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To Accompany Krajewski & Ritzman Operations Management: Strategy and Analysis, Sixth Edition © 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights r Chapter 13 - Chapter 13 - Planifikimi dhe Planifikimi dhe kontrolli i rezervës kontrolli i rezervës

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Page 1: Chapter 13   Planifikimi  Dhe  Kontrolimi I Rezerves

To Accompany Krajewski & Ritzman Operations Management: Strategy and Analysis, Sixth Edition © 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 13 -Chapter 13 -

Planifikimi dhe Planifikimi dhe kontrolli i kontrolli i rezervësrezervës

Page 2: Chapter 13   Planifikimi  Dhe  Kontrolimi I Rezerves

To Accompany Krajewski & Ritzman Operations Management: Strategy and Analysis, Sixth Edition © 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Objectives

• Describe the cost and service trade-offs involved in inventory decisions.

• Distinguish between the different types of inventory and know how to manage their quantities.

• Compute the economic order quantity and apply it in various situations.

• Develop policies for both the continuous review and the periodic review inventory control systems.

• Identify ways to maintain accurate inventory records.

Page 3: Chapter 13   Planifikimi  Dhe  Kontrolimi I Rezerves

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Përse mbahen rezervat ? Rezervat shërbejnë për disa funksione që

rrisin fleksibilitetin e operacioneve të firmës. 1) Për të rritur efiçencën e operacionit (për të

shpërndarë koston fikse të blerjes apo të pregaditjes, prodhimin,dhe për të niveluar dhe stabilizuar prodhimin)

2) Për ti dhënë një përgjigje të shpejtë klientit (Duke mbajtur rezerva të produktit përfundimtarë,Rezervat në lëndë të para dhe prodhim në proçes)

3) Për të dhene siguri kundrejtë pasigurive normale të biznesit, (Pasiguritë në sistemin e furnizimit,Ngritjet e

paparashikuara në kërkesë) dhe 4) Për të përfituar nga mundësitë për çmimet jo të

zakonshme apo për tu mbrojtur risqeve të binesit (Rezerva spekulative)

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Eficenca ekonomike

• Duke e shpërndarë koston fikse të blerjes apo të pregaditjes

• Për të ndarë prodhimin

• Për të niveluar dhe stabilizuar prodhimin

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Përgjigje e shpejtë për klientin

• Duke mbajtur rezerva të produktit përfundimtarë

• Rezervat në lëndë të para dhe prodhim në proçes

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Reduktimin e riskut dhe rritjen e sigurisë

• Pasiguritë në sistemin e furnizimit

• Ngritjet e paparashikuara në kërkesë

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Mbrojtja ndaj ngjarjeve jo të zakonshme

• Rezerva spekulative

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Shpenzimet që lidhen me rezervat

KOSTOT KRYESORE

• Kosto e mbajtjes - associated with holding or “carrying” inventory over time

• Kosto e porositjes ose e pregaditjes - associated with costs of placing order and receiving goods

• Kosto e mungesës apo e mbarimit të rezervës - cost to prepare a machine or process for manufacturing an order

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Kostoja e mbajtjesKostoja e mbajtjes

Kosto oportune e kapitalit Kosto e ruajtjes (magazinimi) Taksat dhe siguracionet Prishjet,vjedhjet,dëmtimet dhe

mungesat dhe Kostoja e transportimit

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Kosto e porositjes ose pergaditjes

• Numri i njesive per tu porositur ose prodhuar ne nje kohe eshte funksion I kostosfikse te blerjes.

Page 11: Chapter 13   Planifikimi  Dhe  Kontrolimi I Rezerves

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Llojet e rezervësLlojet e rezervës• Balancimi ndërmjet sasisë së furnizimit dhe

kërkesës në momente të ndryshme për çdo operacion në llojë të ndryshme të rezervës.

