chapter 13: primative fishes.... polypteriformes primitive traits –ganoid scales –lung-like gas...
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Chapter 13: Primative Fishes...Chapter 13: Primative Fishes...
Polypteriformes• Primitive Traits
– Ganoid Scales
– Lung-like gas bladder –gulp air & survive in low O2
– Spiracle– Spiral Valve– Heterocercal Tail
• Unique Traits– “Lobed” Fins – coelocanths or lungfishes
– Dorsal fins – 5 – 18 separate dorsal fins• Restricted to Africa; aquarium fish; “birchirs”
Polypteriformes- coelocanth, ancient fish??Polypteriformes- coelocanth, ancient fish??
Polypteriformes- lungfishPolypteriformes- lungfish
Birchir
Acipenseriformes:
• Cartilaginous skeletons lacking central vertebral
• Strongly heterocercal tail
• Anus and urogenital openings at base of pelvic fins
• Spiracle present in some species
• Conus arteriosus with multiple valves
• Spiral valve present in intestine
Acipenseriformes:• Sturgeons:
– Bony scutes
– Sensory barbels
– Mostly freshwater —few marine and anadromous
– Prized for eggs = cavier
– Caspian and Black Seas of western Asia
– Stock collapsing (Asian)
– Shovelnose sturgeon and pallid sturgeon
– Very fecund; mature at a late age
Acipenseriformes:• Paddlefish:
– Lack bony scutes; long rostrum
– 2 genera : American (Polyodon spathula)
Chinese Paddlefish (Psepherus gladius)
– American: “Spoonbill cat”
– Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri Rivers
– Planktivore; Long, narrow gill rakers
– Up to 2m long; 75 kg
– Rostrum: electrosensory function?
-- rooting through sediment?
Acipenseriformes:
• Paddlefish:
–Chinese (Psepherus gladius) : – Yangtze River system– Smaller rostrum– Presumed piscivorous – Danger of extinction:
» Dam construction» overfishing
Semionotiformes: Gars
• Thick ganoid scales
• Bony head and snout
• Long jaws with strong sharp teeth
• Spiral valve intestine
• Gas bladder divided internally
• Dorsal an anal fins set far back on body
Semionotiformes: GarsSemionotiformes: Gars• Primitive predatorsPrimitive predators
• N. AmericaN. America
• 1 species in Cuba1 species in Cuba
• All but one freshwaterAll but one freshwater
– Alligator gar occasionally enters SWAlligator gar occasionally enters SW
• Gas bladder divided internallyGas bladder divided internally
• Dorsal an anal fins set far back on bodyDorsal an anal fins set far back on body
Order Ammiiformes• One species, the bowfin (Amia calva)
• Heterocercal tail
• Rudimentary spiral valve intestine
• Cycloid scales
• Physostomous gas bladder
Order Ammiformes• Bowfin:
– Predatory species
– Sucks prey into its mouth (canine teeth)
– Swims via undulations of long dorsal fin
– Gulping air for surviving low O2 waters
– Males build and defend nests
– Defends young until
they are 10 cm long
– Edible? …depends!
