CHAPTER 13-DRY-STRENGTH RESINS

IMPORTANCE AND USE OF DRY-STRENGTH RESINS

ACRYLAMIDE-BASED DRY STRENGTH RESINS

Preparation o f Acrylamide Resins Anionic Acrylamide Resins

Application of Anionic Dry-Strength Resins Amount 0.1" Resin Pulp Furnish Ahrm and Stock pH Point o f Resin Addition Surface Application

Couse with Other Ct~emical Additives Clay Filler Wet-Strength Resins Gums and Chtionic Starch Miscellaneous Additives Polyamide-Amine Wet-Strength Resins

Anionic Acrylamide Resins Used with Cationic Resins Cationic Acrylamide Resins

Types of Cationic Acrylamide Resin Commercial Cationic Acrylamide Dry-Strength Resins

Dry-StrengtA Performat~ce Metlzod of Application

OTHER SYNTHETIC DRY-STRENGTH RESINS

CHAPTER 14-NATURAL PRODUCTS FOR WET-END ADDITION

STARCH FOR WET-END ADDITION

Properties o f Starch Chemical and Physical Properties of Starch

xvii

xviii CONTENTS

History of Starch in Wet-End Addition Starch Modifications and Methods of Application Starch Dispersion Properties

Factors That Influence Starch Effectiveness in Wet-End Addition Effect of Starch Dispersion Effect of Starch Film Strength and Adhesion Effect of Starch Adsorption Use of Uncooked or Partially Cooked Starches Use of Pregelatinized Starch

Use of Starch Derivatives for Wet-End Addition Cationic Starches Anionic Starches Ampholytic Starches Miscellaneous Starch Derivatives

Effect of Starch on Mill Effluent Cmking of Starch for Wet-End Addition Grades of Paper Using Starch

VEGETABLE GUMS FOR WET-END ADDITION

Properties of Gums Application of Gums

WATER-SOLUBLE CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES FOR WET-END ADDITION

MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS FOR WET-END ADDITION

CHAPTER IS-FILLING AND LOADING

TYPES OF FILLER

Clay Titanium Dioxide Calcium Carbonate Talc Other Pigments

AMOUNT OF FILLER USED

PREPARATION OF FILLERS

EFFECTS O F FILLERS

Effect of FilIers on the Optical Properties Effect of Fillers on Brightness

Effect of Fillers o

Effect of Fillers

RETENTION OF

MEASUREMENT

THEORIES OF F1

CONDITIONS T

EFFECT OF RE

DISTRIBUTION

CHAPTER 16-INTE

FACTORS THAT

Ink Penetration

Wet-Break Test

Immersion Tests

Amount of Ro

CONTENTS xix

Effect of Fillers on Surface Smoothness and Printing Properties 1527

Effect of Fillers on Strength 1528 Effect of Fillers on Bulk and Stiffness 1530 Other Effects of Fillers 1532

RETENTION OF FILLERS 1532

MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF FILLER RETENTION 1533

THEORIES OF FILLER RETENTION 1534

CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT FILLER RETENTION 1539

ADDITION OF RETENTION AIDS 1539

EFFECT OF RETENTION AID ON PAPER PROPERTIES 1542

DISTRIBUTION OF FILLERS IN THE SHEET 1544

CHAPTER 16-INTERNAL SIZING 1547

FACTORS THAT AFFECT SIZING 1548

METHODS OF MEASURING SIZING 1550

Carson Curl Test 1552 Dry Indicator Test 1552 Fluorescence-Dye Method 1552 Stockigt Test 1553 Conductivity Methods 1553 Ink Flotation 1553 Ink Penetration 1553 Penescope 1554 Wet-Break Test 1554 Cobb Test 1554 In~n~ersion Tests 1555 Edge-Wick Tests 1555

, Contact Angle 1556 Drop Test 1556 Feathering 1556 Tests for Absorbency 1557

SIZING WITH ROSIN 1557

Types of Rosin Size 1558

.I Amount of Rosin Size Required 1561

*

XX CONTENTS

Precipitation of Rosin Size with Alum Wet-End Factors That Influence Rosin Size Performance Dry-End Factors That Influence Rosin Size Performance Other Effects of Rosin Size Rosin Size Fundamentals