1.Rezerva e sigurisë(të kompensoje pasigurite qe ndodhin ne furnizim dhe kerkese)

2.Rezerva periodike(per shkake se nje ose me teper faza te operacionit nuk munde te furnizoje te gjithe artikujte qe prodhohen njekohesisht)

3.Rezerva parashikuara (per te konpensuar mdryshimet ne

kohen ndermjet furnizimit dhe kerkeses )dhe 4.Rezerva në transit(ekzistone per shkake se materiali

nuk munde te transportohet menjehere ndermjet momentit te furnizimit dhe atije te kerkeses

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Llojet e rezervësLlojet e rezervës

Cycle inventory = Q/2= 280/2= 140 drills

Pipeline inventory = DL = dL= (70 drills/week)(3 weeks)= 210 drills

Example 13.1

Page 13: Chapter 13   Planifikimi  Dhe  Kontrolimi I Rezerves

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Llojet e rezervësLlojet e rezervës

Figure 13.1

Page 14: Chapter 13   Planifikimi  Dhe  Kontrolimi I Rezerves

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Analiza ABC• Kjo analiza ndan rezervat ne dispozicion ne tre

klasifikime A class, B class, C class

• Bazën e volumit vjetore në vlerë– $ volume = Kerkesën vjetore (per cdo art..rez) x

koston per njesi• Politikat që mundë të bazohen në analizen ABC

- Burimet e blerjes per zhvillimin e furnitorit duhet te jene shume me te larta per artikujt individual A

- Artikujt A duhet te kene kontrolle me te shpeshta fizike

– Parashikimi i artikujve A munde te argumentotohet më me kujdesë.

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% of Inventory Items

Classifying Items as ABC

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 50 100

% Annual $ Usage

AABB CC

Class % $ Vol % ItemsA 80 15B 15 30C 5 55

Page 16: Chapter 13   Planifikimi  Dhe  Kontrolimi I Rezerves

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• Ndermarrja mundë të ketë bërë përpekje të konsiderueshme për të regjistruar me saktësi rezervën këto regjistirime duhet të verifikohen nëpërmjet një auditimi të vazhdueshëm.

• Used often with ABC classification– A duhet te numrohen shpesh (e.g.,muaj) – B duhet te numrohen jo shumë shpesh (e.g.,3 muaj) – C duhet te numrohen ndoshta një herë (e.g.,6 muaj)

Numërimi Periodik

Page 17: Chapter 13   Planifikimi  Dhe  Kontrolimi I Rezerves

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Numërimi periodik ka keto avantazhe

• Eliminon mbylljen dhe nderprerjen e prodhimit që është e nevojshme për inventarizmet fizike vjetore

• Eliminon rregulimet vjetore te rezervës

• Personeli I trajnuar auditon saktësine e rezervës.

• Lejon që të identifikohet shkaku I gabimeve dhe veprimet regulluese te ndermeren.

• Mban regjistrime te sakta te rezerves.

Page 18: Chapter 13   Planifikimi  Dhe  Kontrolimi I Rezerves

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Teknikat që aplikohen përfshijnë• Zgjedhja,trajnimi dhe diciplina e mirë

personelit

• Kontrolli i shtrënguar i ngarkesave që hyjne duke e krahasuar ato me porositë e blerjes

• Kontrolli efektiv i gjithë mallrave që dalin nga njësia

Page 19: Chapter 13   Planifikimi  Dhe  Kontrolimi I Rezerves

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Analiza ABCAnaliza ABC

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Percentage of items

Per

cen

tag

e o

f d

oll

ar v

alu

e

100 —

90 —

80 —

70 —

60 —

50 —

40 —

30 —

20 —

10 —

0 —

Figure 13.2

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To Accompany Krajewski & Ritzman Operations Management: Strategy and Analysis, Sixth Edition © 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Analiza ABCAnaliza ABC

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Percentage of items

Per

cen

tag

e o

f d

oll

ar v

alu

e

100 —

90 —

80 —

70 —

60 —

50 —

40 —

30 —

20 —

10 —

0 —

Figure 13.2

Page 21: Chapter 13   Planifikimi  Dhe  Kontrolimi I Rezerves

To Accompany Krajewski & Ritzman Operations Management: Strategy and Analysis, Sixth Edition © 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Analiza ABCAnaliza ABC

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Percentage of items

Per

cen

tag

e o

f d

oll

ar v

alu

e

100 —

90 —

80 —

70 —

60 —

50 —

40 —

30 —

20 —

10 —

0 —

Class C

Class A

Class B

Figure 13.2

Page 22: Chapter 13   Planifikimi  Dhe  Kontrolimi I Rezerves

To Accompany Krajewski & Ritzman Operations Management: Strategy and Analysis, Sixth Edition © 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Analiza ABCAnaliza ABC