Not as primative, but still “old”
Division Teleostei
• Cycloid or ctenoid scales (when present)
• Lack of spiral valve intestine
• three or four lower jaw bones per side
Primitive vs. Advanced TraitsPrimitive Advanced
Elongated bodies with 50-60vertebrae
Deeper bodies with 20-30vertebrae
Single dorsal fin towardsmiddle or posterior of body
Multiple dorsal fins beginningmore anterior
Fins with soft rays only Fins with spines and soft rays
Pectoral fins ventral Pectoral fins high on sides ofbody
Pelvic fins towards posterior Pelvic fins below pectorals
Premaxilla and maxillainvolved in gape of jaw andbear teeth
Maxilla limited to angle ofjaw, does not bear teeth
Non-protrusible jaw Protrusible Jaw
Primitive vs. Advanced (continued)
Primitive Advanced
Physostomous gas bladder Physoclistous gas bladder
Separate Liver and Pancreas Hepatopancreas
Cycloid scales Ctenoid Scales
Division Teleostei
• Divided into 4 groups:
• Osteoglossomorpha – bonytongues, mooneyes
• Elopomorpha – tarpons and eels
• Clupeomorpha – herrings
• Euteleostei – everything else
Subdivision Osteoglossomorpha• Mostly tropical species of Africa, Asia, and
South America• Have enhanced electrosensory abilities• Some used as food & some angling• Mostly aquarium species• Examples:• Arawanas – popular aquarium fish• Mooneye – herring-like fish from the Great Lakes
Region. Some value as sport and food fish
Arawana
Hiodon tergisusHiodon tergisus
MooneyeMooneye
Subdivision Elopomorpha
• Characterized by leptocephalus larva– Long and laterally compressed– Evidence of phylogenetic
affinity with eels
• Order Elopiformes• Order Anguiliformes
– Suborder Anguilloidei– Suborder Muranoidei– Suborder Congroidei
• Order Saccopharyngiformes
Elopamorpha
• O. Elopiformes – tarpon, bonefish, ladyfish- important recreational species- No market for meat- Sought for large size and active fighting habits
Elopamorpha
• Order Anguilliformes – eels- 20 families of eels- Elongated bodies with large number of vertebrae- Pectoral fins reduced in size- Pelvic fins absent- Scales: reduced in size or absent
Elopamorpha
• Suborder Anguilloidei- American, European and Japanese eels (Anguilla)- Catadromous – spawn in SW, mature in FW
- American and European eels:- Spawn in deep waters in central N. Atlantic
- Leptocephali drift with current
- Transform into threadlike elvers
- Ascend rivers and spend several years there maturing
Elopamorpha• Suborder Muraenoidei
- Moray eels of tropical oceans- Lack pectoral fins- Some have venomous bite
Elopamorpha
• Suborder Congroidei- Large group of marine eels- Some used for food
Elopamorpha
• Order Saccopharyngiformes – eels- Group of bizarre deep-sea fishes- Includes:
- Gulper eels- Snipe eels
Subdivision Clupeomorpha
• Herrings and anchovies
• Important food fishes
• Silvery, compressiform fishes
• Large silvery scales
Subdivision Clupeomorpha• Soft rays only
• Large easily shed cycloid scales
• Bony scutes on ventral and sometimes dorsal surfaces
• Gas bladder extends anterior into the skull (otophystic)
– Helps transmit low frequency sounds to the ear
Subdivision Clupeomorpha
• Order Clupeiformes• Mostly marine planktivores
- some freshwater, anadromous, and predatory forms
• Extremely high biomass• Important role in food chain
- gizzard and threadfin shad typically stocked as a forage base for pike and largemouth bass,
• Large scale fisheries exist for marine species• Some consumed by humans• Used in animal feeds and fertilizers• Population dependent on plankton abundance
which is dictated by ocean circulation• Upwelling of cold nutrient rich water
• Nutrients phytoplankton bloom zooplankton anchovies
• El Niño
Order ClupeiformesOrder Clupeiformes
Subdivision Euteleostei
• Encompasses all remaining fish
• Large assemblage of fishes
• Possess more advanced characteristics
Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi
• Possess “Webberian Apparatus”
- modified anterior vertebrae and special bony connections between gas bladder and ear
• Contains:
- minnows
- suckers
- tetras
- catfishes
Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi
• Order Gonorhynchiformes
• Order Cypriniformes– Family Cyprinidae– Family Catastomidae
• Order Characiformes
• Order Siluriformes
• Order Gymnotiformes
Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi
• Order Gonorhynchiformes- milkfish (Chanos chanos)- Important aquaculture species in SE Asia- Raised in earthen ponds
- Important source of animal protein
Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi
• Order Cypriniformes:– Family Cyprinidae:
- Jaw Teeth Absent
- Adipose Fin Absent
- Barbels Present
- N. America and Eurasia
- Base forage
Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi
• Order Cypriniformes:– Family Cyprinidae:– Grass Carp:
– Introduced species
– Herbivore
– Eradicates vegetation
– Illegal to stock or sell diploids
– Triploids acceptable
3. a. Name this fish__________________
b. What is the order this fish belongs too?
______________
4. a. Name the fish:b. Genus:_________species:_____________ c. Why is this fish important?
5. What family (order) of fish are represented here? ______
3. a. Common carp
b. What is the order this fish belongs too? Cypriniformes
4. a. Name the fish:Channel Catfishb. Genus: Ictalurus species: punctatus c. Why is this fish important? Food!