SIZING WITH REACTIVE OR SYNTHETIC SIZES

Differences Between Rosin Size and Synthetic Size Applications for Synthetic Sizes Conditions for Use of Synthetic Size Types of Synthetic Size

AIkyl Ketene Dimer (AKD) Stearic Anhydride Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride (ASA)

SIZING WITH WAX EMULSIONS AND ROSIN WAX EMULSIONS

MISCELLANEOUS SIZING AGENTS

Sodium Stearate Bituminous (Asphalt) Emulsions Petroleum Resins FIuorocarbot~s

PITCH DEPOSITS

Effect of Type of Pulp on Pitch Effect of Cooking, Bleaching, and Washing on Pitch Effect of Machine Conditions on Pitch Control of Pitch on the Paper Machine

CHAPTER 17-RETENTION CHEMISTRY 1593

TYPES OF ADDITIVE 1593

RETENTION OF THE FINES FRACTION 1594

COLLOIDAL MECHANISMS 1594

hlicroeIecrrophoresis 1595 Streaming Potential 1596 Electrophoretic Mass- Transport Analysis (EMTA) 1596

FLOCCULATION AND COAGULATION 1596

Coagulation Flocculation

APPLICATION OF ZETA-POTENTIAL MEASUREMENTS 1599

RETENTION MEAS

RETENTION ADD

EFFECT OF RETE

CHAPTER 18-WET S 4 Definition of Wet-

CHAPTER 19-DYE

CONTENTS X X ~

RETENTION MEASUREMENT rmance 1565 rmance 1671 Overall Retention 1600

One-Pass Solids 1600 One-Pass Fines 1600 Retention Calculations 1600 Fines Determination 1600 Laboratoty Retention Tests 1601 On-Machine Retention Measurement 1601

RETENTION ADDITIVES 1602

Inorganic Salts 1602 Nonionic Polyelectrolytes 1603 Anionic Polyelectrolytes 1603 Cationic Polyelectrolytes 1603 Amphoteric Polyelectrolytes 1604

EFFECT OF RETENTION ON PAPER PROPERTIES 1604

CHAPTER 18-WET STRENGTH 1609

Definition of Wet-Strength Paper 1609 Wet-Strength Processes I610

Urea-Formaldehyde Resins 1610 Melamine-Formaldehyde Resins 1612 Polyamide-Polyomine-Epichlorohydrin (PPEJ Resins 1613

Wet-Strength Mechanisms 1614 Water-Insoluble Adhesives 1615 Vegetable Gums 1616 Increased Interatomic Attraction 1617 Dialdehyde Starch 1617 Polyethyleneimine (PEIJ 1618 Covalent Chemical Bonding 1619 Heat Treatment 1620 Summary of Wet-Strength Methods 1620

Testing of Wet-Strength Paper 1621 Testing of Wet-Strength Additives 1621 Application and Control of Wet-Strength Resins 1622 Uses for Wet-Strength Paper 1624

CHAPTER 19-DYEING 1627

NATURE OF COLOR AND LIGHT 1627

Visible Light 1627

xxii CONTENTS

Ultraviolet Light Infrared Light Colored Materials

COLOR MEASUREMENT

Color Difference Meters Brightness

COLOR TERMINOLOGY

Color Strength Brightness Hue (Shade)

COMPARISON OF COLORS

Tinting White Papers The Color Circle (Color Orientation) Color Perception and Metamerism

COLORING MATERIALS

White Pigments Colored Pigments Basic Dyes Acid Dyes Direct Dyes Fluorescent Brightening Agents Other Classes of Dyes

MANUFACTURE OF DYES

CLASSIFICATION OF DYES

Color Index Nomenclature Liquid Dyes

VARIABLES IN DYEING

Effect of Fiber Furnish Effect of Fillers Effect o f Refining and Stock Preparation

METHODS FOR DYEING

Internal Coloring Continuous Coloring Stock Dyeing Plus Continuous Coloring Size-Press Coloring Judgment of Shades

MATCHING SHA

COATED PAPE

AUTOMATED D

CHAPTER 20-SURF

EFFECT OF SU

CONTENTS

DYE RETENTION

MATCHING SHADES IN THE DYEING OPERATION

Equilibration

COMMON DYEING PROBLEMS

Two-Sidedness Artificial Light Change Granite Fibers Lightfastness Water Bleed Fastness Alkali Fastness Acid Fastness Chlorine Fastness Standard Sample Environmental Protection Chemical Cotttposition of Dyes Food- Wrap Papers