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Percentage of items

Per

cen

tag

e o

f d

oll

ar v

alu

e

100 —

90 —

80 —

70 —

60 —

50 —

40 —

30 —

20 —

10 —

0 —

Class C

Class A

Class B

Figure 13.2

Page 23: Chapter 13   Planifikimi  Dhe  Kontrolimi I Rezerves

To Accompany Krajewski & Ritzman Operations Management: Strategy and Analysis, Sixth Edition © 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Analiza ABCAnaliza ABC

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Percentage of items

Per

cen

tag

e o

f d

oll

ar v

alu

e

100 —

90 —

80 —

70 —

60 —

50 —

40 —

30 —

20 —

10 —

0 —

Class C

Class A

Class B

Figure 13.2

Page 24: Chapter 13   Planifikimi  Dhe  Kontrolimi I Rezerves

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Analiza ABCAnaliza ABC

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Percentage of items

Per

cen

tag

e o

f d

oll

ar v

alu

e

100 —

90 —

80 —

70 —

60 —

50 —

40 —

30 —

20 —

10 —

0 —

Class C

Class A

Class B

Figure 13.2

Page 25: Chapter 13   Planifikimi  Dhe  Kontrolimi I Rezerves

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Kërkesa e panvarur kundrejt asaj të varur

• Kërkese e pamvarur – kerkesa ose perdorimi i artikujve nuk munde te lidhet me ate te nje produkt tjetër

• Kërkese e varur - kerkesa per nje artikull shoqërohet direkt me kerkesen për nje artikull tjetër.

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MODELI I SASISË EKONOMIKE TË POROSISË

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Kur të bëhet porosiaKur të bëhet porosia Sa duhet të porositetSa duhet të porositet

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Sasia ekonomike e porosisSasia ekonomike e porosisë(EOQ)ë(EOQ)

KKa një aplikim mjaft të gjerë dhe a një aplikim mjaft të gjerë dhe mundë të përdoret per planifikim e mundë të përdoret per planifikim e blerjen të lëndëve të para dhe në blerjen të lëndëve të para dhe në planifikimin e blerjeve të shitësit me planifikimin e blerjeve të shitësit me shumicë dhe pakicë të cilët rishesin shumicë dhe pakicë të cilët rishesin produktet.produktet.

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Sasia ekonomike e porosisSasia ekonomike e porosisëë

1. Kërkesa ose përdorimi i artikullit është relativisht konstant gjatë kohës me nje tregues D njësi për njësi kohe

2. Çmimi i artikullit p është i pamvarur nga sasia e porositur(pra nuk do të kemi diskaunte për sasie blerje.

3. Ekziston një kosto fikse kf për kryerjen e porosisë që është e pamvarur nga sasia e porositur Q

4. Kosto e mbajtjes së rezervave është proporcionale me sasinë që ruhet, pra kosto e mbajtjes për njësi kohe,kh është e pamvarur nga niveli i rezervës.

5. Nuk lejohen mungesat,e gjithë kërkesa duhet të kënaqet kur kërkohet.

6. Koha e levrimit (LT) për shpërndarjet 7. Gjithë artikujt e porositur shpërndahen në të njejtën kohë

Supozimet e modelit bazë EOQ janë

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Sasia ekonomike e porosisSasia ekonomike e porosisëëkostoja e mbajtjes vjetore=(average cycle inventory)(unit holding cost)kostoja e mbajtjes vjetore=(average cycle inventory)(unit holding cost)

On

-han

d i

nve

nto

ry (

un

its)

Koha

Averagecycleinventory

Q

Q—2

1 cycle

Receive order

Inventory depletion (demand rate)

Figure 13.3

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• Kosto e mbajtjes = Q/2*(H)

• Kost e porosotijes = D/Q *(S)

• Kosto totale = Q/2*(H) +D/Q*(S)

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Economic Order QuantityEconomic Order QuantitySasia ekonomike e porosisSasia ekonomike e porosisëë

An

nu

al c

os

t (d

olla

rs)

Sasia porosisë (Q)

Kosto e porositjes (OC)

Kosto e mbatjes (HC)

Kosto totale = HC + OC

Figure 13.4

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Economic Order Quantity Economic Order Quantity Sasia ekonomike e porosisSasia ekonomike e porosisëë

| | | | | | | |50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Sasia e porosisë (Q)

3000 —

2000 —

1000 —

0 —

Kosto totale = (H) + (S)DQ

Q2

Kosto e mbajtjes = (H)Q2

Kost e porosotijes = (S)DQ

An

nu

al c

ost

(d

oll

ars)

