Chapter 14Chapter 14IndustrializationIndustrialization

1865-19011865-1901

The U.S. IndustrializesThe U.S. Industrializes 1860: 30 million people 1860: 30 million people

1.3 million worked in industry1.3 million worked in industry GNP: gross national productGNP: gross national product

Value of all goods and services produced Value of all goods and services produced by a countryby a country

Natural Resources: abundance of raw Natural Resources: abundance of raw materials= industrial successmaterials= industrial success Ex. Water, timber, coal, iron, copperEx. Water, timber, coal, iron, copper Petroleum: new resource Petroleum: new resource

Turned into keroseneTurned into kerosene By 1900 oil fields turned up from PA - TXBy 1900 oil fields turned up from PA - TX

Low taxes

Government debt lo

w

The U.S. IndustrializesThe U.S. Industrializes A Large WorkforceA Large Workforce

1860-1910 population tripled1860-1910 population tripled 2 causes:2 causes:

Large familiesLarge families Flood of immigrantsFlood of immigrants

Free EnterpriseFree Enterprise Laissez faire: “let do” government should Laissez faire: “let do” government should

not interfere with the economynot interfere with the economyUS raised tariffs against foreign goods other countries did the sameUS raised tariffs against foreign goods other countries did the same

New InventionsNew Inventions Alexander Graham Alexander Graham

BellBell 1874 suggested the 1874 suggested the

telephone to his telephone to his assistant Watsonassistant Watson

1876 he transmitted a 1876 he transmitted a voicevoice

1877 organized Bell 1877 organized Bell Telephone Co. Telephone Co. Became American Became American Telephone and Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T)Telegraph (AT&T)

New InventionsNew Inventions Thomas Alva EdisonThomas Alva Edison

1877 phonograph1877 phonograph 1879 perfected light 1879 perfected light

bulbbulband electric and electric generatorgenerator

Battery and motion Battery and motion picturepicture

1882 supplied 1882 supplied electricity to NYCelectricity to NYC

1889 Edison General 1889 Edison General Electric COElectric COGEGE

ImpactImpact Thaddeus LoweThaddeus Lowe: ice machine: ice machine Gustavis SwiftGustavis Swift: refrigerated RR car: refrigerated RR car Northrop auto loom-Northrop auto loom- clothing clothing

industryindustry Clothing industryClothing industry: standard sizes: standard sizes Shoe makingShoe making: factories put cobblers : factories put cobblers

out of businessout of business Cyrus FieldCyrus Field: telegraph cable across : telegraph cable across

Atlantic Atlantic

Working in the U.S.Working in the U.S. Machines replaced skilled workersMachines replaced skilled workers Conditions were dangerous and unhealthyConditions were dangerous and unhealthy High number of injuriesHigh number of injuries Rise in the standard of livingRise in the standard of living

Wages rose 50% between 1860-1890Wages rose 50% between 1860-1890 Average industrial worker made $.22 per Average industrial worker made $.22 per

hour and worked 59 hours per weekhour and worked 59 hours per week 1865-1897 US Deflation1865-1897 US Deflation

Companies cut wagesCompanies cut wages People decided to combat this by creating People decided to combat this by creating

unionsunions

Early UnionsEarly Unions

Craft workers: special skills and trainingCraft workers: special skills and training Machinists, iron molders, stonecutters, glass Machinists, iron molders, stonecutters, glass

blowers, shoemakers, printers…blowers, shoemakers, printers… Higher wages and more control over shop Higher wages and more control over shop

floorfloor Common Laborers: few skills and lower Common Laborers: few skills and lower

paypay 1830’s craft workers began to create 1830’s craft workers began to create

trade unionstrade unions

Industry Opposes UnionsIndustry Opposes Unions

Employers regarded as illegitimate Employers regarded as illegitimate conspiracies conspiracies Opposed Opposed industrial unionsindustrial unions

Techniques used to prevent: Techniques used to prevent: OathsOaths ContractsContracts Hired detectives to find out who was involvedHired detectives to find out who was involved

Those workers were fired and blacklistedThose workers were fired and blacklisted Lockouts: locked out workers then hired Lockouts: locked out workers then hired

other non-union people to replace themother non-union people to replace them

The Knights of LaborThe Knights of Labor

GoalsGoals Eight-hour workday.Eight-hour workday. Worker-owned factories.Worker-owned factories. Abolition of child and prison Abolition of child and prison

labor.labor. Equal pay for men and women.Equal pay for men and women. Safety codes in the workplace.Safety codes in the workplace. Prohibition of contract foreign Prohibition of contract foreign

labor.labor. Haymarket riot ruins Haymarket riot ruins

reputation reputation

Working WomenWorking Women

18% of labor force in 190018% of labor force in 1900 ““Women’s work”: Women’s work”:

1/3 domestic servants1/3 domestic servants 1/3 teachers, nurses, sales clerks, secretaries1/3 teachers, nurses, sales clerks, secretaries 1/3 industrial workers: garment industry and food processing 1/3 industrial workers: garment industry and food processing

plantsplants

Most unions excluded womenMost unions excluded women Women’s Trade Union League: 1Women’s Trade Union League: 1stst dedicated to dedicated to

promoting women’s issuespromoting women’s issues 8 hour day8 hour day Minimum wageMinimum wage No evening workNo evening work Abolition of child laborAbolition of child labor

Linking the NationLinking the Nation 1862 President 1862 President

Lincoln signs Pacific Lincoln signs Pacific Railway ActRailway Act Transcontinental RR Transcontinental RR

by Union Pacific and by Union Pacific and Central PacificCentral Pacific

To encourage rapid To encourage rapid construction, the construction, the gov. offered land gov. offered land grants along the way grants along the way

Chinese laborers in Chinese laborers in WestWest

Creation of time Creation of time zoneszones

Robber BaronsRobber Barons

Jay Gould “insider trading” Jay Gould “insider trading” Credit MobilierCredit Mobilier

Construction company set up by Union Construction company set up by Union PacificPacific

Including a member of Congress! Including a member of Congress! Overcharged RR - used up grants, went Overcharged RR - used up grants, went

bankruptbankrupt Gave members of Congress shares in return Gave members of Congress shares in return

for more grants for more grants