COATED PAPER

AUTOMATED DYEING

xxiii

1655

1656

1657

1658

1658 1659 1660 1660 1661 1661 1661 1662 1662 1662 1663 1663

1663

1664

CHAPTER 20GSURFACE SIZING 1667

EFFECT OF SURFACE SIZING ON THE PROPERTIES OF PAPER

Types of Surface-Sizing Agent Used Effect of Surface Sizing on Water Resistance as Measured

by Internal Suing Effect of Surface Sizing on Penetration of Oils Effect of Surface Sizing on Writing Qualities Effect of Surface Sizing on Erasability Effect of Surface Sizing on Physical Properties

SURFACE-SIZING PROCESSES

Surface Sizing with Size Press Size-Press Types Factors in Size-Press Operation

Surface Sizing with Size Tub Surface Sizing off the Machine Spray Application of Sizing Size Application at Smoothing Press Gate-Roll Size-Press Application

xxiv CONTENTS

Special Equipment for Surface Sizing Calender Sizing

FACTORS THAT AFFECT SURFACE SIZING

Effect of Sheet Moisture Content Effect of Internal Sizing Effect of Basis Weight Effect of Sheet Density and Smoothness Effect of Viscosity, Solids Content, and Temperature

of the Size Effect of Drying and Calendering

SURFACE SIZING WITH STARCH

General Properties of Starch for Surface Sizing Chemically Modified Starches Enzyme-Converted Starch Thermal-Converted Starches

Sizing with Starch in Size Press or Size Tub Calender Sizing with Starch

SURFACE SIZING WITH ANIMAL GLUE

SURFACE SIZING WITH OTHER FILM-FORMING MATERIALS 1698

Use of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Use of Methyl Cellulose Use of Polyvinyl Alcohol Use of Alginate

SURFACE SIZING WITH WAX EMULSIONS

SURFACE TREATMENT WITH OTHER MATERIALS

Sizing with Stearato Chromic Chloride Complex Sizing with Chromium-Fluor Compounds Sizing with Ketene Dimers Sizing with Silicone Resin Surface Sizing with Styrene-Copolymer Resins Other Surface Applications

CONTROL AND MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE SIZE PICK-UP FOR MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE

CHAPTER 21-PROPERTIES OF PAPER

INTRODUCTION TO PAPER TESTING

Tests Made on Paper

CONTENTS XXV

Fundamental Measurements Subjective Tests 1716 Use Tests 1716 Empirical Tests 171 7 Indirect Measurements 1717 On-Line Testing 1717

Sources of Test Methods 1717 Standardization and Maintenance of Test Instruments 1718 Sampling and Conditioning Paper 1718 Reliability of Test Results 1720

Calculation of Precision 1721 TAPPI Precision Statements 1723 Repeatability 1723 Reproducibility 1724 Comparability 1 724

Automated Testing Systems 1724 The SI System for Reporting Test Results 1725

SI Units for Paper 1727

THE STRUCTURE OF PAPER 1728

Functional Properties 1729 Wire and Felt Sides of Paper 1730

Identification o f Wire Side 1730 Two-Sidedness 1731

Machine and Cross Direction in Paper 1733 Determination of Machine Direction 1734 Degree of Fiber Orientation 1736

Formation 1737

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PAPER 1739

Graininage (Basis Weight) 1739 Conversion to the Metric System 1740 IS0 Standard Sizes 1740 Instruments for Measuring Basis Weight 1740 Effect of Moisture on Basis Weight 1743 Importance of Grammage 1743 Factors That Affect Grammage 1744 On-Line Measurement 1745

Thickness 1746 Importance of Thickness 1746

Density 1747 Measurement of Density 1747 Factors That Affect Density 1747 Relation Between Density and Other Sheet Properties 1749

1751 i

xxvi CONTENTS

Measurement of Porosity Relation of Porosity to Other Paper Properties

Smoothness Measurement of Smoothness

Optical Contact Methods The Diamond National Print Smootllness Tester Air-Leak Instr~~ments

Factors That Affect Smoothness Importance o f Smoothness

Softness, Hardness, and Compressibility Softness Hardness and Compressibility

Testers for Hardness und Compressibilitb Scuff Resistance Relation o f Hard~less to Other Properties

