Chapter 13Chapter 13The Great WarThe Great War

Honors World HistoryHonors World HistoryC. SimmonsC. Simmons

Chapter 13 Section 1Chapter 13 Section 1

Marching Toward WarMarching Toward War

Rising Tensions in EuropeRising Tensions in Europe1.1. Rise of Nationalism – caused rise of Rise of Nationalism – caused rise of

competition among European competition among European Powers, intense feelings of Powers, intense feelings of independenceindependence

2.2. Imperialism & Militarism – mistrust Imperialism & Militarism – mistrust and rivalry deepened for overseas and rivalry deepened for overseas conquest, arms races and conquest, arms races and mobilization plans fuel militarismmobilization plans fuel militarism

Tangled AlliancesTangled Alliances► Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-

Hungary, and ItalyHungary, and Italy► Triple Entente – Britain, France, RussiaTriple Entente – Britain, France, Russia1.1. Alliances formed for protection and Alliances formed for protection and

emergency situationsemergency situations2.2. Shifting Alliances cause problems Shifting Alliances cause problems

(Russia/Germany)(Russia/Germany)► These alliances could draw all the These alliances could draw all the

major European Powers into fightingmajor European Powers into fighting

Crisis in the BalkansCrisis in the Balkans►Many ethnic groups vie for power and Many ethnic groups vie for power and

independence, Ottoman Empire is independence, Ottoman Empire is decliningdeclining

► Some gain independence: Bulgaria, Some gain independence: Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, SerbiaGreece, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia

► Controversy over creation of Slavic stateControversy over creation of Slavic state► Tensions rise b/t Austria and SerbiaTensions rise b/t Austria and Serbia► ““Shot heard throughout Europe” – Shot heard throughout Europe” –

assassination of Franz Ferdinand heir to assassination of Franz Ferdinand heir to Austrian-Hungarian throne (Gavrilo Princip Austrian-Hungarian throne (Gavrilo Princip member of the Black Hand)member of the Black Hand)

► This event marked the beginning of This event marked the beginning of military actions in Europe called WWImilitary actions in Europe called WWI

Chapter 13 Section 2Chapter 13 Section 2

Europe PlungesEurope Plunges into Warinto War

The Great War BeginsThe Great War Begins► In response to Austria’s declaration of War In response to Austria’s declaration of War

others mobilize armies due to treaty others mobilize armies due to treaty obligations and alliances.obligations and alliances.

►Germany first to act declaring war on Russia Germany first to act declaring war on Russia and France, Great Britain responded and France, Great Britain responded declaring war on Germanydeclaring war on Germany

► Sides were now clearly drawn Sides were now clearly drawn ► Central powers - Germany, Austria-Central powers - Germany, Austria-

Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria vs. Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria vs. Allies – Britain, Russia, France Allies – Britain, Russia, France

A Bloody StalemateA Bloody Stalemate► Western front was deadlocked (France) Map page Western front was deadlocked (France) Map page

412412► Schlieffen Plan – Germany’s plan for a two front Schlieffen Plan – Germany’s plan for a two front

warwar► Battle of the Marne – major allied victory as taxis Battle of the Marne – major allied victory as taxis

rushed troops to front in Parisrushed troops to front in Paris► Trench warfare – miles of trenches allowed no Trench warfare – miles of trenches allowed no

advance of either side, area in b/t trenches called advance of either side, area in b/t trenches called “no man’s land”“no man’s land”

► Life in trenches was miserable – disease, rodents, Life in trenches was miserable – disease, rodents, cold, faminecold, famine

► New technologies – machine guns, tanks, poison New technologies – machine guns, tanks, poison gas, large artillery, killing became an art formgas, large artillery, killing became an art form

► Verdun in 1916 each side lost approximately Verdun in 1916 each side lost approximately 300,000, Battle of Somme British lost 20,000 in 300,000, Battle of Somme British lost 20,000 in first dayfirst day

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

The Battle on the Eastern The Battle on the Eastern FrontFront

►Eastern Front – German and Russian Eastern Front – German and Russian bordersborders

►Russia struggles b/c of lack of supplies, Russia struggles b/c of lack of supplies, Russia had yet to industrializeRussia had yet to industrialize

►Allied supply shipments to Russia were Allied supply shipments to Russia were stifled due to submarine warfarestifled due to submarine warfare

►Russians had one asset its numbers, and Russians had one asset its numbers, and after loses rebuilt ranks and continuedafter loses rebuilt ranks and continued

