chapter 13 section 1:origins of the industrial revolution objective: trace the development of the...

CHAPTER 13

Section 1: Origins of the Industrial Revolution

Objective:

Trace the development of the inventions and technological innovations that were essential to the Industrial Revolution.

The Industrial Revolution

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Ch 13.1 Bell Ringer:Who were some of the inventors of the Industrial Revolution and how were their inventions used?

Write this question – complete the next slide’s chart.

Origins of the Industrial Revolution

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Jethro Tull

Eli Whitney

Henry Bessemer

Invention Function of Invention IndustryInventor

James Watt

Samuel Morse

Richard Arkwright

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To understand the importance of the Industrial Revolution, you have to know what life was like before it.

Many things had remained unchanged for centuries.

Life was mainly based on farming, with families producing enough for their own needs. Craftspeople also worked on a local level, making and mending things for their neighbors

with little contact with the outside world.

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The slow pace of life was hardly different from that of the Middle Ages.

Water mills, windmills, and horses or oxen provided the only extra power, and most work was still down

by hand.

Few people realized that all this was set to change.

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Before the Industrial Revolution, there was an Agricultural

Revolution . . .

What is a revolution?

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Enclosure Movement

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Jethro Tull

Seed Drill 1701 …resulted in farming becoming less labor intensive and allowed

farmers to grow crops on a much larger scale.

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Charles “Turnip” Townshend

crop rotation

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Other improvements increased production and made farm labor easier…

Iron plows would replace wooden ones.

…plow with a replaceable blade.

By 1800s, many farm workers wereforced out and headed to the cities.

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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

… is a term used to describe the transformation from an

agricultural nation to an industrial nation.

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Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in

Great Britain?

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Factors of Production

• Land– All natural resources

• Labor– Workers who migrated into the cities

• Capital– Tools, machinery, equipment, MONEY

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Where is theIndustrialRevolutiontaking rootin Great Britain?

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Textile Industry

• In 1600s, men and women carded the wool, spun thread and wove cloth by hand at home …

The oldest known representation of a horizontal treadle-loom. 13th century English manuscript.

Visual Source


Carding the wool Spinning the thread and weaving

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The textile industry would be the first industry to be mechanized.

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John Kayflying shuttleflying shuttle

Increased the speed thathandweavers could work –

Began to weave faster thanthread could be supplied!

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James Hargreavesspinning jennyspinning jenny

Produced EIGHT times moreThread than a singleSpinning wheel!

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RichardArkwrightspinning framespinning frameProduced stronger threadsfor yarnsPowered by water-wheelBuilt first textile mill in 1771Beginning of the modern factory system

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EdmundCartwrightwater poweredwater poweredloomloomProduced as much as 200hand-loom operators

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Need more cotton!

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Eli Whitney’s cotton gin

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Water power had drawbacks . . .

A more dependable and portable power supply was needed!

STEAM!First recorded steamengine invented by a Greekin the first century AD

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James Watt would improve on the Newcomen steam engine …

ModernSteamEngine1769

Now it would be used to drivethe new spinning & weaving

machines!

Visual Source


Allegory on the significance of steam power, c.1850

Details from thecartoon

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More Machines? Need more iron ore . . . And coal to separate it.

But cast iron couldn’t withstand high steam pressure . . .

Henry Bessemerdeveloped the first process for mass-producing steel inexpensively

Same basic process is used today!

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Technology would be applied to other industries …

Gas Lights

First public street lighting – 1807 in LondonSamuel Clegg

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Charles Goodyear – father of modern rubber industry

vulcanization

1844

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Oil Industry Began in the mid-1800s

Produced as an unwelcome byproduct from brine wells in Pennsylvania …

1849 first distillation of kerosene from crude oil1857 kerosene lamp forces whale oil lamps off the market1859 first oil well dug at Titusville, PA

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Transportation Revolution• Stone topped roads

• Canals

• Steam locomotive – George Stephenson

• Robert Fulton - father of steam navigation

“Fulton’s Folly”The Clermont 1807

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Communications Revolution• 1800 Alessandro Volta – first

battery with steady flow of current

• 1820s Andre Ampère – founded the science of electromagnetism

• 1844 Samuel Morse - telegraph

Political Cartoon


1882 Punch magazinedetailing potential of electricity’s use tosociety …

Political Cartoon

Origins of the Industrial RevolutionPUNCH December 26, 1902

DEVELOPMENT OF WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY—SCENE IN HYDE PARK.

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Spread of Industry Worldwide• Lagged in other European countries

• France encouraged building of railroads, remained agricultural

• Germany did not have a central gov’t until the 1870s

• Ahhh . . . But in the United States? Industry THRIVED!

• by 1869 – intercontinental railroad joined the East and West coasts …

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Political Cartoon


Consequences of urbanization:A Punch magazine cartoon from 1858 shows Father Thames with 'his offspring', diphtheria, scrofula and cholera.

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‘Capital and Labour’, Punch Magazine, May, 1843

This illustrator was already predicting the outcome of industrialization.

Political Cartoon


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Any questions?

Close your books –Time for your Open Note Quiz!

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In the print The Horses 'Going to the Dogs' (1829) Cruikshank showed his dislike of the steam carriage that had been invented by Goldsworthy Gurney.

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Jethro Tull

Eli Whitney

Henry Bessemer

seed drill, horse-drawn hoe

cotton gin

Bessemer process

planted seeds in straight rows; dug up weeds and broke up soil

cleaned more cotton in a day than hand laborers could

used to make steel

agriculture

textile

textile and transportation

Invention Function of Invention IndustryInventor

James Watt modern steam engine

powered engines for factories and transportation of goods

textile and transportation

Samuel Morse Morse code/telegraph

communication communication

Richard Arkwright

water power to drive spinning wheel

increased level of production textile

chapter 13 section 1:origins of the industrial revolution objective: trace the development of the...

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