Dimensional Stability Instruments for Measuring Dimensional Change Factors That Affect Expansion

Release u f Strains Hysteresis Effect Tr~rc Expansion and Corctractio!~

Papers That Require Dimensional Stability Fiber and Sheet Characteristics That Affect Dimensional

Instability Anistropy in Dimensional Stability Effect of Humidity Cycling on Dimensional Stability Treatment of Paper to Reduce Dimensional Change

Cnrl Types of Curl Factors That Affect Curl Wavy Edges Cockling Curl in Multi-Ply Cylinder Board Grades Where Curl is a Problem Tests for Measuring Curl

STRENGTH PROPERTlES OF PAPER

Stress-Strain Relationship Instruments for Measuring Stress-Strain Factors That Affect Stress-Strain

Tensile Strength Factors That Affect Tensile Strength Importance of Tensile Strength Wet Tensile 2-Direction Tensile 1789 Ring Crush 1

xxviii CONTENTS

Edgewise Compressive Strength

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF PAPER

Nature of Light Index of Refraction Angle of Incidence Specular Reflection of Light Refraction of Light Optical Contact Scattering Specular Transmission Diffuse Transmission Diffusely Reflected Light Absorption of Light Measurement of Reflectance

Gloss of Paper Specular Gloss Sheen Contrast Gloss Measurement of Gloss Importance of Gloss Mottle Finish

Brightness o f Paper Measurement of Brightness Calibration of Instruments Importance o f Brightness Measlrrement of Whiteness Effect of Dyes on Brightness Effect o f Pigments on Brightness Brightness of Pulp

Color o f Paper Methods of Measuring Color Measurement of Color by Eye Expressing Color in the MunseN System Measurement of Color by the L,a,b System Physical Measurement of Color

The Recording Spectroplrotorneter Abridged Spectrophotornetry

Color Specification by the ICI System Tristimulus System Standard Observer Chromaticity Diagram Dominant Waveleizgth and Purity Visual Efficiency

CONTENTS xxix

Three-Filter Colorirrietry 1851 Measurement of Fluorescence 11152

Transmittance of Liglit by Paper (Opacity) 1853 Transparency of Paper 1853 Opacity of Paper 1854

Methods o f Meastiring Opacity 1854 Measurement of T.4PPl Opacity 1855 Measurement o f Opacity with Paper Backing (Printing

Opacity) 1855 Meusurement o f Printed Opacity 1856 Measurement o f Opacity by Transmittance 1856

Kubelka-Munk Theory 1858 Kubelka-Munk Equation 1858 Calculation of Values for sand k I 859 Additive Powers o f s and k Values 1865 Determination of s Values of Pigments 1872 Calculation o f Scattering Power o f Pigment Coatings 1872 Factors That Affect the Scattering Power 1873 Factors That Affect Absorption Power 1874 Uses of the Ktibelka-Munk Theor), 1874

Factors That Affect Opacity o f Paper 1876 Effecr o f Reflecri1:ily on Opacity 1877 Effecr o f Wavelength o f Light on Opacity Measurement 1877 Effect o f D.ves on Opacity 1877 Effecr o f Sheet Weight on Opacity 1879 Effect of Beating and Wet Pressing on Opacity 1879 Elfecr o f Apparent Density on Opacity 1880 Effect o f Fillers on Opacity 1881 Effect o f Waxing on Opacity 1883 Effect o f Different Pulps on Opacity 1884

Relationship Between Paper Reflectance and Morphology 1885

RESISTANCE PROPERTIES OF PAPER I886

Oil and Grease Resistance 1886 Water and Writing-Ink Resistance 1887 Water-Vapor Permeability 1889

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PAPER 1890

Grades of Paper That Require Special Chemical Properties 1890 Direct-Process Papers 1890 Antitarnish Papers 1890 Safety Papers 1891

Alpha Cellulose, Viscosity, and Copper Number of Paper 1892 Alpha Cellulose 1893

XXX CONTENTS

Viscosity 1893 Copper Number 1893

Amount of Sizing Agents in Paper 1894 Rosin Size Content 1894 , Starch Content 1894 Casein Content 1895

Moisture Content o f Paper 1895 Measurement of Paper Moisture Content 1895 1 fndirect Measurement of Moisture