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Economic Order Quantity Economic Order Quantity Sasia ekonomike e porosisSasia ekonomike e porosisëë

An

nu

al c

ost

(d

oll

ars)

| | | | | | | |50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

3000 —

2000 —

1000 —

0 —

Total cost = (H) + (S)DQ

Q2

Holding cost = (H)Q2

Ordering cost = (S)DQ

Lot Size (Q)

Birdfeeder costs

C = (H) + (S)Q2

DQ

D = (18 /week)(52 weeks) = 936 unitsH = 0.25 ($60/unit) = $15S = $45 Q = 390 units

Example 13.2

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Economic Order Quantity Economic Order Quantity Sasia ekonomike e porosisSasia ekonomike e porosisëë

An

nu

al c

ost

(d

oll

ars)

| | | | | | | |50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Lot Size (Q)

3000 —

2000 —

1000 —

0 —

Total cost = (H) + (S)DQ

Q2

Holding cost = (H)Q2

Ordering cost = (S)DQ

Bird feeder costs

C = (H) + (S)Q2

DQ

D = (18 /week)(52 weeks) = 936 unitsH = 0.25 ($60/unit) = $15S = $45 Q = 390 units

C = $2925 + $108 = $3033

Example 13.2

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Economic Order Quantity Economic Order Quantity Sasia ekonomike e porosisSasia ekonomike e porosisëë

An

nu

al c

ost

(d

oll

ars)

| | | | | | | |50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Lot Size (Q)

3000 —

2000 —

1000 —

0 —

Currentcost

CurrentQ

Total cost = (H) + (S)DQ

Q2

Holding cost = (H)Q2

Ordering cost = (S)DQ

Bird feeder costs

C = (H) + (S)Q2

DQ

D = (18 /week)(52 weeks) = 936 unitsH = 0.25 ($60/unit) = $15S = $45 Q = 390 units

C = $2925 + $108 = $3033

Example 13.2

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Economic Order Quantity Economic Order Quantity Sasia ekonomike e porosisSasia ekonomike e porosisëë

An

nu

al c

ost

(d

oll

ars)

| | | | | | | |50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Lot Size (Q)

3000 —

2000 —

1000 —

0 —

Currentcost

CurrentQ

Total cost = (H) + (S)DQ

Q2

Holding cost = (H)Q2

Ordering cost = (S)DQ

Bird feeder costs

C = (H) + (S)Q2

DQ

D = (18 /week)(52 weeks) = 936 unitsH = 0.25 ($60/unit) = $15S = $45 Q = 390 units

C = $2925 + $108 = $3033

Example 13.2

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Economic Order Quantity Economic Order Quantity Sasia ekonomike e porosisSasia ekonomike e porosisëë

An

nu

al c

ost

(d

oll

ars)

| | | | | | | |50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Lot Size (Q)

3000 —

2000 —

1000 —

0 —

Currentcost

CurrentQ

Total cost = (H) + (S)DQ

Q2

Holding cost = (H)Q2

Ordering cost = (S)DQ

Bird feeder costs

C = (H) + (S)Q2

DQ

D = (18 /week)(52 weeks) = 936 unitsH = 0.25 ($60/unit) = $15S = $45 Q = 468468 units

Example 13.2

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Economic Order Quantity Economic Order Quantity Sasia ekonomike e porosisSasia ekonomike e porosisëë

An

nu

al c

ost

(d

oll

ars)

| | | | | | | |50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Lot Size (Q)

3000 —

2000 —

1000 —

0 —

Currentcost

CurrentQ

Total cost = (H) + (S)DQ

Q2

Holding cost = (H)Q2

Ordering cost = (S)DQ

Bird feeder costs

C = (H) + (S)Q2

DQ

D = (18 /week)(52 weeks) = 936 unitsH = 0.25 ($60/unit) = $15S = $45 Q = 468468 units

C = $3510 + $90 = $3600

Example 13.2

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Economic Order Quantity Economic Order Quantity Sasia ekonomike e porosisSasia ekonomike e porosisëë

| | | | | | | |50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Lot Size (Q)

3000 —

2000 —

1000 —

0 —

Currentcost

CurrentQ

Total cost = (H) + (S)DQ

Q2

Holding cost = (H)Q2

Ordering cost = (S)DQ

Figure 13.4

An

nu

al c

ost

(d

oll

ars)