Chapter 13 Section 3Chapter 13 Section 3

A Global ConflictA Global Conflict

War Affects the WorldWar Affects the World►Gallipoli campaign – Allied attack on the Gallipoli campaign – Allied attack on the

Ottoman Empire (strait of Dardanelles), Ottoman Empire (strait of Dardanelles), wanted supply line to Russiawanted supply line to Russia

► Assaults on Germany’s colonial possessions in Assaults on Germany’s colonial possessions in Asia by Japan and Africa by French and EnglishAsia by Japan and Africa by French and English

► Unrestricted submarine warfare - the sinking of Unrestricted submarine warfare - the sinking of any ship without warning (Lusitania) 128 US any ship without warning (Lusitania) 128 US citizens died (blockade of Britain)citizens died (blockade of Britain)

► Zimmerman Telegram – attempted German Zimmerman Telegram – attempted German ploy to lure Mexico into central powersploy to lure Mexico into central powers

► US enters war April 2, 1917 as an Allied PowerUS enters war April 2, 1917 as an Allied Power

War Affects the HomefrontWar Affects the Homefront►Total War – all resources were devoted to Total War – all resources were devoted to

the war effortthe war effort►Conversion of all factories to war Conversion of all factories to war

productionproduction►Disappearance of unemploymentDisappearance of unemployment►Rationing became a common staple of Rationing became a common staple of

societysociety►Suppression of anti-war activity, Suppression of anti-war activity,

propaganda designed to keep up morale propaganda designed to keep up morale support for warsupport for war

►Women replaced men in the workforce, Women replaced men in the workforce, women on battlefield near front lines as women on battlefield near front lines as nursesnurses

Propaganda PostersPropaganda Posters

Allies Win the WarAllies Win the War► Russian revolutions led to interim leader V. Russian revolutions led to interim leader V.

Lenin pulling Russia out of the war and giving Lenin pulling Russia out of the war and giving Germany a victory on the Eastern Front Germany a victory on the Eastern Front (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk)(Treaty of Brest-Litovsk)

►Germany able to send all troops to western Germany able to send all troops to western front, l to meet 140,000 fresh US troops – front, l to meet 140,000 fresh US troops – Second Battle of the MarneSecond Battle of the Marne

► Allies win battle and 2 million more US troops Allies win battle and 2 million more US troops helps allies slowly advance toward Germanyhelps allies slowly advance toward Germany

► November 11, 1918 WWI endedNovember 11, 1918 WWI ended

The Legacy of the WarThe Legacy of the War►Ushered in new techniques of fightingUshered in new techniques of fighting►War on global scaleWar on global scale►Approx 10 million soldiers deadApprox 10 million soldiers dead►Approx 40 million soldiers woundedApprox 40 million soldiers wounded►Approx 60 million civilians killed due to Approx 60 million civilians killed due to

slaughter, starvation, disease, slaughter, starvation, disease, ►Death to a generation of EuropeansDeath to a generation of Europeans►Economic disasterEconomic disaster

Chapter 13 Section 4Chapter 13 Section 4

A Flawed PeaceA Flawed Peace

The Allies meet and debateThe Allies meet and debate► The Big Four: Britain, France, US, and Italy – The Big Four: Britain, France, US, and Italy –

made all the decisionsmade all the decisions►Disagreement on how to bring about peaceDisagreement on how to bring about peace►Wilson’s plan – 14 Points: (1)end secret Wilson’s plan – 14 Points: (1)end secret

treaties, (2)freedom of seas, (3)free trade, treaties, (2)freedom of seas, (3)free trade, (4)reduce militarism, (5)colonial policies, (6-(4)reduce militarism, (5)colonial policies, (6-13)changing borders and new nations, (14) 13)changing borders and new nations, (14) point was the League of Nations – association point was the League of Nations – association of nations to promote peaceful resolutions to of nations to promote peaceful resolutions to problemsproblems

► Treaty of Versailles – punished Germany forced Treaty of Versailles – punished Germany forced to pay reparations, caused many problems in to pay reparations, caused many problems in the futurethe future

A Troubled TreatyA Troubled Treaty► Treaties created bitterness and betrayal Treaties created bitterness and betrayal

among the victors and defeatedamong the victors and defeated► Bloc nations created with treaty – Yugoslavia, Bloc nations created with treaty – Yugoslavia,

Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia ►Other ottoman lands was split up among Other ottoman lands was split up among

European powersEuropean powers► Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania

became independentbecame independent► US left dominant nation in world, others left US left dominant nation in world, others left

upset wanting moreupset wanting more