motor skills

find learning to read to and write easierfind learning to read to and write easier

How Motor Skills DevelopHow Motor Skills Develop

AgeAge Small Motor Small Motor SkillsSkills

*Large Motor *Large Motor SkillsSkills

44 *lace shoes*lace shoes*dress and undress self*dress and undress self*cuts on line with scissors*cuts on line with scissors

*gallops and hops*gallops and hops*jumps forward as well as *jumps forward as well as in placein place*throws overhand with *throws overhand with body controlbody control

55 *ties shoelaces*ties shoelaces*draws recognizable person*draws recognizable person*skillfully picks up very small items*skillfully picks up very small items*buttons, snaps and zips clothing*buttons, snaps and zips clothing

*Stands and balances on *Stands and balances on tiptoes for short period and tiptoes for short period and skips, alternating feetskips, alternating feet

66 *Build block towers to *Build block towers to shoulder heightshoulder height*Cuts, pastes, molds, and *Cuts, pastes, molds, and colors skillfullycolors skillfully*Writes entire words*Writes entire words

*Throws and catches ball *Throws and catches ball with more ease and with more ease and accuracyaccuracy*Rides a bicycle*Rides a bicycle

Tie It UpTie It Up How would you teach a 5 year old to tie How would you teach a 5 year old to tie

shoelaces?shoelaces? Make a simple chart and give a visual Make a simple chart and give a visual

demonstration of the steps you would demonstration of the steps you would use. Make sure your verbal explanation use. Make sure your verbal explanation can be understood by a child during the can be understood by a child during the demonstration. Write your verbal demonstration. Write your verbal explanation with your chart and turn in. explanation with your chart and turn in. You may work with one partner.You may work with one partner.

Hand PreferenceHand Preference What inconveniences might a left-handed What inconveniences might a left-handed

person face in a right-handed world?person face in a right-handed world?

Hand PreferenceHand Preference Consistently use the same hand by age 5Consistently use the same hand by age 5

Becomes the most skillfulBecomes the most skillful Ambidextrous- use both hands with equal Ambidextrous- use both hands with equal

skillskill Research still unclear on how hand Research still unclear on how hand

preference developspreference develops What do you think?What do you think?

Hand PreferenceHand Preference Write the following sentence on a sheet of Write the following sentence on a sheet of

paper:paper:Mrs. Yarbrough is the best teacher I have ever had.Mrs. Yarbrough is the best teacher I have ever had.

Now write the same sentence with the opposite Now write the same sentence with the opposite hand!hand!

What was the experience like? How did it What was the experience like? How did it make you feel? What correlations can you make you feel? What correlations can you make between writing with your opposite hand make between writing with your opposite hand and a child learning to write?and a child learning to write?

14.2 Providing Care 14.2 Providing Care for Children from 4-6for Children from 4-6

FeedingFeeding Nutritious foods supply energy needed for Nutritious foods supply energy needed for

growth, learning, and activitygrowth, learning, and activity The amount of food needed depends on The amount of food needed depends on

height, weight, and physical activityheight, weight, and physical activity Eating 5-6 small meals and snacks a day Eating 5-6 small meals and snacks a day

rather than 3 can do better for children rather than 3 can do better for children because they provide a constant level of because they provide a constant level of energy and their stomachs are smallenergy and their stomachs are small

Poor NutritionPoor Nutrition Poor nutrition- not getting the key Poor nutrition- not getting the key

nutrients needed through foodnutrients needed through food Causes of poor nutritionCauses of poor nutrition

Lack of money Lack of money Caregiver do not understand the need for Caregiver do not understand the need for

good nutritiongood nutrition Setting an example with poor eating habitsSetting an example with poor eating habits Allowed to choose their own foodAllowed to choose their own food

What are some places that What are some places that sell prepared food that sell prepared food that children can eat?children can eat?

What makes them popular?What makes them popular?

What types of food are available?What types of food are available?

Do they provide good nutrition, how can it Do they provide good nutrition, how can it be improved?be improved?

Negative Effects of Poor Negative Effects of Poor NutritionNutrition

Less resistance to colds and illnessLess resistance to colds and illness Growth can be limitedGrowth can be limited Learning can be difficult because they Learning can be difficult because they

are tired and easily distractedare tired and easily distracted

Weight ProblemsWeight Problems Can look chunky or slim and still be Can look chunky or slim and still be

healthyhealthy Doctor or dietitian can determine if there Doctor or dietitian can determine if there

is a weight problemis a weight problem Can decide what eating and activity changes Can decide what eating and activity changes

need to be madeneed to be made What works for adults may not be What works for adults may not be

appropriate for childrenappropriate for children

ContinuedContinued When a child consistently consumes more When a child consistently consumes more

calories than the body uses, the extra calories calories than the body uses, the extra calories are stored as fatare stored as fat

A child who is underweight is not eating A child who is underweight is not eating enough food to supply energy needsenough food to supply energy needs

Overweight and underweight result from long Overweight and underweight result from long term eating habitsterm eating habits

Depends not only on quantity, but quality as Depends not only on quantity, but quality as wellwell

Eating healthy and physical activity go togetherEating healthy and physical activity go together

Promoting HealthPromoting Health Create a poster that promotes and shows Create a poster that promotes and shows

some type of physical activity that some type of physical activity that children ages 4-6 would participate in. children ages 4-6 would participate in.

Imagine that the poster will hang up Imagine that the poster will hang up inside a gym, PE classroom, childcare inside a gym, PE classroom, childcare center, or after school program.center, or after school program.

The design should be eye catching, The design should be eye catching, colorful, and appeal to ages 4-6.colorful, and appeal to ages 4-6.