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Economic Order Quantity Economic Order Quantity Sasia ekonomike e porosisSasia ekonomike e porosisëë

| | | | | | | |50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Lot Size (Q)

3000 —

2000 —

1000 —

0 —

Currentcost

CurrentQ

Total cost = (H) + (S)DQ

Q2

Holding cost = (H)Q2

Ordering cost = (S)DQ

Bird feeder costs

D = (18 /week)(52 weeks) = 936 unitsH = 0.25 ($60/unit) = $15S = $45 Q = EOQ

C = (H) + (S)Q2

DQEOQ =

2DSH

Example 13.3

An

nu

al c

ost

(d

oll

ars)

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Economic Order Quantity Economic Order Quantity Sasia ekonomike e porosisSasia ekonomike e porosisëë

| | | | | | | |50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Lot Size (Q)

3000 —

2000 —

1000 —

0 —

Currentcost

CurrentQ

Total cost = (H) + (S)DQ

Q2

Holding cost = (H)Q2

Ordering cost = (S)DQ

Bird feeder costs

D = (18 /week)(52 weeks) = 936 unitsH = 0.25 ($60/unit) = $15S = $45 Q = 75 units

C = (H) + (S)Q2

DQEOQ =

2DSH

Example 13.3

An

nu

al c

ost

(d

oll

ars)

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Economic Order Quantity Economic Order Quantity Sasia ekonomike e porosisSasia ekonomike e porosisëë

| | | | | | | |50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Lot Size (Q)

3000 —

2000 —

1000 —

0 —

Currentcost

CurrentQ

Total cost = (H) + (S)DQ

Q2

Holding cost = (H)Q2

Ordering cost = (S)DQ

Bird feeder costs

D = (18 /week)(52 weeks) = 936 unitsH = 0.25 ($60/unit) = $15S = $45 Q = 75 units

C = $562 + $562 = $1124

C = (H) + (S)Q2

DQEOQ =

2DSH

Example 13.3

An

nu

al c

ost

(d

oll

ars)

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Economic Order Quantity Economic Order Quantity Sasia ekonomike e porosisSasia ekonomike e porosisëë

| | | | | | | |50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Lot Size (Q)

3000 —

2000 —

1000 —

0 —

Currentcost

CurrentQ

Total cost = (H) + (S)DQ

Q2

Holding cost = (H)Q2

Ordering cost = (S)DQ

Bird feeder costs

D = (18 /week)(52 weeks) = 936 unitsH = 0.25 ($60/unit) = $15S = $45 Q = 75 units

C = $562 + $562 = $1124

C = (H) + (S)Q2

DQEOQ =

2DSH

Example 13.3

An

nu

al c

ost

(d

oll

ars)

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Economic Order Quantity Economic Order Quantity Sasia ekonomike e porosisSasia ekonomike e porosisëë

| | | | | | | |50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Lot Size (Q)

3000 —

2000 —

1000 —

0 —

Currentcost

CurrentQ

Total cost = (H) + (S)DQ

Q2

Holding cost = (H)Q2

Ordering cost = (S)DQ

Bird feeder costs

D = (18 /week)(52 weeks) = 936 unitsH = 0.25 ($60/unit) = $15S = $45 Q = 75 units

C = $562 + $562 = $1124

C = (H) + (S)Q2

DQEOQ =

2DSH

Lowestcost

Best Q(EOQ)

Example 13.3

An

nu

al c

ost

(d

oll

ars)

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Economic Order Quantity Economic Order Quantity Sasia ekonomike e porosisSasia ekonomike e porosisëë

| | | | | | | |50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Lot Size (Q)

3000 —

2000 —

1000 —

0 —

Currentcost

CurrentQ

Total cost = (H) + (S)DQ

Q2

Lowestcost

Best Q(EOQ)

Example 13.3

An

nu

al c

ost

(d

oll

ars)

Bird feeder costs

D = (18 /week)(52 weeks) = 936 unitsH = 0.25 ($60/unit) = $15S = $45 Q = 75 units

C = $562 + $562 = $1124

C = (H) + (S)DQ

Q2EOQ =

2DSH

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Economic Order Quantity Economic Order Quantity Sasia ekonomike e porosisSasia ekonomike e porosisëë

| | | | | | | |50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Lot Size (Q)