5. What family (order) of fish are represented here? Cyprinidae (cypriniformes)
Cyprinidae; Minnows
• Order Cypriniformes:– Family Catastomidae:– suckers
– Fleshy protrusible lips
– White and spotted suckers
– Buffalo fishes
– Redhorses
– Quillbacks
– carpsuckers
Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi
• Order Characiformes:
Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi
- Jaw Teeth Present
- Adipose Fin Present
- Barbels Absent
- S. America, C. America, and Africa
Charachidae: Tetras
Siluriformes
• Lack Scales, often with bony plates on head or body
• Teeth present on premaxillary, absent on maxillary
• Many have venomous “spines” composed of fused soft rays
- venom gland at base of spine
Siluriformes
• Well developed sensory barbels
• Usually an adipose fin
• Found on all continents except Antartica
• Some marine (gafftop and sea catfish)
• Greatest diversity in S. America
• Important food source
• Important game and aquarium fishes
Gymnotiformes• Unusual electrical fishes• South and Central America• Elongated bodies and small eyes• Sometimes called S. American knifefishes• Modified muscle tissue for production of
electrical fields• Electric eel (produce more than 500 volts)
Class Osteichthyes
Infradivision: Euteleostei
True teleostsTrue teleosts
Minnows, Characins, and Catfishes
CHAPTER 18
Suberorder: OstariophysiSuberorder: Ostariophysi
•6500 species
•Dominant freshwater fishes
•Some of most important aquaculture species
Suberorder: OstariophysiSuberorder: OstariophysiSix Characteristics of group
1. Have fright substance (Schreckstoff) released into water when fish is injured
2. Swimbladder is present and usually has two chambers3. Unculi present: small unicellular projections on body
that may provide rough surface for clinging or scraping4. Breeding tubercles well developed5. Upper jaw (premaxilla) easily extended for suction
feeding6. Pelvic fins abdominal in position
Order: GonorynchiformesOrder: Gonorynchiformes
• Toothless mouths
• Epibranchial organs (modified gill rakers for breaking up ingested food
Family ChanidaeFamily Chanidae
Milkfish
• Marine and brackish water species
• One of most important food fishes of Southeast Asia
• Adults to 1.8 m
• Silvery sides
• Deeply forked tails
Milkfish Chanos chanos
Order CypriniformesOrder Cypriniformes
• Dominate freshwter fishes of North America and Eurasia
• 2700 species• Most possess protractile mouths without teeth• Most posses pharyngeal teeth• Heads lack scales (with few exceptions)• All lack adipose fins
Family CyprinidaeFamily CyprinidaeMinnow or Carp familyMinnow or Carp family
Largest family of fishesIncludes:• Minnows• Danios• Rasabora• Barbs• Goldfish• Koi• Loaches• Ornamental sharks• carps
CyprinidaeCyprinidae
• Largest family of fishes• More than 2,000 species• The Cyprinidae are scattered throughout most of
the world, and include cold water types as well as those of tropical waters.
• Members distinguished by their pharyngeal teeth• Most have soft fin rays; however, modified into
spines in common carp and goldfish
CyprinidaeCyprinidaeSome ImagesSome Images
Notropis hypselopterus
Sailfin shinerSailfin shiner
Flagfin shinerFlagfin shiner
Notropis signipinnis
Taillight shinerTaillight shiner
Notropis maculatus
Bluenose shinerBluenose shiner
Notripis welaka
Blacktail shinerBlacktail shiner
Cyprinella venusta
Opsopoeodus emiliae emiliae
Pugnose shinerPugnose shiner
Notemigonus crysoleucas
Golden shinerGolden shiner
Notropis rubellus
Rosyface shinerRosyface shiner
Campostoma anomalum
Central stonerollerCentral stoneroller
Rosy barbRosy barb
Puntius conchonius
Asia
Sumatra barbSumatra barbPuntius tetrazona
Southeast Asia
Pearl danioPearl danioBrachydanio albolineatus
Asia
Zebra danioZebra danio
Danio rerio
Asia
White cloud mountain minnowWhite cloud mountain minnow
Tanichthys albonubes
China, Vietnam
Three-lined rasboraThree-lined rasbora
Rasbora trilineata
East Asia
GoldfishGoldfish
Carassius auratus auratus
Central Asia and China
Common carpCommon carp
Cyprinus carpio carpio
Throughout Europe and Asia
Grass carpGrass carp
Ctenopharyngodon idella
Asis, former USSR, China
Silver carpSilver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
Asia, China, and eastern Siberia
Red-Finned SharkRed-Finned SharkEpalzeorhynchus frenatus
Southeast Asia
Family CatastomidaeFamily CatastomidaeSuckersSuckers
• Mainly North American
• 68 species
• Most live in streams