Teaching Children About Teaching Children About NutritionNutrition

Nutrition lessons learned between 4-6 Nutrition lessons learned between 4-6 will stay with children through lifewill stay with children through life

Children make nutrition decisions on their Children make nutrition decisions on their own when they attend schoolown when they attend school

Nutrition at HomeNutrition at Home Help grocery shop and put away Help grocery shop and put away

groceriesgroceries Help care for a gardenHelp care for a garden Wash fruits and vegetablesWash fruits and vegetables Help with simple cooking tasksHelp with simple cooking tasks

Makes them feel proud of their contributionsMakes them feel proud of their contributions Positive time working with caregiverPositive time working with caregiver Improve small motor skillsImprove small motor skills

Nutrition at SchoolNutrition at School Eat lunch from home or one from schoolEat lunch from home or one from school What they are given to eat and what they What they are given to eat and what they

actually eat can be differentactually eat can be different Traded or thrown awayTraded or thrown away

How to Help Pack a LunchHow to Help Pack a Lunch Let them choose their own lunch boxLet them choose their own lunch box Send different foods each daySend different foods each day Make foods easy to eatMake foods easy to eat Finger foods are convenient Finger foods are convenient Sandwiches can get boringSandwiches can get boring Sweets don’t have to be “sugary” foodsSweets don’t have to be “sugary” foods Surprise such as a note or special treatSurprise such as a note or special treat

Design a Healthy LunchDesign a Healthy Lunch Create a lunch that you would pack for Create a lunch that you would pack for

your 5-6 year old child.your 5-6 year old child. The lunch should demonstrate balanced The lunch should demonstrate balanced

nutrition, be colorful, have a variety of nutrition, be colorful, have a variety of shapes and textures, and be easy to eat.shapes and textures, and be easy to eat.

Decorate your lunch bag to make it Decorate your lunch bag to make it appealing to the child. What else can you appealing to the child. What else can you add to make it special?add to make it special?

Teaching Self-Care SkillsTeaching Self-Care Skills Keeping clean, dressing themselves, and Keeping clean, dressing themselves, and

caring for clothes increasingly improvescaring for clothes increasingly improves

Washing and BathingWashing and Bathing Bathing has lost its “fun” by this ageBathing has lost its “fun” by this age Set up and maintain a hygiene routine Set up and maintain a hygiene routine

Behavior will become more acceptedBehavior will become more accepted Need praise to continue with tasksNeed praise to continue with tasks Find ways to make it funFind ways to make it fun

Brushing TeethBrushing Teeth Should develop into a routineShould develop into a routine Instruct how to effectively brush and floss teeth Instruct how to effectively brush and floss teeth Tooth decay is a concern because permanent Tooth decay is a concern because permanent

teeth are coming inteeth are coming in Dentist might recommend sealants- thin plastic Dentist might recommend sealants- thin plastic

coatings that prevent plaque from developingcoatings that prevent plaque from developing Use a toothpaste with fluoride- strengthens the Use a toothpaste with fluoride- strengthens the

outer coating of the teethouter coating of the teeth

Basic Rules of CleanlinessBasic Rules of Cleanliness

Dressing and Choosing Dressing and Choosing ClothesClothes

Can easily dress themselvesCan easily dress themselves Have difficulty in matching clothesHave difficulty in matching clothes

Can help select coordinating outfits and Can help select coordinating outfits and store them togetherstore them together

Comfort, durability, and economy are Comfort, durability, and economy are guidelines for choosing clothesguidelines for choosing clothes

ContinuedContinued Two other factors in selecting clothes:Two other factors in selecting clothes:

Definite likes and dislikesDefinite likes and dislikes Can become attached to a favorite garmentCan become attached to a favorite garment

Group identification- a feeling of belongingGroup identification- a feeling of belonging Desire to wear clothes that are popular with Desire to wear clothes that are popular with

othersothers

Caring for ClothesCaring for Clothes Once they begin to care about what they wear, Once they begin to care about what they wear,

they will want to care for their clothesthey will want to care for their clothes They can fold and hang up clothesThey can fold and hang up clothes Put dirty items in a certain placePut dirty items in a certain place Make sure storage is within reach to put Make sure storage is within reach to put

clothes awayclothes away Helps increase independence and Helps increase independence and

responsibilityresponsibility

SleepingSleeping Afternoon naps no longer existAfternoon naps no longer exist Generally more cooperative about going Generally more cooperative about going

to bedto bed Usually do not use a lot of delaying Usually do not use a lot of delaying

tacticstactics Might still want a bedtime storyMight still want a bedtime story Helps develop an interest in reading Helps develop an interest in reading

ToiletingToileting Few accidentsFew accidents If accidents do occur, the child is usually If accidents do occur, the child is usually

concentrating fully on an activity concentrating fully on an activity Might be in a new place and scared to Might be in a new place and scared to

ask where the bathroom isask where the bathroom is Sickness can lead to accidentsSickness can lead to accidents Persistent problems should be checked Persistent problems should be checked

by a doctorby a doctor

Steps to Minimize Steps to Minimize AccidentsAccidents

Have the child go to the bathroom before Have the child go to the bathroom before leaving homeleaving home

Help the child find the bathroom at a new Help the child find the bathroom at a new placeplace

Keep an extra outfit available in case an Keep an extra outfit available in case an accident does happenaccident does happen

Nightly Self-Care RoutineNightly Self-Care Routine Develop a plan for your child’s nightly Develop a plan for your child’s nightly

routineroutine It can include self-care skills and some It can include self-care skills and some

skills that require parental helpskills that require parental help Make it attractive so that you would hang Make it attractive so that you would hang

it in your child’s roomit in your child’s room