Chapter 13

The second Industrial Revolution

The 2nd Industrial Revolution

New developments in steel, chemicals, electricity and oil drove the revolution.

Steel: The Bessemer process

would make it possible to create lighter faster machines.

Electricity:

could be used for heat, light or motion.

The light bulb was invented by:

Thomas Edison in the United States

Joseph Swan in Great Britain

Electricity: What does that mean for industry?

Factory machinery Street Cars and

Subways

Communications: Alexander Graham Bell

invented the telephone.

Guglielmo Marconi sent the first radio waves across the Atlantic.

Transportation:

Internal Combustion Engine – fired by oil and gasoline will change transportation Automobiles

Airplanes

II. Manufactured Goods A. Europeans could afford to buy

more goods because:

1. Wages for workers increased.

2. Prices of goods were lower.

* Advances in industry, science, medicine, communications, & transportation led to a higher standard of living for countries leading the way in industrialization.

The Industrialized Countries

Great Britain France Netherlands Belgium Germany

Western part of Austro-Hungarian Empire

Northern Italy

1. High standard of living and transportation

Agricultural Countries Spain

Portugal

Balkans

Russia

Southern Italy

Most of Austria Hungry

They provided food and raw materials to the industrialized countries.

Europe dominated the World Economy because of:

Capital Industries Military power

Map Activity:

1. Identify the different countries on the map of Europe.

2. Then Use a color to shade in the areas that were industrialized.

3. Use a Different color to shade in the Agricultural areas.

4. Create a key explaining the two colors.

The National Basketball Players Association, saying the collective bargaining process has "completely broken down," served notice to the NBA on Monday that they plan to dissolve and pursue antitrust lawsuits against the league for the 137-day lockout.( Newsweek )

Define collective bargaining and strike.

Apply those terms to the NBA Lock-Out

IV. Changes in the Working Class

Industrial workers formed Socialist Political Parties and Socialist Trade Unions to improve working and living conditions.

1. The Communist Manifesto written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engel

- Bible of Socialism

2. Marx’s theory- Capitalism is to blame for the horrible factory conditions.

“Government is an instrument of the

Ruling class”

Organizing the Working Classes * Although early attempts by workers to form workers associations & labor unions met with government opposition, by the mid-1800s industrial workers formed socialist political parties & unions to improve their working conditions. * Working-class leaders formed parties based on the ideas of Karl Marx. * 1848, Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels published The Communist Manifesto which put forth Marxist ideology regarding both economic & social structure: 1) history advanced through conflict 2) social class that controlled production became the ruling class 3) class struggle pushed history forward 4) the proletariat would violently overthrow the bourgeoisie & create a society without classes & class conflict * One form of Marxist socialism was eventually called communism. * Some Marxists (revisionists) rejected the revolutionary program & argued that working with other parties for political & social reform was a better option. * Trade unions (labor unions) also worked for evolutionary, not revolutionary, change. * By 1914, labor unions had bettered both living and working conditions of the working classes.

Trade Unions-

In the 1870’s won the right to strike in Great Britain.

1.Collective Bargaining

Chapter 13, Section 2 The Emergence of Mass Society Social Structure of Mass Society * The new wealthy elite (aristocrats, industrialists, bankers, merchants) were at the top of European society. * The middle classes in Europe consisted of a variety of groups who tended to believe in the ideals of hard work and moral conduct. * The European urban working class consisted of skilled artisans, semi-skilled laborers, & unskilled laborers. By the early 1900s, 80% of Europe’s population belonged to the working class.

The Experiences of Women * During the 19th century, women struggled to change their status regarding economic & educational opportunities, social standing, occupational & property rights, and voting rights. * Amalie Sieveking founded the Female Association for the Care of the Poor and Sick in Hamburg, Germany. * Florence Nightingale founded a school of nursing in Britain. * Clara Barton helped transform nursing into a profession of trained, middle-class “women in white.”

* Emmeline Pankhurst & her daughters founded the Women’s Social and Political Union to fight for women’s suffrage in Britain.

Universal Education * Western nations began public education in the late 1800s because: 1) the Second Industrial Revolution created a need for trained, skilled labor, 2) more people gaining the right to vote created a need for better-educated voters, 3) primary schools helped instill patriotism.

Team map connect 1. Make a list of the countries that

were part of the Triple Alliance and then a list of the countries that were part of the Triple Entente

Chapter 13, Section 3 The National State & Democracy

Western Europe & Political Democracy * By the late 19th century, progress had been made toward establishing constitutions, parliaments, & individual liberties in the major European states. * During the 18oos, the Liberal & Conservative parties in Britain both worked to extend the right to vote to more people thru the Reform Acts of 1832, 1867, & 1884. * In France, the Third French Republic was est. in 1875. A premier (prime minister), who was responsible to the legislative body (ministerial responsibility) led the govt.