• Mostly bottom browsers with subterminal mouths
Sonora suckerSonora sucker
Catostomus insignis
Western United States
Family CobitidaeFamily CobitidaeLoaches, BotiaLoaches, Botia
• Found mostly in streams of Eurasia
• 160 species
• Popular aquarium fishes
• All have subterminal mouths
Clown loachClown loach
Botia macracanthus
Sumatra, Borneo
Order CharaciformesOrder Characiformes
• Mexico, Central and South America; 1,350 species• Africa; 200 species• In South America charicins (and catfish) totally dominate fish fauna• Presently 18 families, but will change• Most are diurnal predators with large eyes• No eyes in some cave dwellers
African Characins• Four families
• More than 200 species• Some have specialized jaws for snipping off shunks of fins of other fishes• Include African tetras (Alestidae), formally in Characidae - same family as S. American tetras. These are sold in the aquarium trade• Most notable Alestidae are African tigerfishes
Hydrocynus goliath Giant tigerfish
Congo River basin, Lualaba River, Lake Upemba, and Lake Tanganyika
Characidae
• South and Central America
• Approximately 700 species
• One species in N. America
• All have good sets of jaw teeth
• Variety of feeding habits found
• Some species feed largely on scales of other fishes
Serrasalmus manueli
Amazon Basin Orinoco Basin
Pygocentrus cariba Black spot piranha
Orinoco Basin
Colossoma macropomum
Tambaqui
Amazon and Orinoco Basins
Colossoma teeth
Acestrohynchidae
Lie and wait predators; Brazil
CtenoluciidaePike-characids
Lie and wait predator: S. America
Cynodontidae
Brazil, northern
S. America
Gasteropelecidaehatchetfishes
South America
AnostomidaeHeadstanders
Herbivores or detritivores; S. America
SiluriformesCatfishes
• Active after dark• 2400 species• 1- 4 pairs of barbels• Adipose fin• No scales but may have armored plates• Spines on forward edge of pectoral and dorsal fins• Pectoral spines lock out• Have Weberian apparatus
Callichthyidae
• Moderately deep bodied (flattened ventrally
• Protected with bony plates and spines
• Often live in stagnant water
• Able to swallow air and absorb in highly vascularized portion of hind gut
• Found in S. America and Panama
Spotted corydoras Corydoras ambiacus
Flagtail catfish
Dianema urostriatum
DoradidaeThorny catfishes
• Found in South America
Megalodoras uranoscopus
Raphael catfishPlatydoras costatus
Ripsaw catfishOxydoras niger
MochokidaeUpside-down catfish
All from Africa
SiluridaeGlass catfish and sheatfishes
Ghost Catfish Kryptopterus minor; SE Asia
Family Loricariidae
Armored catfishes
• Also called suckermouth catfishes
• Adapted for acraping or sucking algae from bottom in streams
• Mouths adapted for holding onto rocks in fast water
• Found in Costa Rica, Panama, and South America
Acanthicus adonis
Bushymouth catfish Ancistrus dolichopterus
Chocolate-colored catfishRineloricaria lanceolata
AriidaeHardhead and gafftopsail catfish
• Feed on benthic inverts
• Noisy schools created by clicking of pectoral spines and vibration of swimbladder
• Males incubate eggs in mouth
• Primarily marine
Gafftopsail sea catfishBagre marinus
Clariidae
• Walking catfish
• Air breathing
• “Walk” using pectoral fins and swinging from side to side
• Clarius Batrachus (Asia) has become pest in Florida
African catfishClarias gariepinus
Walking catfishClarius batrachus
IctaluridaeNorth American catfishes
• Scaleless
• Usually dark in color
• Large flattened heads
• 8 barbels
• High degree of parental care; build nests and guard eggs and young
• Channel catfish #1 aquaculture foodfish in United States
Channel catfishIctalurus punctatus
Blue catfishIctalurus furcatus
Shark catfishesPangasiidae
• Endemic to Mekong Basin
• Rare because of overexploitation
• aquaculture species
Giant catfish Pangasianodon gigas
Max. recorded weight, 350kg
CHAPTER 19Smelt, Salmon, and Pike
Class – Osteichthyes
Subclass – Actinopterygii
Subdivision – Teleostei
Infradivision – Euteleostei
Superorder - Protacanthopterygii
Superorder Protacanthopterygii
• This group supposed to contain the presumed ancestors to the spiny-rayed fishes (Acanthopterygii) that dominate the world’s oceans
• Contains 310 species in 3 orders
• Lack spines
• Many have adipose fins
• Species in fresh and marine environments
Order Argentiniformes
• Contains more than 160 species from 7 families
• All small fishes with large eyes
• Live in deep sea environments
• All possess and epibranchial organ (crumenal) for grinding up small prey.