F1ur.t Moisture Meter. Moisture Register

;:;: 1 1897

Hygrochamp 1897 I

Sword Fiygrometers 1897 I

Effect o f Relative Humidity and Temperature on Equilibrium Moisture Content 1897 I

Effect o f Composition on Equilibrium Moisture Content 1900 Effect of Variables on Rate o f Moisture Change 1901 1 Effect of Moisture on Paper Properties 1902

Ash Content o f Paper 1903 Identification of Ash 1904

i Filler Analysis by Microscopic Methods 1905 1 Quantitative Determination o f Pigment Content 1907

Acidity and p H o f Paper 1908 1 Permanence o f Paper 1909

Tests for Permanence 1910 Effect o f Pulp on Permanence 1911 Effect o f Light on Permanence 1911 Effect of Hear on Permanence 1913 Effect o f Humidity on Permanence 1913 Effect o f pH on Permanence 1913 Other Factors That Affect Permanence 1914

Odor and Taste 1915

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF PAPER 191 7

Types o f Electrical Paper 1918 Condenser (Capacitor) Paper 1918 Coil Paper 1919 Cable Paper 1920 Pressboard 1920 Conductive Paper 1920

Specific Inductive Capacity (Dielectric Constant) 1920 Dielectric Strength 1921 Dielectric Loss (Power Factor) 1922 4

1922 Properties o f Electrical Insulating Papers

ON-LINE MEASU

Characteristics Needed

Moisture Measure

Thickness

MICROSCOPY OF P

Types o f Microscope Optical MicroscoPC

Her: berg Stain Graff "C" Stain Sutermeister 'A" Wilson Stain Modified Sellege Laughlin Stain Alexunder's Stain

Dye-Base Stains Bright Stain

Green- Yorston S DuPont Stains NCR Stain I

1893 1893 1894 1894 1894 1895 1895 1895 1896 1896 1897 1897 1897

n 1897

Content 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1911 1913 1913 1913 1914 1915

CONTENTS xxxi

ON-LINE MEASUREMENT OF PAPER PROPERTIES 1924

Chamcteristics Needed in On-Line Instruments 1924 Properties Tested On Line 1925

Moisture Measurement 1925 Grammage 1926 Coating Weight 1926 Thickness 1926 Color 1927 Opacity 1928 Gloss 1928 Ash 1928 Porosity 1928 Strength 1929

MICROSCOPY OF PAPER 1929

Types of Microscope 1929 Optical Microscope 1929 Ultramicroscope 1930 Electron Microscope 1930 X-Ray Photographs 1931

Fiber Analysis 1931 Importance o f Fiber Analysis 1931 Preparation of Specimen 1932 Preparation o f Slide 1933 Examination of Slide 1933 Use of Weight Factors 1934 Iodine Stains 1936

Herzbrrg Stain 1936 Graff "C" Stain 1937 Sutermeister "A "Stain 1938 Wilson Stain 1939 Modified Selleger Reagent 1939 Latrghlin Stain 1940 Ale~ander's Stain 1940

Dye-Base Stains 1940 Bright Stain 1940 Kantrowitz-Simmons Stain 1941 Lofton-Merritt Stain 1941 Congo Red-Malachite Grrrrl Stain 1941 Cyanine-Glycerine Reager~t 1942 Green-Yorston Srain 1942 DlrPont Stains 1942 NCR Stain 1943 Other Stains 1943

xxxii CONTENTS

Groundwood Stains Stains for Special Fibers

Cross Section of Paper Fiber Length

Measurement with a Microscope Measurement by Classification Projection Method Coarseness o f Fibers

Fiber Structure Evaluation of Fillers and Pigments Examination of Paper Surfaces Other Uses of Microscopy

PAPER DEFECTS

Dirt in Paper Definition of Dirt Measurement of Dirt Dirt in Pulp Source of Dirt

Speck Analysis Shives Coal Specks Iron Specks Bronze Specks Resin and Pitch Spots Alum Spots Bark Specks Color Specks Foam Spots Slime Spots Decayed Wood Calcium Carbonate and Bleach Scale Sand Wax and Grease Spots Rubber Other Specks

Pigment Coating Defects

References

Appendix

INDEX

PULP AND Pf Third Edition, Volume I l l