3000 —

2000 —

1000 —

0 —

Currentcost

CurrentQ

Total cost = (H) + (S)DQ

Q2

Birdfeeder costs

D = (18 /week)(52 weeks) = 936 unitsH = 0.25 ($60/unit) = $15S = $45 Q = 75 units

C = $562 + $562 = $1124

C = (H) + (S)DQ

Q2EOQ =

2DSH

Lowestcost

Best Q(EOQ)

Example 13.3

DQ

Time between orders

TBOEOQ = = 75/936 = 0.080 yearEOQ

D

An

nu

al c

ost

(d

oll

ars)

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Economic Order Quantity Economic Order Quantity Sasia ekonomike e porosisSasia ekonomike e porosisëë

| | | | | | | |50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Lot Size (Q)

3000 —

2000 —

1000 —

0 —

Currentcost

CurrentQ

Total cost = (H) + (S)DQ

Q2

Birdfeeder costs

D = (18 /week)(52 weeks) = 936 unitsH = 0.25 ($60/unit) = $15S = $45 Q = 75 units

Lowestcost

Best Q(EOQ)

Time between orders

TBOEOQ = = 75/936 = 0.080 year

TBOEOQ = (75/936)(12) = 0.96 months

TBOEOQ = (75/936)(52) = 4.17 weeks

TBOEOQ = (75/936)(365) = 29.25 days

EOQD

Example 13.3

An

nu

al c

ost

(d

oll

ars)

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Economic Order Quantity Economic Order Quantity Sasia ekonomike e porosisSasia ekonomike e porosisëë

| | | | | | | |50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Lot Size (Q)

3000 —

2000 —

1000 —

0 —

Currentcost

Lowestcost

Best Q(EOQ)

CurrentQ

Total cost = (H) + (S)DQ

Q2

Holding cost = (H)Q2

Ordering cost = (S)DQ

Figure 13.5

An

nu

al c

ost

(d

oll

ars)

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Ushtrim

• Nje firme perdore rreth 1500 njesi te nenelementi ne vite me nje kosto mbajtje 45$ per njesi.Bërja e cdo porosie kushtone 150$.Firama vepron 300 dite ne vit dhe ka percaktuar qe nje porosi duhet te bëhet me furnitorin e saj 6 dite përpara se ajo parashikon qe te marre atë porosi.Gjeni per kete element.

a) Sasine ekonomikeb) Koston vjetore të mbajtjesc) Koston vjetore të porositjesd) Momentin e riporositjes

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zgjedhje

a)EOQ=√2DS/H= √2*1500*150/45=100 nje

b)Q/2*H=100/2=2250$

c)D/Q*S=1500/100=2250$

d) RP=D*LT=d*l =1500/300*6=30 njesi

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How How Much?Much? When!When!

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Continuous ReviewContinuous Review So

up Sou

pS

ou

p

Time

Figure 13.7

On

-han

d i

nve

nto

ry

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Continuous ReviewContinuous Review So

up Sou

pS

ou

p

Time

R

Orderreceived

Q

OH

Figure 13.7

On

-han

d i

nve

nto

ry

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Continuous ReviewContinuous Review So

up Sou

pS

ou

p

Orderreceived

Q

OH

Orderplaced

IP

TBO

L

R

Figure 13.7

On

-han

d i

nve

nto

ry

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Continuous ReviewContinuous Review So

up Sou

pS

ou

p

Time

Orderreceived

Orderreceived

Q Q

OH OH

Orderplaced

Orderplaced

IP IP

TBO

L

TBO

L

TBO

L

R

Orderreceived

Q

OH

Orderplaced

IP

Orderreceived

Figure 13.7

On

-han

d i

nve

nto

ry

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Continuous ReviewContinuous Review So

up Sou

pS

ou

p

On

-han

d i

nve

nto

ry

Time

Orderreceived

Orderreceived

Q Q

OH OH

Orderplaced

Orderplaced

IP IP

TBO

L

TBO

L

TBO

L

R

Orderreceived

Q

OH

Orderplaced

IP

Orderreceived

Example 13.4

Chicken Soup

R = Average demand during lead time

= (25)(4) = 100 cases

IP = OH + SR – BO= 10 + 200 – 0 = 210 cases

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Uncertain DemandUncertain Demand