• Organ consists of small pouch just behind fourth gill arch
Order Argentiniformes (con’t)
• Gill rakers on both sides fit into pouch where they interdigitate to break up food particles
Family argentinidae
• Herring smelts• Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific
Bathylagidae
• Deep sea smelts
Microstomatidae
Curious wormfishGunnellichthys curiosus
Elegant firefish Nemateleotris decora
Yellowstripe wormfish Gunnellichthys viridescens
Blackfin dartfish Ptereleotris evides
Lined dartfish Ptereleotris grammica
Opisthoproctidaebarreleyes
Liptochilichthyidae
• Deep sea
Alepocephalidaeslickheads
Platytroctidaetubeshoulders
Order Salmoniformes
• Smelts and salmonids
• Mostly cold water
• Most can easily move between fresh and salt water
• Smelts and salmonids distantly related
Suborder Osmeroidei
• Small elongate fishes• Prey on small invertebrates• Frequently found in large numbers• Favored food fishes• Include:
– Northern smelts– Noodlefishes– Southern smelts
Northern smelts
• Includes Osmeridae (true smelts)
• Approximately only 13 species
• Generally small (< 20cm)
• However, can be enormously abundant in coastal areas of northern hemisphere
• All are excellent food
• They eat zooplankton and small fish
Atlantic rainbow smeltOsmerus mordax mordax
Salangidaenoodlefishes or icefishes
• 11 species
• Abundant
• Important fisheries
• Found in Japan, China, Southeast Asia
• Elongate, scaleless, and nearly transparent because of poorly ossified skeleton
Southern smelts
• Coastal and fresh waters of Australia and New Zealand
• Small, trout-like fishes
• Include– Galaxiidae– Retropinnidae– Lepidogalixiidae
Galaxiidae
• Occur in freshwater on all the southern continents except Antartica
• Distribution can be explained by plate tectonics or planktonic , marine larvae
InangaGalaxias maculatus
Chile
Shortjaw kokopu Galaxias postvectis
New Zealand
RetropinnidaeNew Zealand smelts
Cucumberfish Retropinna retropinna
New Zealand
Lepidogalaxiidaesalamander fishes
SalamanderfishLepidogalaxias salamandroides
Only found in southwest corner of Australia in pools and streams
Suborder Salmonoidei
• One family: Salmonidae• Approximately 70 species• Dominant fishes of cold-water streams and lakes of
North America and Eurasia• Most species anadromous• Three subfamilies
– Salmon and trout
– Graylings
– Whitefishes
Salmon and trout
Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch
Salmon and trout
Chinook salmonOncorhynchus tshawytscha
Salmon and trout
Sockeye salmonOncorhynchus nerka
Salmon and trout
Atlantic salmonSalmo salar
Salmon and trout
Brown troutSalmo trutta fario
Salmon and trout
Brook troutSalvelinus fontinalis
Graylings
Arctic graylingThymallus arcticus arcticus
whitefishes
Common whitefish
Coregonus lavaretus
Order Esociformes
• 10 species
• All freshwater
• Widespreadin North America and northern Eurasia
• Lie and wait predators
• 2 families– Esocidae (pikes) can be large– Umbridae (mudminnows) generally small
Esocidae(pikes; 5 species)
Northeren pikeEsox lucius
Pikes
Chain pickerel Esox niger
Pikes
Muskellunge Esox masquinongy
Umbridae (Mudminnows; 5 species)
Central mudminnow Umbra limi
5. a and b