Central & Eastern Europe: The Old Order * Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia pursued policies that were quite different from those of some western European nations. * In Germany, the Kaiser & chancellor controlled the govt. By the reign of Kaiser William II, Germany had become the strongest military & industrial power in Europe. * Francis Joseph, the dual monarch of Austria-Hungary, largely ignored the parliamentary system & ministerial responsibility within his empire. * In Russia, Nicholas II began his rule believing that the absolute power of the czars should be preserved. * Eventually, Nicholas II was forced to grant civil liberties & create a legislative body called the Duma after the Revolution of 1905 broke out due to “Bloody Sunday.”

The United States & Canada * Between 1870 & 1914, the U.S. became an industrial power with a foreign empire. Canada faced problems of national unity during this period. * The 13th, 14th, & 15th amendments to the U.S. Constitution all affected former slaves by abolishing slavery, giving citizenship to formerly enslaved African Americans, & giving the right to vote to African American males. * The U.S. annexed Hawaii in 1898 after deposing Queen Liliuokalani. * Also in 1898, the U.S. defeated Spain in the Spanish-American War & acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, & the Philippines. * While Canada expanded territorially from the Atlantic to the Pacific during the 1800s, unity in Canada was difficult to achieve due to the distrust between the English-speaking & French-speaking peoples of Canada.

Triple Alliance

Bismarck formed the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy in 1882. It was a

defensive alliance against France, whom Bismarck feared was making anti-German

alliances with other nations. In 1890 William II fired Bismarck and pursued a foreign

policy of enhancing Germany’s power.

Triple Entente

William II dropped Germany’s treaty with Russia. In 1894 France and Russia made an alliance.

Great Britain joined with France and Russia in what was known as the Triple Entente.

Europe was now divided into two uncompromising camps.

Events in the Balkans moved the world toward war.

Map Activity

Guam

Puerto Rico

Samoa

Philippine

Hawaii

Puerto Rico

Somoa

Guam

Philippians

Hawaii

Wrapping up!

Use The Boiling Point Cartoon to answer the 3 questions.

Then we will discuss how to use cartoons to interpret history.

Chapter 13-4

Changes for the Future

Chapter 13, Section 4 Toward the Modern Consciousness

* Early 1900s, Albert Einstein introduced the theory of relativity, stating that space & time are relative to the observer. * Marie Curie’s experimentation with radium & other radioactive elements changed the worlds view of the atom. * Sigmund Freud believed human behavior was strongly determined by repressed experiences. Freud developed method known as psychoanalysis to probe deeply into a patient’s memory. * Social Darwinism claimed that social progress comes from survival of the strong & fit. * Anti-Semitism, hostility & discrimination against Jews, increased throughout Europe, but especially in Eastern Europe. * Zionist movement developed which called for a Jewish national homeland. * Impressionist painter Claude Monet sought to capture the interplay of light, water,& sky. * Vincent van Gogh was a Postimpressionist painter for whom art was a spiritual experience. * Pablo Picasso created a new style of painting called cubism.

Marie Curie A French

scientist who discovered radium, an element that gave off energy.

Why does this matter?

Albert Einstein German-born physicist

His special theory of relativity stated that space and time are not absolute but are relative to the observer.

Matter was now believed to be energy, an idea that led to understanding the energies within atoms and to the Atomic Age.

Sigmund Freud o He proposed ground

breaking theories about the human mind and human nature.

o Freud argued that human behavior is strongly influenced by past experiences and internal forces that people for the most part are not aware of.

o His method was called psychoanalysis.

The Culture of Modernity Between 1870 and 1914 many artists and

writers rebelled against traditional artistic and literary styles, creating a style called modernism.

Symbolists argued that art should be about the inner life of people and should serve only art, not social progress.

Impressionism Impressionism was a movement that

began in France in the 1870s, Claude Monet was an impressionist.

Artists left the studio and painted outdoors, hoping to capture the light that illuminated objects, rather than the objects themselves.

Claude MonetFrench Impressionist

Painter

Vincent van Gogh Postimpressionism arose in France and

Europe in the 1880s. Vincent van Gogh was a famous Postimpressionist.

For him, art was a spiritual experience. He believed color was its own kind of language.

The Starry Night

George Eastman Art begins to focused less on accuracy. This

job was given to the emerging genre of photography.

Photography spread after

George Eastman created his first Kodak camera in

1888. Now anyone could

capture reality.

Modern Art Artists came to see their strength was in

creating reality, not mirroring it as the camera did. These artists found meaning in individual consciousness and created modern art.

Pablo Picasso famous figure in

modern art.

He was Spanish and began his career by 1905.

He created a new style, called cubism, that used geometric designs to recreate reality. He painted objects from many different views at once.

Abstract Painting

In 1910 abstract painting began with Wassily Kandinsky, who sought to avoid visual reality entirely.

Functionalism Modernism in

architecture gave rise to functionalism—buildings should be designed to be useful. In the United States, the Chicago School architect Louis H. Sullivan designed skyscrapers and other Chicago landmarks.

Frank Lloyd Wright "Form Follows Function”

Frank Lloyd Wright was one of Sullivan’s most successful pupils.