Time

On

-han

d i

nve

nto

ry

Orderreceived

Q

OH

Orderplaced

Orderplaced

Orderreceived

IPIP

R

TBO1 TBO2 TBO3

L1 L2 L3

Q

Orderplaced

Q

Orderreceived

Orderreceived

Figure 13.6

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ushtrim• Në nje ``bar restorant``sherbehet birre. Kerkesa

ditore për birrë zakonisht shperndahet me nje mesatare prej 18 fuÇi me nje mungese 4 fuci.Koha e levrimit që kërkohet per te mare nje porosi birrë nga distributori lokal është 3 dite.Percaktoni rezervën e sigurisë dhe momentin e riporositjes nëse lokali kërkonë qe te ruaje një nivel shebimi 90%.Sa do te jete rritja ne rezervën e sigurisë, nese deshirohet një nivel shebimi 95%.

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Lead Time DistributionsLead Time Distributions

Example 13.6

t = 15

=

+

+75

Demand for week 1

75Demand for week 2

75Demand for week 3

t = 26

225Demand for

three-week lead time

t = 15

t = 15

Lead Time Distribution sld =90%

δt = 4 d = 18 L = 3 dite

L = t L = 4 3 = 6.93

Rezerva e sigurisë = zL = 1.28*6,93= 8.86njesi ose 9 njesi

Momentin e riporositjes = dL + rezerva e sigurisë = 3(18) + 9 = 63 njesi

dL=kerkesa mesatare gjate kohes se levrimit

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• SLd= niveli I sherbimit te kerkuar

SLd =(kerkesa vjetore- numrin mesatar te njesive te munguara ne vite)/kerkesa vjetore*100%

SLd=95% nga tabela z=1.64

Rezerva e sigurisë= zsL= 1.64*6,93= 11.3 ose 11njesi

Momentin e riporositjes = dL + rezerva e sigurisë = 3(18) + 11 = 65 njesi

Sa here rezervat bie ne nivelin 65 njesi,bejme nje porosi

Shohim qe kure sld=95% ss dhe RP jane me te larta.

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Probability of stockout(1.0 - 0.85 = 0.15)

Cycle-service level = 90%

Average demand

during lead time

zL

R

Reorder Point / Safety StockReorder Point / Safety Stock

Probability of stockout

(1.0 – 0.90 =0.10)

Example 13.5

Safety Stock/R

Safety stock = zL

= 1.28*6,93 = 8.86= 9 njesi

Reorder point = ADDLT + SS= 54 + 9= 63 njesi

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Probability of stockout(1.0 - 0.85 = 0.15)

Cycle-service level = 95%

Average demand

during lead time

zL

R

Reorder Point / Safety StockReorder Point / Safety Stock

Probability of stockout

(1.0 – 0.95 =0.05)

Example 13.5

Safety Stock/R

Safety stock = zL

= 1.64*6,93= 11.3

ose 11njesi

Reorder point = ADDLT + SS= 3(18) + 11

= 65 njesi

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Lead Time DistributionsLead Time Distributions

Figure 13.10

t = 15

=

+

+75

Demand for week 1

75Demand for week 2

75Demand for week 3

t = 26

225Demand for

three-week lead time

t = 15

t = 15

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Lead Time DistributionsLead Time Distributions

Example 13.6

t = 15

=

+

+75

Demand for week 1

75Demand for week 2

75Demand for week 3

t = 26

225Demand for

three-week lead time

t = 15

t = 15

Bird feeder Lead Time Distribution

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Lead Time DistributionsLead Time Distributions

Example 13.6

t = 15

=

+

+75

Demand for week 1

75Demand for week 2

75Demand for week 3

t = 26

225Demand for

three-week lead time

t = 15

t = 15

Bird feeder Lead Time Distribution

t = 1 week d = 18 L = 2

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Lead Time DistributionsLead Time Distributions

Example 13.6

t = 15

=

+

+75

Demand for week 1

75Demand for week 2

75Demand for week 3

t = 26

225Demand for

three-week lead time

t = 15

t = 15

Bird feeder Lead Time Distribution

t = 1 week d = 18 L = 2

L = t L = 5 2 = 7.1

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Lead Time DistributionsLead Time Distributions

Example 13.6

t = 15

=

+

+75

Demand for week 1

75Demand for week 2

75Demand for week 3

t = 26

225Demand for

three-week lead time

t = 15

t = 15

Bird feeder Lead Time Distribution

t = 1 week d = 18 L = 2

L = t L = 5 2 = 7.1

Safety stock = zL = 1.28(7.1) = 9.1 or 9 units

Reorder point = dL + Safety stock= 2(18) + 9 = 45 units

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Lead Time DistributionsLead Time Distributions

Example 13.6

t = 15

=

+

+75

Demand for week 1

75Demand for week 2

75Demand for week 3

t = 26

225Demand for

three-week lead time

t = 15

t = 15

Bird feeder Lead Time Distribution

t = 1 week d = 18 L = 2Reorder point = 2(18) + 9 = 45 units

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Lead Time DistributionsLead Time Distributions

Example 13.6

t = 15

=

+

+75

Demand for week 1

75Demand for week 2

75Demand for week 3

t = 26

225Demand for

three-week lead time

t = 15

t = 15

Bird feeder Lead Time Distribution

t = 1 week d = 18 L = 2Reorder point = 2(18) + 9 = 45 units

C = ($15) + ($45) + 9($15)75

2

936

75

C = $562.50 + $561.60 + $135 = $1259.10

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Periodic Review SystemsPeriodic Review Systems

Time

On

-han

d i

nve

nto

ry

IP1

IP3

IP2

Orderreceived

Orderreceived

IP IP

OH OH

Orderplaced

Orderplaced

Q1Q2

Q3

L L LP P

Protection interval

T

Orderreceived

IP

Figure 13.11

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Time

On

-han

d i

nve

nto

ry

IP1

IP3

IP2

Orderreceived

Orderreceived

IP IP

OH OH

Orderplaced

Orderplaced

Q1Q2

Q3

L L LP P

Protection interval

T

Orderreceived

IP

Periodic Review SystemsPeriodic Review Systems

Orderreceived

IPTV Set - P System

IP = OH + SR – BO

Qt = T - IPt

T = 400 BO = 5OH = 0 SR = 0

IP = 0 + 0 – 5 = –5 sets

Q = 400 – (–5) = 405 sets

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Periodic Review SystemsPeriodic Review Systems

Example 13.7

Time

On

-han

d i

nve

nto

ry

IP1

IP3

IP2

Orderreceived

Orderreceived

IP IP

OH OH

Orderplaced

Orderplaced

Q1Q2

Q3

L L LP P

Protection interval

T

Orderreceived

IP

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Time

On

-han

d i

nve

nto

ry

IP1

IP3

IP2

Orderreceived

Orderreceived

IP IP

OH OH

Orderplaced

Orderplaced

Q1Q2

Q3

L L LP P

Protection interval

T

Orderreceived

IP

Periodic Review SystemsPeriodic Review Systems

Example 13.8

T = Average demand during the protection interval + Safety stock

= d (P + L) + zP + L

= (18 units/week)(16 weeks) + 1.28(12 units) = 123 units

EOQ = 75 units D = (18 units/week)(52 weeks) = 936 units

t = 18 units L = 2 weeks cycle/service level = 90%

Bird feeder—Calculating P and T

P = (52) = (52) = 4.2 or 4 weeksEOQ

D75

936

P+L = P + L = 5 6 = 12 units

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Time

On

-han

d i

nve

nto

ry

IP1

IP3

IP2

Orderreceived

Orderreceived

IP IP

OH OH

Orderplaced

Orderplaced

Q1Q2

Q3

L L LP P

Protection interval

T

Orderreceived

IP

Periodic Review SystemsPeriodic Review Systems

Example 13.8

EOQ = 75 units D = (18 units/week)(52 weeks) = 936 units

t = 18 units L = 2 weeks cycle/service level = 90%

Bird feeder—Calculating P and T

P = 4 weeks T = 123 units

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Time

On

-han

d i

nve

nto

ry

IP1

IP3

IP2

Orderreceived

Orderreceived

IP IP

OH OH

Orderplaced

Orderplaced

Q1Q2

Q3

L L LP P

Protection interval

T

Orderreceived

IP

Periodic Review SystemsPeriodic Review Systems

Example 13.8

EOQ = 75 units D = (18 units/week)(52 weeks) = 936 units

t = 18 units L = 2 weeks cycle/service level = 90%

Bird feeder—Calculating P and T

C = ($15) + ($45) + 15($15)4(18)

2936

4(18)

C = $540 + $585 + $225 = $1350

P = 4 weeks T = 123 units

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Analiza ABC — Solved Problem 2Analiza ABC — Solved Problem 2